Synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds by late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments

• Aissam Okba,
• Pablo Simón Marqués,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Naoki Aratani,
• Hiroko Yamada,
• Gwénaël Rapenne and
• Claire Kammerer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30

• , this class of compounds is prone to valence isomerization via 6π-electrocyclization leading to the formation of heteroatom-containing norcaradiene, and oxepine has been shown to exist in equilibrium with its valence isomer benzene oxide [37]. In contrast with the parent oxepine, which is isolable at

Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks

• Zhang Dongxu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1741–1754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.127

• conditions [38] (Scheme 2). Moreover, a chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed asymmetric 6π electrocyclization of trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrazones for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 3-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydropyridazines was first developed by Rueping et al. [39]. The strategy involves chiral ion

Synthesis of substituted 8H-benzo[h]pyrano[2,3-f]quinazolin-8-ones via photochemical 6π-electrocyclization of pyrimidines containing an allomaltol fragment

• Constantine V. Milyutin,
• Andrey N. Komogortsev,
• Boris V. Lichitsky,
• Mikhail E. Minyaev and
• Valeriya G. Melekhina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.58

• shown that for the hydroxy derivatives the main pathway of phototransformation is a 6π-electrocyclization of the 1,3,5-hexatriene system and subsequent [1,9]-H sigmatropic shift leading to dihydrobenzo[h]pyrano[2,3-f]quinazolines. At the same time, for methylated analogues the photoreaction proceeds in

• proposed. Keywords: allomaltol; dihydrobenzo[h]pyrano[2,3-f]quinazolines; 6π-electrocyclization; photocyclization; pyrimidines; Introduction Photochemical processes involve absorption of UV light leading to the generation of molecules in the excited state and subsequent chemical transformations [1][2

• [16][17][18][19][20]. The photochemical behavior of terarylenes containing an allomaltol fragment deserves special attention. In this case, two types of photoprocesses are possible: a 6π-electrocyclization of the 1,3,5-hexatriene system and the aforementioned ESIPT-induced transformation to α-hydroxy

Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series

• Cécile Alleman,
• Charlène Gadais,
• Laurent Legentil and
• François-Hugues Porée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23

Synthetic study toward tridachiapyrone B

• Morgan Cormier,
• Florian Hernvann and
• Michaël De Paolis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1741–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.183

• feature a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene core which photochemically arises from 1,3-cyclohexadiene precursors, tridachiapyrone A or 9,10-deoxytridachione, as demonstrated by Ireland [16][17]. In turn, the ring system arises from α-tetraenyl-α’-methoxy-γ-pyrone precursor 1a upon heating through 6π-electrocyclization

• electrocyclization of compounds 1a and b [19][20][21][22]. Interestingly, Baldwin and Moses demonstrated the irradiation or sunlight-promoted cycloisomerization of a similar tetraenyl framework into the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane core through a 6π-conrotatory stereocontrol [23][24]. To date, the known strategies to

• install a quaternary carbon center connected to α’-methoxy-γ-pyrone therefore rely exclusively on the electrocyclization of tetraenes. With recently demonstrated potent antitumoral [25] and anti-HIV properties [26], aureothin is a natural product featuring the α’-methoxy-γ-pyrone motif connected to a

Dienophilic reactivity of 2-phosphaindolizines: a conceptual DFT investigation

• Nosheen Beig,
• Aarti Peswani and
• Raj Kumar Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1217–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.127

• -electrocyclization of the initially formed pyridinium alkoxycarbonyl-dichlorophosphinomethylide followed by 1,2-elimination affording 1,3-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-phosphaindolizines [5]. After having access to a good number of differently substituted derivatives of these four classes of 2-phosphaindolizines, we were

A study of the photochemical behavior of terarylenes containing allomaltol and pyrazole fragments

• Constantine V. Milyutin,
• Andrey N. Komogortsev,
• Boris V. Lichitsky and
• Valeriya G. Melekhina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 588–596, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.61

• -pyranone containing terarylenes with a pyrazole bridge fragment were studied. It was shown that UV-induced 6π-electrocyclization of the 1,3,5-hexatriene system was not observed for the considered objects molecules. At the same time, the phototransformation of such systems proceeds exclusively in the

• processes used in organic synthesis, 6π-electrocyclization of 1,3,5-hexatriene systems is attracting considerable attention [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The photocyclization of terarylenes leading to the formation of polyheterocyclic compounds is one of the most widely studied processes of this type

• two stages: 6π-electrocyclization of 1,3,5-hexatriene systems and subsequent aromatization of the central benzene ring. Among the significant diversity of terarylenes, compounds containing a 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (allomaltol) fragment are of particular interest. For such systems two types

Unusual highly diastereoselective Rh(II)-catalyzed dimerization of 3-diazo-2-arylidenesuccinimides provides access to a new dibenzazulene scaffold

• Anastasia Vepreva,
• Alexander S. Bunev,
• Andrey Yu. Kudinov,
• Grigory Kantin,
• Mikhail Krasavin and
• Dmitry Dar’in

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 533–538, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.55

• analysis (see Supporting Information File 1). A plausible mechanism of the observed transformations of DAS (shown for 1a) is presented in Scheme 2. The initially formed rhodium carbene A undergoes 1,5-electrocyclization to form intermediate B which turns into indene C as the result of a 1,5-suprafacial

Synthesis of piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives by electroreductive cyclization of imine with terminal dihaloalkanes in a flow microreactor

• Yuki Naito,
• Naoki Shida and
• Mahito Atobe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.39

• . Furthermore, piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives could be obtained on preparative scale by continuous electrolysis for approximately 1 hour. Keywords: electrochemical synthesis; electrocyclization; flow microreactor; heterocyclic amines; imine; Introduction Heterocycles are a very important class of

Regioselectivity of the S_EAr-based cyclizations and S_EAr-terminated annulations of 3,5-unsubstituted, 4-substituted indoles

• Jonali Das and
• Sajal Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 293–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.33

• V. Electrocyclization of V followed by loss of proton from the intermediate VI afforded the corresponding cyclopenta[e]indol-6-ones 35a,b. While involved in the synthesis of 9H-fluorenes and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes through intramolecular arylative ring-opening of indole-tethered donor–acceptor

A photochemical C=C cleavage process: toward access to backbone N-formyl peptides

• Haopei Wang and
• Zachary T. Ball

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2932–2938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.202

• unstable under basic conditions, readily forming aldehyde products 3. However, related hemi-aminal compounds are quite stable under non-basic conditions, and the motif is even contained in some natural products, such as zampanolide [21] and spergualin [22]. We propose a competing electrocyclization pathway

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• with concomitant aromatization yields the desired products 142. A 6π-electrocyclization reaction was efficiently explored by Jiang and co-workers [128] for the construction of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines 143a. This approach consists of four-component reactions involving substituted pyrazolylamine 140, two

• the allene intermediate D. Finally, an intramolecular 6π-electrocyclization and tautomerism results in the desired products 143a. The authors proposed a mechanism for azepinoindoles (Scheme 59) [128] wherein acid-catalyzed protonation of arylglyoxal monohydrate followed by dehydration and addition of

Total synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinoline alkaloid: trigonoine B

• Takashi Nishiyama,
• Erina Hamada,
• Daishi Ishii,
• Yuuto Kihara,
• Nanase Choshi,
• Natsumi Nakanishi,
• Mari Murakami,
• Kimiko Taninaka,
• Noriyuki Hatae and
• Tominari Choshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 730–736, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.62

• ]quinoline framework via electrocyclization of 2-(pyrrol-3-yl)benzene containing a carbodiimide moiety as a 2-azahexatriene system. The employed six-step sequence afforded trigonoine B (1) in 9.2% overall yield. The described route could be employed for the preparation of various N-substituted 4

• -aminopyrroloquinolines with various biological activities. Keywords: 2-azahexatiriene system; carbodiimide; electrocyclization; pyrrolo[2,3-c]quinoline; trigonoine B; Introduction In 2011, two novel alkaloids, namely trigonoine A and B, were isolated from the leaves of Trigonostemon lii by Hao and co-workers [1]. The

• heterocyclic compounds by constructing fused pyridine ring systems based on a thermal electrocyclization of an azahexatriene moiety [14][15]. It has been hoped that the development of compounds with enhanced biological activity would be possible using these natural products and their derivatives [16][17][18

CF₃-substituted carbocations: underexploited intermediates with great potential in modern synthetic chemistry

• Anthony J. Fernandes,
• Armen Panossian,
• Bastien Michelet,
• Agnès Martin-Mingot,
• Frédéric R. Leroux and
• Sébastien Thibaudeau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 343–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.32

• authors [55][56]. Related studies on diphenyl derivative 9c in a mixture of H2SO4 and chloroform also showed the formation of fluorene derivative 37 in 25% yield [58]. Exploiting this impact of the trifluoromethyl substituent in the cationic Nazarov electrocyclization, the synthesis of CF3-substituted

• delocalized α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ions 40a–c. Vasilyev et al. also investigated this Nazarov electrocyclization for the synthesis of indene derivatives. Thus, a variety of indenes 42 could be readily obtained from α-(trifluoromethyl)allyl-substituted benzyl alcohols 41a or the corresponding silyl

A sustainable strategy for the straightforward preparation of 2H-azirines and highly functionalized NH-aziridines from vinyl azides using a single solvent flow-batch approach

• Michael Andresini,
• Leonardo Degannaro and
• Renzo Luisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.20

• resulted in safer procedures for the preparation of 2H-azirines, offering valuable alternatives for production purposes. In 2013, Kirschning harnessed the photoinduced electrocyclization of vinyl azides in a microfluidic photoreactor yielding 2H-azirines as precursors of 1,3-dipolarophiles (Scheme 1a) [27

Pentannulation of N-heterocycles by a tandem gold-catalyzed [3,3]-rearrangement/Nazarov reaction of propargyl ester derivatives: a computational study on the crucial role of the nitrogen atom

• Giovanna Zanella,
• Martina Petrović,
• Dina Scarpi,
• Ernesto G. Occhiato and
• Enrique Gómez-Bengoa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3059–3068, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.255

• at C3) could stabilize the pentadienyl cationic intermediate 6, and thus relenting the 4π-electrocyclization, causing either the degradation of the starting material or the formation of unwanted side products. In fact, preliminary experimental results with 5 pointed in this direction, and we decided

A simple and easy to perform synthetic route to functionalized thienyl bicyclo[3.2.1]octadienes

• Dragana Vuk,
• Irena Škorić,
• Valentina Milašinović,
• Krešimir Molčanov and
• Željko Marinić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1092–1099, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.96

• [3.2.1]octadiene derivatives by irradiating the toluene solution of compound's 3–7 mixture of cis- and trans-isomers in the presence of iodine (Scheme 2 and Scheme 3). The electrocyclization reactions were successfully implemented in most cases and photoproducts 8–11 were obtained in moderate yields. The

Reversible photoswitching of the DNA-binding properties of styrylquinolizinium derivatives through photochromic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion

• Sarah Kölsch,
• Heiko Ihmels,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Brian O. Patrick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 111–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.13

• electrocyclization or E-to-Z isomerization reactions, whereas the well-established photochromic cycloaddition–cycloreversion equilibrium to establish photoswitchable DNA binders has so far been widely neglected. In fact, there is only one reported example for the use of the reversible photoinduced dimerization of

Unexpected one-pot formation of the 1H-6a,8a-epiminotricyclopenta[a,c,e][8]annulene system from cyclopentanone, ammonia and dimethyl fumarate. Synthesis of highly strained polycyclic nitroxide and EPR study

• Sergey A. Dobrynin,
• Igor A. Kirilyuk,
• Yuri V. Gatilov,
• Andrey A. Kuzhelev,
• Olesya A. Krumkacheva,
• Matvey V. Fedin,
• Michael K. Bowman and
• Elena G. Bagryanskaya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2664–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.259

• heterocycle formation [11]. Presumably, a prototropic shift in the enamine-imine intermediate 4 is followed by electrocyclization to the cyclic azomethine ylide, which then reacts with dimethyl fumarate in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The suggested mechanism accounts for the trans-position of the methyne

• hydrogens in the azepine ring: electrocyclization proceeds via a conrotatory mechanism due to the antisymmetry of the HOMO (Figure 2). The selective formation of a single diastereomer in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is likely a result from secondary interactions of orbitals of the π-systems of the

• : the electrocyclization proceeds via a conrotatory mechanism due to the antisymmetry of the HOMO. Selective formation of a single diastereomer in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. X-ray structure of compound 6 (one of the two enantiomers present in the crystal). A, B) Temperature dependence of

Click chemistry towards thermally reversible photochromic 4,5-bisthiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles

• Chenxia Zhang,
• Kaori Morinaka,
• Mahmut Kose,
• Takashi Ubukata and
• Yasushi Yokoyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2161–2169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.213

• ] or the introduction of two aromatic rings to the central aromatic ring [11]. If the construction of three contiguous aromatic-ring arrays can be easily achieved, a new and facile synthesis method for the photochromic family which undergoes 6π-electrocyclization can be realized [13]. Early in the 21st

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

Enantioselective PCCP Brønsted acid-catalyzed aza-Piancatelli rearrangement

• Gabrielle R. Hammersley,
• Meghan F. Nichol,
• Helena C. Steffens,
• Jose M. Delgado,
• Gesine K. Veits and
• Javier Read de Alaniz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.160

• a trans relationship between the C4 and C5 substituents [13][14][15]. It is believed that the 4π conrotatory electrocyclization step that converts the pentadienyl cation 5 into the corresponding cyclopentenone adduct 6 is responsible for controlling the relative diastereoselectivity in this cascade

• rearrangement (Figure 1). Analogous to the Nazarov cyclization, controlling the absolute stereochemistry can be achieved by governing the direction of the conrotatory electrocyclization, clockwise vs counterclockwise [32][33][34]. Despite the direct relationship to the asymmetric Nazarov cyclization, however

• -inducing element capable of controlling the clockwise or counterclockwise conrotation of the key 4π electrocyclization step. Although the utility of these asymmetric catalytic systems is unquestionable, the ability to identify the optimal catalyst is not straightforward. In each case, extensive

Oxidative and reductive cyclization in stiff dithienylethenes

• Michael Kleinwächter,
• Ellen Teichmann,
• Lutz Grubert,
• Martin Herder and
• Stefan Hecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2812–2821, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.259

• substituents (to modulate the redox potential) on the electrocyclization was examined. In the series of derivatives with 6-membered rings, both the E- and the Z-isomer convert to the closed isomer, whereas for the 7-membered rings no cyclization from the E-isomer was observed. For both stiff and normal

• dithienylethenes bearing benzonitrile substituents an additional and rare reductive electrocyclization was observed. The mechanism underlying both observed electrocyclization pathways has been elucidated. Keywords: diarylethenes; electrochromism; molecular switches; (spectro)electrochemistry; Introduction

• Diarylethenes (DAEs) are a rich family of organic photoswitches formally derived from stilbene [1][2]. Upon irradiation they are able to undergo reversible photoisomerization based on 6π-electrocyclization and -cycloreversion, respectively, between two thermally stable states, which make them interesting

Dialkyl dicyanofumarates and dicyanomaleates as versatile building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic studies

• Grzegorz Mlostoń and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2235–2251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.221

• mechanistic explanation of this cyclopropanation reaction is based on the assumption that the intermediate zwitterion 18a undergoes either a 1,3- or 1,5-electrocyclization leading to 15 or thiolanes 19a. The experiments with both isomers of 1b showed that the reactions proceeded non-stereospecifically and

A strategic approach to [6,6]-bicyclic lactones: application towards the CD fragment of DHβE

• Tue Heesgaard Jepsen,
• Emil Glibstrup,
• François Crestey,
• Anders A. Jensen and
• Jesper Langgaard Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 988–994, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.98

• effective synthetic protocol to access [6,6]-bicyclic lactone moieties through a regio- and stereoselective intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction followed by a 6π-electrocyclization. This method enabled the first synthesis of the elusive CD fragment of the Erythrina alkaloid DHβE. Preliminary

• pharmacological evaluations support the notion that the key pharmacophores of DHβE are located in the A and B rings. Keywords: DhβE; Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction; 6π-electrocyclization; [6,6]-bicyclic lactone; vinyl halide; Introduction The neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been

• intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck cross-coupling reaction and a 6π-electrocyclization as key steps. Results and Discussion First strategy with Ts and Cbz protecting groups As depicted in Scheme 1, our first strategy featured a late stage installation of the lactonic D ring by a 6π-electrocyclization and formation of