Tuning the solid-state emission of liquid crystalline nitro-cyanostilbene by halogen bonding

• Subrata Nath,
• Alexander Kappelt,
• Matthias Spengler,
• Bibhisan Roy,
• Jens Voskuhl and
• Michael Giese

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 124–131, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.13

• fluoroiodoazobenzenes with varying fluorination degree at the iodobenzene moiety was used to investigate the impact of halogen bonding on the properties of the assemblies. Since cyanostilbene molecules are known to show aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behaviour the photophysical properties of the resulting

• interactions and packing in the solid state and adds to the shift of the crystallisation temperature. Photophysical studies Recently, our group has shown that self-assembly provides an efficient way to tune fluorescence behaviour of liquid crystalline materials [21]. Phenolic thioethers showing aggregation

• aggregation at room temperature (λex = 365 nm). Transition enthalpies of all compounds and assemblies upon heating and cooling as determined by DSC (heating/cooling rate of 10 °C/min). Supporting Information Supporting Information File 244: Detailed descriptions of the experimental procedures and

Circularly polarized luminescent systems fabricated by Tröger's base derivatives through two different strategies

• Cheng Qian,
• Yuan Chen,
• Qian Zhao,
• Ming Cheng,
• Chen Lin,
• Juli Jiang and
• Leyong Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 52–57, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.6

• ; inversion of CPL handedness; Tröger's base; Introduction Recently, much effort has been devoted to constructing luminescent materials with efficient high emission in the solid state [1][2][3]. More and more types of fluorophores with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics have been discovered

• considering the side chain. At the same time, the loose stacking of the TB unit and its derivatives, which is caused by its V-configuration could reduce the distance-dependent intermolecular quenching effect in the aggregation state [16]. Moreover, the large dihedral angle of TB (80–104°) [15] permits less

Synthesis, crystal structures and properties of carbazole-based [6]helicenes fused with an azine ring

• Daria I. Tonkoglazova,
• Anna V. Gulevskaya,
• Konstantin A. Chistyakov and
• Olga I. Askalepova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 11–21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.2

• in its length from the standard single C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond (ca. 1.48 Å). The X-ray analysis of quinoxaline-fused [6]helicene 10a revealed the presence of the face-to-face π–π interaction between the helicene aggregates. The racemic aggregation was composed by (P)- and (M)-enantiomers on the manner of

Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis impact the assembly of soil-derived semisynthetic bacterial communities

• Heiko T. Kiesewalter,
• Carlos N. Lozano-Andrade,
• Mikael L. Strube and
• Ákos T. Kovács

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2983–2998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.248

• concentration, only the spent media of ∆ppsC and ∆pksL affected the growth of L. fusiformis, even though it was weakened compared to using higher concentrations. Intriguingly, a higher level of aggregation was observed in the L. fusiformis assays supplemented with the spent medium of sfp compared to the other

Naphthalonitriles featuring efficient emission in solution and in the solid state

• Sidharth Thulaseedharan Nair Sailaja,
• Iván Maisuls,
• Jutta Kösters,
• Alexander Hepp,
• Andreas Faust,
• Jens Voskuhl and
• Cristian A. Strassert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2960–2970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.246

• -electron donating capability. Interestingly, upon aggregation in water-containing media, H, Me and t-Bu show a slight red-shift of the emission and a blue-shift is observed for OMe, SMe and NMe2. The crystal structure of Me allowed a detailed discussion of the structure–property relationship. Clearly, N

• substitution and environment is reported with potential applications in sensing, bioimaging and optoelectronics. Keywords: aggregation caused quenching (ACQ); aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE); naphthalonitriles (NCNs); solution and solid state emitters (SSSE); solvent quenching (SQ

• aromatic rings that emit efficiently in very dilute solutions. However, the photoluminescence quantum yields tend to decrease or even fully quench in the aggregated or solid states, due to the well-known effect of aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) [9][10]. This is mainly related to intersystem crossing

Selective recognition of ATP by multivalent nano-assemblies of bisimidazolium amphiphiles through “turn-on” fluorescence response

• Rakesh Biswas,
• Surya Ghosh,
• Shubhra Kanti Bhaumik and
• Supratim Banerjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2728–2738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.223

• reductions were noticed for the N ≥ 10 derivatives (Figure 2a and Supporting Information File 1, Table S1), with the highest change being exhibited by PBIm14. These observations suggested that in going to higher concentrations, there was a gradual increase in the aggregation of the longer chain derivatives

Optical detection of di- and triphosphate anions with mixed monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles containing zinc(II)–dipicolylamine complexes

• Lena Reinke,
• Julia Bartl,
• Marcus Koch and
• Stefan Kubik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2687–2700, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.219

• water/methanol 1:2 (v/v). These anions caused the bright red solutions of the nanoparticles to change their color because of nanoparticle aggregation followed by precipitation, whereas halides or oxoanions such as sulfate, nitrate, or carbonate produced no effect. The sensitivity of phosphate sensing

• formed, the solutions either lose their color because of nanoparticle precipitation or they adopt a different color. Dispersed spherical AuNPs with a diameter of ca. 10 nm lead to intensely colored red solutions, for example, which turn purple or blue upon nanoparticle aggregation because the localized

• . The extent of aggregation of AuNPs containing peripheral phosphate groups in the presence of an externally added low molecular weight bis(zinc(II)–DPA) complex could be controlled by diphosphate anions, which in turn allowed correlating the optical properties of the nanoparticle solution with the

Particle size effect in the mechanically assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin mesitylene sulfonate

• Stéphane Menuel,
• Sébastien Saitzek,
• Eric Monflier and
• Frédéric Hapiot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2598–2606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.211

• occur over longer times, suggesting that shear, friction, and collision effects did not anymore affect the β-CD particle size and morphology over time. In fact, crystal breaking reduced the particle size up to some critical threshold, as a result of the equilibrium between comminution and aggregation

NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces

• Peter Bayer,
• Anja Matena and
• Christine Beuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203

• of a charged ligand leads to a net reduction of charge in the complex, which likely increases the chance of aggregation due to hydrophobic interactions (see the red spectrum in Figure 3 as an example). Furthermore, some ligands exhibit a “molecular glue” effect by binding to two proteins

• simultaneously and thus induce aggregation [23][24][25][27][82]. This behavior does not interfere with identifying the ligand binding site, but it makes it difficult to determine a binding constant from the chemical shift perturbations since fitting a binding curve requires sufficient saturation of the signal

• . If a signal broadens beyond detection and thus disappears from the spectrum, be it due to aggregation or intermediate exchange kinetics, it is also impossible to trace its trajectory and determine the chemical shift perturbation. In the case of a bifunctional GCP ligand binding to survivin [46], the

Synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazinones from acylpyruvic acids or furan-2,3-diones and o-aminothiophenol

• Ekaterina E. Stepanova,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev and
• Andrey N. Maslivets

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2322–2331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.193

• use. Particularly, some enaminones I and II were found to show antioxidant [3], antimycotic [7][8], antimycobacterial [9][10], anti-Alzheimer’s disease (JNK3 inhibitors) [11], platelet aggregation inhibitory [12], antimicrobial [7] and analgesic [13] activities. Enaminones II were reported as

• potential Cu2+ chemosensors [14], and their BF2 chelates, as multicolor fluorescence complexes, some of which exhibited aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties [15]. In addition, enaminones I and II proved themselves to be versatile and available building blocks for the synthesis of various

The B & B approach: Ball-milling conjugation of dextran with phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized BODIPY

• Patrizia Andreozzi,
• Lorenza Tamberi,
• Elisamaria Tasca,
• Gina Elena Giacomazzo,
• Marta Martinez,
• Mirko Severi,
• Marco Marradi,
• Stefano Cicchi,
• Sergio Moya,
• Giacomo Biagiotti and
• Barbara Richichi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2272–2281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.188

• (hydrodynamic diameter) of the nanoparticles in H2O was 198 ± 42 nm (Figure 4A, black). The measurements were performed also in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution to evaluate a potential additional aggregation in cell medium. The aggregates were stable in solution and did not precipitate over time. The

Naphthalene diimide bis-guanidinio-carbonyl-pyrrole as a pH-switchable threading DNA intercalator

• Poulami Jana,
• Filip Šupljika,
• Carsten Schmuck and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2201–2211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.185

• the DNA/RNA conjugate NDI-GCP2 showed also aggregation along the ds-polynucleotide and AFM and DLS demonstrated that NDI-GCP2 has pronounced ds-DNA condensation ability. Keywords: AFM; circular dichroism; DNA/RNA recognition; fluorescence; guanidinio-carbonyl-pyrrole; naphthalene diimide

• chromophore in the DNA/RNA grooves aside expulsion of water solvating the NDI, also allows for aromatic interactions, either edge-to-face with base pairs or even with another NDI molecule (aggregation within groove). Both events strongly affect the UV–vis spectrum of the NDI chromophore. In any case, strong

• molecule of 4 binds at separate RNA binding sites, whereas at large compound 4 excess over RNA (ratios r > 0.6, Figure 3a, bottom) a new, negative ICD band at 300 nm appeared, suggesting a secondary binding event, most likely caused by aggregation of 4 within the RNA major groove [14]. Again, there was no

Controlling the stereochemistry in 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts through the cinchona alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination

• Yuqing Wang,
• Gaigai Wang,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Ruwei Yao,
• Muhammad Hasan,
• Manzoor Zaman,
• Chao Liu,
• Stepan Kashtanov,
• Olga P. Pereshivko and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1963–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.163

• -triggered complexation with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The resulting O,O-chelated boron complexes 11 turned out to be strong solid-state emitters featuring clear aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics [61]. Encouraged by these results, we decided to attempt the reaction of 2-oxo

Models of necessity

• Timothy Clark and
• Martin G. Hicks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1649–1661, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.137

• molecular aggregation via weak interactions. Paradoxically, exactly such interactions between drug molecules and proteins form much of the basis of classical cheminformatics. These are, however, very specific in nature and have generally been defined in detail for, for instance, scoring functions. Current

• reactions. There is, however, a need to add non-covalent interactions to the model in order to take the importance of complexation and aggregation via non-covalent interactions into account. This could be done in a purely ad hoc fashion for each type of interaction. This is how force-field developers have

Five-component, one-pot synthesis of an electroactive rotaxane comprising a bisferrocene macrocycle

• Natalie Lagesse,
• Luca Pisciottani,
• Maxime Douarre,
• Pascale Godard,
• Brice Kauffmann,
• Vicente Martí-Centelles and
• Nathan D. McClenaghan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.128

• ). The isolated material had low solubility, which is likely due to self-aggregation via complementary amide hydrogen bonds. This prompted us to use a thread with bulky stopper groups to prepare the corresponding rotaxane compounds, which would increase the solubility by the formation of intramolecular

• macrocycle-thread hydrogen bonds, thereby reducing self-aggregation. To this end, a five-component clipping strategy was adopted using different tetrabutylsuccinamide threads (Figure 2) with varying hydrogen-bond basicity (amides > esters) [4][15]. Threads containing an ester group were selected as esters

Synthesis of new fluorescent molecules having an aggregation-induced emission property derived from 4-fluoroisoxazoles

• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Akira Kawasaki,
• Yukiko Karuo,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kentaro Kawai and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1411–1417, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.117

• -opening reaction of 4-fluoroisoxazoles and exhibited highly fluorescent luminescence and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), showing promise as a new fluorophore. Keywords: aggregation-induced emission; boron ketoiminates; fluorescent probe; α-fluorinated boron ketoiminates; 4-fluoroisoxazoles

• concentrated solutions by aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) [8]. On the other hand, there are molecules that exhibit strong emission even in poor solvents or in the solid state. This property is referred to as aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and has attracted much attention in the field of fluorescence

Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel–Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides

• Mateo Berton,
• Kevin Sheehan,
• Andrea Adamo and
• D. Tyler McQuade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1343–1356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.115

• conversion because the neutralization can alter the aggregation states, producing a significant batch-to-batch variability. The direct insertion of magnesium metal into organic halides is the most common method used to prepare Grignard reagents but present difficulties: (1) sluggish reactions with ordinary

Synthesis and properties of quinazoline-based versatile exciplex-forming compounds

• Rasa Keruckiene,
• Simona Vekteryte,
• Ervinas Urbonas,
• Matas Guzauskas,
• Eigirdas Skuodis,
• Dmytro Volyniuk and
• Juozas V. Grazulevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1142–1153, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.101

• ; quinazoline; Introduction Organic luminescent materials are extensively used in a wide range of optoelectronic devices. For the design of compounds, potentially exhibiting properties such as bipolar charge transport, delayed fluorescence or aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE), a useful strategy

• efficiency (EQE) of 19.2% [7]. Two blue emitters based on fluorene-bridged quinazoline and quinoxaline derivatives were used in the active layers of OLEDs with EQEs of 1.58% and 1.30%, suggesting that the self-aggregation of emitters had a considerable effect on the photoluminescent and electroluminescent

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• fluorinated Phe dipeptides [84] 177c–g as racemic mixtures (Scheme 43). 5. Pharmaceutical applications of fluorinated phenylalanine derivatives Peptides and proteins containing FPhe are important tools to identify enzyme–substrate complexes, mechanisms of protein aggregation, and modifying the chemical and

Aryl-substituted acridanes as hosts for TADF-based OLEDs

• Naveen Masimukku,
• Dalius Gudeika,
• Oleksandr Bezvikonnyi,
• Ihor Syvorotka,
• Rasa Keruckiene,
• Dmytro Volyniuk and
• Juozas V. Grazulevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 989–1000, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.88

• to polarity and aggregation effects. Despite these observations, emission of compounds 3–6 can mainly be assigned to π–π* transitions of local excited states. However, a slight contribution of charge transfer (CT) can be also recognized in the emission of the studied compounds 3–6 (Figure 3a). The

Synthesis of disparlure and monachalure enantiomers from 2,3-butanediacetals

• Adam Drop,
• Hubert Wojtasek and
• Bożena Frąckowiak-Wojtasek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 616–620, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.57

• particularly interesting example, because it is also a component of the luring mixture used by the bolas spider Mastophora hutchinsoni [3][4]. (6R,7S,2E)-6,7-Epoxy-2-nonenal has been identified as a sex-aggregation pheromone of the red-necked longhorn beetle (Aromia bungii) [5] and its synthesis has been

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• laponite® discs was to prevent their aggregation. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the nanocomposite 136 was explored in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of alkynes with in situ-generated organic azides. The reactions proceeded well in an aqueous medium at 70 °C with 0.004 g of the catalyst (Scheme 30). In

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

• preferably refers to the solubility in the surrounding matrix, while undesirable events such as aggregation are of minor importance. In the worst case, it can also result in crystallization of the cyanine in the matrix under certain storage conditions such as high humidity and/or elevated temperatures

• ]. Such a geometry affects compatibility with the surrounding matrix. Thus, aggregation phenomena dominate in the case of IV. On the other hand, absorbers related to V often exhibit a much better solubility in organic surroundings such as multi-functional acrylates [5]. This can be seen as a huge

• indolium nitrogen resulting in a decrease of the molar extinction coefficient (ε) as well. Aggregation/dimerization can cause such phenomena, which typically leads to a decrease of absorption at the considered absorption maximum and a pronounced non-radiative deactivation resulting in a decrease of Φf

Synthesis and circularly polarized luminescence properties of BINOL-derived bisbenzofuro[2,3-b:3’,2’-e]pyridines (BBZFPys)

• Ryo Takishima,
• Yuji Nishii,
• Tomoaki Hinoue,
• Yoshitane Imai and
• Masahiro Miura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 325–336, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.32

• available (S)- and (R)-1,1’-bi-2-naphthols through a palladium-catalyzed multiple intramolecular C–H/C–H coupling as the key ring-closure step. The effect of terminal tert-butyl substituents on the BBZFPy skeleton was systematically investigated to uncover a unique aggregation-induced enhancement of CPL

• an interesting aggregation-induced enhancement of CPL in the solid state with considerably higher dissymmetry factors compared to those in solution. Results and Discussion Synthesis of BINOL-derived BBFPys The study was initiated with the synthesis of 2,6-diaryloxypyridines 3 bearing a 1,1

• 0.37–0.40. The emission bands of 4a–c in their solid state were considerably red-shifted as compared to that of 6, suggesting that these compounds displayed the appreciable effect of molecular aggregation. Interestingly, 4b and 4c, bearing the additional terminal tert-butyl substituents, were more red

Formal preparation of regioregular and alternating thiophene–thiophene copolymers bearing different substituents

• Atsunori Mori,
• Keisuke Fujita,
• Chihiro Kubota,
• Toyoko Suzuki,
• Kentaro Okano,
• Takuya Matsumoto,
• Takashi Nishino and
• Masaki Horie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 317–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.31

• our result from the XRD analysis (7.3 Å) corresponding to the aggregation of the alternating methyl substituent [27]. Conclusion In summary, we showed that formally alternating thiophene–thiophene copolymers could be synthesized by employing differently substituted halobithiophenes as monomers in