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Search for "RNA" in Full Text gives 169 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.

Long oligodeoxynucleotides: chemical synthesis, isolation via catching-by-polymerization, verification via sequencing, and gene expression demonstration

  • Yipeng Yin,
  • Reed Arneson,
  • Alexander Apostle,
  • Adikari M. D. N. Eriyagama,
  • Komal Chillar,
  • Emma Burke,
  • Martina Jahfetson,
  • Yinan Yuan and
  • Shiyue Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1957–1965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.146

Graphical Abstract
  • ODN sequences are provided in Supporting Information File 1) GFP gene construct was divided into a 399 and 401 nt ODNs for automated synthesis (step 1, Figure 1). The syntheses were carried out in commercial 0.2 µmol 2000 Å CPG columns on an ABI 394 DNA/RNA synthesizer using phosphoramidite chemistry
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Published 21 Dec 2023

Sulfur-containing spiroketals from Breynia disticha and evaluations of their anti-inflammatory effect

  • Ken-ichi Nakashima,
  • Naohito Abe,
  • Masayoshi Oyama,
  • Hiroko Murata and
  • Makoto Inoue

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1604–1614, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.117

Graphical Abstract
  • appropriate concentrations by dissolving in DMSO and diluting 1000-fold in medium. RAW 264.7 cells were preincubated with fresh medium containing test samples or vehicle (DMSO) for 24 h. After preincubation, LPS was added at a final concentration of 50 ng/mL. qRT-PCR analysis Total RNA was extracted using
  • RNAiso Plus (Takara Bio) after 2 h of LPS treatment. cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription from 0.3 µg of total RNA using the ReverTra Ace RT-qPCR Master Mix with gDNA remover (Toyobo). qRT-PCR analysis was performed using a StepOnePlus real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with the
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Published 19 Oct 2023

Asymmetric tandem conjugate addition and reaction with carbocations on acylimidazole Michael acceptors

  • Brigita Mudráková,
  • Renata Marcia de Figueiredo,
  • Jean-Marc Campagne and
  • Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 881–888, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.65

Graphical Abstract
  • control of RNA [16]. Moreover, Campagne and co-workers showed that Cu–NHC-catalyzed conjugate additions of dialkylzinc reagents proceed with high enantioselectivities [17][18][19]. Furthermore, this methodology allows iterative access to 1,3-disubstituted motifs that are present in various natural
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Published 16 Jun 2023

Phenanthridine–pyrene conjugates as fluorescent probes for DNA/RNA and an inactive mutant of dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme

  • Josipa Matić,
  • Tana Tandarić,
  • Marijana Radić Stojković,
  • Filip Šupljika,
  • Zrinka Karačić,
  • Ana Tomašić Paić,
  • Lucija Horvat,
  • Robert Vianello and
  • Lidija-Marija Tumir

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 550–565, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.40

Graphical Abstract
  • RNA, single or double-stranded polynucleotides, particular base composition…) and signalize binding by specific spectroscopic response is of great importance [1][2]. Pyrene derivatives are among the earliest known fluorescent probes for biomolecules. These chromophores are often used due to their high
  • extinction coefficient and long emission lifetime (>100 ns) [3]. Their large aromatic hydrophobic surface allows the intercalation between DNA/RNA base pairs and binding within the minor groove. Pyrenes are also prominent protein probes that can monitor protein conformational changes because of pyrene
  • -dependent, and the flexibility of the linker can alter that [13]. Further, pyrene-guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole discriminated DNA and RNA by different spectroscopic (induced circular dichroism signal and fluorescent signal) responses [14]. Also, we recently reported a pyrene–quinoline conjugate molecule that
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Published 26 Apr 2023

A novel bis-triazole scaffold accessed via two tandem [3 + 2] cycloaddition events including an uncatalyzed, room temperature azide–alkyne click reaction

  • Ksenia Malkova,
  • Andrey Bubyrev,
  • Vasilisa Krivovicheva,
  • Dmitry Dar’in,
  • Alexander Bunev and
  • Mikhail Krasavin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1636–1641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.175

Graphical Abstract
  • fragments in the structure of compound 5a) include compound 6 for the treatment of cognitive impairment [7], BET bromodomain inhibitors 7 [8] and 8 [9] for cancer treatment, σ1 receptor modulator 9 for diverse disorders [10] and bacterial regulatory RNA binder 10 [11] (scaffold A) as well as antidiuretic 11
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Published 02 Dec 2022

A new route for the synthesis of 1-deazaguanine and 1-deazahypoxanthine

  • Raphael Bereiter,
  • Marco Oberlechner and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1617–1624, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.172

Graphical Abstract
  • chemistry. They can also be considered as deaza-modified purine nucleobases, and as such have attracted a lot of interest recently in the context of RNA atomic mutagenesis. In particular, for 1-deazaguanine (c1G base), a significant increase in demand is apparent. Synthetic access is challenging and the few
  • nitration. A further strength of our route is divergency, additionally enabling the synthesis of 1-deazahypoxanthine (c1I base). Keywords: deazapurine; heterocycles; imidazopyridines; nucleoside; nucleotides; pyrrolopyrimidines; RNA atomic mutagenesis; Introduction Deazapurines (imidazopyridines and
  • -, and 7-deazapurine mutations of RNA have been fundamental to shed light on their structure, catalysis, and function [13][14][15]. However, difficulties in these fields arise from the lack of efficient synthetic protocols for various deaza-nucleosides and nucleobases. This is particularly true for the
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Published 29 Nov 2022

Functionalization of imidazole N-oxide: a recent discovery in organic transformations

  • Koustav Singha,
  • Imran Habib and
  • Mossaraf Hossain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1575–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.168

Graphical Abstract
  • histidine and the related local-immune hormone histamine. In the structural view of DNA and RNA, purine bases contain imidazole moieties. Also, imidazole N-oxides have various and intriguing applications in natural products synthesis, catalysis, and coordination chemistry [3]. Derivatives of imidazole
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Published 22 Nov 2022

New triazole-substituted triterpene derivatives exhibiting anti-RSV activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling

  • Elenilson F. da Silva,
  • Krist Helen Antunes Fernandes,
  • Denise Diedrich,
  • Jessica Gotardi,
  • Marcia Silvana Freire Franco,
  • Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva,
  • Ana Paula Duarte de Souza and
  • Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1524–1531, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.161

Graphical Abstract
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped RNA-type virus, usually causes cold-like symptoms and is considered the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants. Until 2019, RSV was a major cause of morbidity in the elderly and immunocompromised people. It has been linked to
  • , Figure 1), is one of the few licensed drugs for treating RSV infections [8][9]. Although there are many suggested mechanisms of action, the main mechanisms for RBV involve the inhibition of the enzymes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). IMPDH is required for the
  • synthesis of guanosine triphosphate, which leads to a GTP depletion, thus, it prevents the replication of many RNA and DNA viruses [10]. Despite this, its efficacy has been controversial, as its use can cause hemolytic anemia, which is the leading cause for treatment being discontinued in 36% of real-life
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Published 09 Nov 2022

Anti-inflammatory aromadendrane- and cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids from the South China Sea sponge Acanthella cavernosa

  • Shou-Mao Shen,
  • Qing Yang,
  • Yi Zang,
  • Jia Li,
  • Xueting Liu and
  • Yue-Wei Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 916–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.91

Graphical Abstract
  • % CO2. RAW264.7 cells (1.6 × 105/well) were seeded in a 24-well plate overnight for cell adherence. Cells were treated with LPS alone (100 ng/mL, dissolved in DMSO) or with compounds at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Total RNA was harvested from cells using TRIzolTM reagent (Invitrogen, USA
  • ) after being washed thrice with cold PBS. The total RNA (1 μg) was transcribed into cDNA in 20 μL reactions using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (ABclonal, China) and then diluted to 200 μL. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using SYBR GREEN QPCR KIT (Bimake, B21202) on Agilent Mx3000P
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Published 25 Jul 2022

Sesquiterpenes from the soil-derived fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride PSU-SPSF346

  • Wiriya Yaosanit,
  • Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul,
  • Souwalak Phongpaichit,
  • Sita Preedanon and
  • Jariya Sakayaroj

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 479–485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.50

Graphical Abstract
  • accession number MH997897) ribosomal RNA gene revealed that the fungus PSU-SPSF346 had close relationships with several strains of Trichoderma citrinoviride with 99% nucleotide identity for both DNA regions. Therefore, this fungus can be identified as Trichoderma citrinoviride. Fermentation, extraction, and
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Published 29 Apr 2022

Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis

  • Acácio S. de Souza,
  • Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
  • Dora C. S. Costa,
  • Fernanda P. Pauli,
  • David R. Pinho,
  • Matheus G. de Moraes,
  • Fernando de C. da Silva,
  • Luana da S. M. Forezi and
  • Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43

Graphical Abstract
  • (DNA and RNA), enzymes, structural proteins, and cell membrane lipids. These effects can lead to dysfunctions that activate the apoptosis process resulting in cell death [42][43][44][45][46]. In addition to participating in redox cycles as biomolecules in various biochemical processes, the 1,4
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Published 11 Apr 2022

The role of chemistry in the success of oligonucleotides as therapeutics

  • Pawan Kumar and
  • Tom Brown

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 197–199, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.22

Graphical Abstract
  • nucleotides; siRNAs; RNA-targeting oligonucleotides (e.g., antisense, siRNA, and anti-miR) are widely explored as fundamental research tools and are gaining increasing promise as therapeutic agents, particularly against diseases of genetic origin. The idea of treating a disease by targeting the molecular
  • messenger (mRNA) to stop the synthesis of proteins using short strands of DNA, now known as antisense oligonucleotides, was first coined about 40 years ago [1]. Almost 20 years later, another endogenous mechanism, known as RNA interference (RNAi) was discovered when it was shown that short stretches of
  • double-stranded nucleotides, which are called short interfering RNA or “siRNA,” can target mRNA and prevent it from being translated to make proteins [2]. While the mechanism by which antisense oligonucleotides (single stranded oligonucleotide) and siRNA (short RNA duplexes) work are completely different
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Published 14 Feb 2022

Stepwise PEG synthesis featuring deprotection and coupling in one pot

  • Logan Mikesell,
  • Dhananjani N. A. M. Eriyagama,
  • Yipeng Yin,
  • Bao-Yuan Lu and
  • Shiyue Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2976–2982, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.207

Graphical Abstract
  • frequently adopted. For example, in peptide synthesis, peptides with acid-labile side chain protections can be selectively cleaved from the acid-labile 2-chlorotrityl resin with dilute TFA [34]. In RNA synthesis, the acid-sensitive 2'-TOM protecting groups can survive the acidic conditions for removing the 5
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Published 28 Dec 2021

A tribute to Carsten Schmuck

  • Jochen Niemeyer,
  • Ivo Piantanida and
  • Thomas Schrader

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2795–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.190

Graphical Abstract
  • , we agreed to try Carsten’s guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole (GCP) cation system in our group for DNA/RNA recognition. In that way, we started our collaboration and exchange of students which was, thanks to Carsten’s great personality, very pleasant and friendly. Moreover, due to Carsten’s profound knowledge
  • exchange of scientific ideas and knowledge. Carsten continuously gave a lot of attention and constructive questions about fine details in targeted binding sites of biomacromolecules (various types of DNA and RNA, or proteins), as well as already known small molecules binding to these targets. Then, taking
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Published 29 Nov 2021

Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues

  • Umesh P. Aher,
  • Dhananjai Srivastava,
  • Girij P. Singh and
  • Jayashree B. S

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182

Graphical Abstract
  • ; separation of racemic nucleosides; stereoselectivity; Introduction Among all the biomolecules in an organism, nucleic acids, namely DNA and RNA, have the unique role of storing the genetic code – the nucleotide sequence that specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins that is essential for life on Earth
  • . These molecules play a significant role in replication, transmission, and transcription of genetic material in life forms [1]. Structural analogues similar to the naturally occurring 2'-deoxynucleosides and ribonucleosides, the DNA and RNA building blocks, respectively, are expected to mimic their
  • counterparts during DNA or RNA synthesis, a biological role that is crucial for cellular reproduction [2]. Most of the drugs that are incorporated in the viral DNA upon phosphorylation in vivo block the DNA polymerase enzyme. However, DNA polymerase recognizes 2’,3’-dideoxynucleosides as substrates, which are
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Published 04 Nov 2021

Synthesis of phenanthridines via a novel photochemically-mediated cyclization and application to the synthesis of triphaeridine

  • Songeziwe Ntsimango,
  • Kennedy J. Ngwira,
  • Moira L. Bode and
  • Charles B. de Koning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2340–2347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.152

Graphical Abstract
  • captivated synthetic chemists and biologists alike since the 1960s due to their efficient DNA binding, antitumour and antiparasitic activities [1]. Such compounds include the DNA and RNA-fluorescent marker ethidium bromide (1), the cell viability probe propidium iodide (2) and the naturally occurring
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Published 08 Sep 2021

Synthesis of O6-alkylated preQ1 derivatives

  • Laurin Flemmich,
  • Sarah Moreno and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2295–2301, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.147

Graphical Abstract
  • cofactor for methyl group transfer resulting in cytosine methylation. This recently discovered riboswitch-ribozyme activity opens new avenues for the development of RNA labeling tools based on tailored O6-alkylated preQ1 derivatives. Here, we report a robust synthesis for this class of pyrrolo[2,3-d
  • solved by a hydration reaction sequence on a well-soluble dimethoxytritylated precursor via in situ oxime formation. The synthetic path now provides a solid foundation to access O6-alkylated 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanines for the development of RNA labeling tools based on the preQ1 class-I riboswitch
  • scaffold. Keywords: deazapurines; heterocycles; pyrrolopyrimidines; queuosine; RNA cofactors; RNA methylation; Introduction Methylated preQ1 has attracted much attention recently because this compound has been found to function as cofactor for the conserved fold of a non-coding RNA, namely the preQ1
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Published 02 Sep 2021

Cationic oligonucleotide derivatives and conjugates: A favorable approach for enhanced DNA and RNA targeting oligonucleotides

  • Mathias B. Danielsen and
  • Jesper Wengel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1828–1848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.125

Graphical Abstract
  • negatively charged phosphorus-based linkages. ASOs have the distinctive ability to bind endogenous nucleic acid targets in a sequence-specific manner, thereby inhibiting gene expression and offering opportunities for the treatment of a broad range of diseases. As ASOs interact with their RNA (or DNA) targets
  • . The key features of ASOs further enable them to be transformed into personalized medicines, eventually even targeting patient-specific sequences and very rare diseases [1]. ASOs can mediate gene silencing via different mechanisms of action. ASOs that induce RNase H degradation of the endogenous RNA
  • silencing without side-effects has turned out to be challenging. These side-effects have been shown to emerge due to off-target interactions [6][7][8][9][10][11], toxicities [12] or saturation of RNA-processing pathways [13]. Additionally, the delivery of ASOs to the target tissues or organs is a major
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Published 29 Jul 2021

A systems-based framework to computationally describe putative transcription factors and signaling pathways regulating glycan biosynthesis

  • Theodore Groth,
  • Rudiyanto Gunawan and
  • Sriram Neelamegham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.119

Graphical Abstract
  • pathways is largely unknown. In this work, we performed data mining of TF–glycogene relationships from the Cistrome Cancer database (DB), which integrates chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and RNA-Seq data to constitute regulatory relationships. In total, we observed 22,654 potentially
  • proximal to the promoter regions of genes, facilitating the binding of RNA polymerases. They may homotropically or heterotropically associate with additional TFs in order to directly or indirectly control messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Among the TFs, some “pioneer factors” can pervasively regulate gene
  • their tissue-specific expression, DNA binding domains, and nucleosome interaction sequences [3]. Additional factors regulating transcriptional activity include: i) cofactors and small molecules that enable TF-DNA recognition and RNA polymerase recruitment [3]; ii) chromatin modifications, such as
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Published 22 Jul 2021

Volatile emission and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi colonizing black poplar leaves

  • Christin Walther,
  • Pamela Baumann,
  • Katrin Luck,
  • Beate Rothe,
  • Peter H. W. Biedermann,
  • Jonathan Gershenzon,
  • Tobias G. Köllner and
  • Sybille B. Unsicker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1698–1711, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.118

Graphical Abstract
  • trees We identified 12 endophyte species from nine different genera by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron. Two species were identified from the genus Alternaria, three from Didymella, two from Aureobasidium, and one each from Arthrinium
  • representative total ion chromatogram for each fungus is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. Mass spectra of unknown compounds are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2. Fungal RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and sequencing Total RNA was isolated from fresh mycelium
  • (approximately 5 cm in diameter) growing on PDA using the RNeasy® Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The RNA concentration was assessed using a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop 2000c, Thermo Fisher Scientific). RNA was treated with DNase I (Thermo Fisher Scientific) prior to cDNA
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Published 22 Jul 2021

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

  • Nikita Brodyagin,
  • Martins Katkevics,
  • Venubabu Kotikam,
  • Christopher A. Ryan and
  • Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

Graphical Abstract
  • amide linkages, to form strong and sequence specific complexes with natural DNA and RNA [3]. As will be discussed below, despite extensive studies [4][5][6], relatively few modifications have improved this simple original design. Since its inception, PNA has become an extremely useful research tool and
  • negative charge on PNA’s backbone. Electrostatic repulsion of the negatively charged phosphates dominates the conformational properties and structure of nucleic acids. In contrast to proteins that prefer to fold in compact structures, DNA and RNA inherently prefer extended conformations that minimize the
  • electrostatic repulsion. The maintenance and function of long double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is achieved through complex mechanisms involving histones and other proteins. Large non-coding RNAs (e.g., ribosomes) manage electrostatic repulsion using positively charged RNA-binding proteins and cations (e.g
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Published 19 Jul 2021

Total synthesis of ent-pavettamine

  • Memory Zimuwandeyi,
  • Manuel A. Fernandes,
  • Amanda L. Rousseau and
  • Moira L. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1440–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.99

Graphical Abstract
  • , connected by one or more unsubstituted methylene linkages, within their structure [2]. The interest in polyamines arises from the diverse roles and functions they play in biological systems [3][4]; for example, as stabilizers of RNA and DNA, secondary messengers, nutrients, antioxidants, growth factors, and
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Published 10 Jun 2021

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

  • Vineet Verma,
  • Jyotirmoy Maity,
  • Vipin K. Maikhuri,
  • Ritika Sharma,
  • Himal K. Ganguly and
  • Ashok K. Prasad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98

Graphical Abstract
  • of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA), which contain either a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase and a furanosyl moiety of pentose sugars, 2′-deoxyribose or ribose [1][2]. Nucleotides are constituted by addition of a phosphate group at the 5′-position of the nucleosides and these
  • monomeric units polymerize to construct nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). These macromolecules preserve and express genetic information in all living cells and viruses. Modified nucleosides are a class of organic compounds which are unnatural and have an altered/substituted nucleobase and/or a modified pentose
  • ′-deoxyuridine forming the double-headed nucleosides 14 and 15, respectively (Scheme 4) [43]. Both double-headed nucleosides 14 and 15, when incorporated into oligonucleotides were found to stabilize three-way junction in both DNA–DNA and DNA–RNA duplexes and when introduced into a (+1)-zipper motif, cross
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Published 08 Jun 2021

Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV

  • Santiago Ramos-Carreño,
  • Ivone Giffard-Mena,
  • Jose N. Zamudio-Ocadiz,
  • Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
  • Ricardo Valencia-Yañez,
  • Jaime Ruiz-Garcia,
  • Maria Teresa Viana and
  • Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95

Graphical Abstract
  • therapy using double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) by intramuscular injection (IM) has proven the most effective shrimp protection against WSSV. However, IM treatment is still not viable for shrimp farms. The challenge is to develop an efficient oral delivery system that manages to avoid the
  • degradation of antiviral RNA molecules. The present work demonstrates that VLPs (virus-like particles) allow efficient delivery of dsRNAi as antiviral therapy in shrimp. In particular, VLPs derived from a virus that infects plants, such as cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), in which the capsid protein (CP
  • control [7]. So far several strategies have been reported to control the WSSV, including activation of the immune system, DNA vaccines, herbal extracts, and RNA interference (RNAi) [8][9]. Among them, the RNAi technology has shown great potential to protect shrimp against the WSSV in some lab-scale
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Published 01 Jun 2021

Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications

  • Christopher Liczner,
  • Kieran Duke,
  • Gabrielle Juneau,
  • Martin Egli and
  • Christopher J. Wilds

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76

Graphical Abstract
  • oligonucleotides that have been explored for gene silencing. Keywords: antisense; chemically modified oligonucleotides; crystallography; siRNA; structure; Introduction The natural nucleic acids sugar-phosphate backbone comes in two flavors, 2'-deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. However, this relative
  • simplicity combined with the five natural bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U, in RNA) belies the fact that both DNA and RNA are decorated with chemical modifications. For a catalogue of natural modifications in DNA, see https://dnamod.hoffmanlab.org/ [1], and in RNA, see
  • phosphorothioate Rp-stereoisomer (Rp-PS, i.e., phosphate with one of the non-bridging oxygens replaced by sulfur) in bacterial genomes, where it may serve a protective role against nucleases [4] and its loss results in genomic instability [5]. There are over a hundred known base modifications in RNA and the Rp-PS
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Published 28 Apr 2021
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