Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry

• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Marina Caporaso,
• Laszlo Jicsinszky and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 278–294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.30

• -monotosylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs [94]. The further reaction of the prepared compounds resulted in a CD derived cyclic oligosaccharide, which contained one mannose residue, in the form of 2,3-mannoepoxide. Type 3) reactions in the further derivatization of regioselectively activated – by sulfonic esters or

Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus compounds

• Sophie Letort,
• Sébastien Balieu,
• William Erb,
• Géraldine Gouhier and
• François Estour

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 204–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.23

• from external associative complexes. UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy often provided useful information, while IR was rarely used. Finally, NMR and X-ray crystal structures gave more details on the inclusion mode and the interactions of the pesticide into the oligosaccharide cavity. In addition

• phosphorus substituents for the CD cavity. Transformations of NOPs mediated by CDs According to the above mentioned results, CDs provide interesting scaffolds able to bind organophosphorus compounds. The complex stabilization between the substrate and the oligosaccharide relies on weak interactions such as

• the oligosaccharide. per-Substitution of the primary face of β-CD improves the activity, but without linear correlation with the number of groups introduced [76]. Modifications at the C-2 and C-3 positions Synthesis of 2-monosubstituted β-CD derivatives: A three-step protocol is usually followed to

Physical properties and biological activities of hesperetin and naringenin in complex with methylated β-cyclodextrin

• Waratchada Sangpheak,
• Jintawee Kicuntod,
• Roswitha Schuster,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Nawee Kungwan,
• Helmut Viernstein,
• Monika Mueller and
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2763–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.297

• several benefits, the use of these flavonoids is frequently limited by their low water solubility and stability with a consequence of exerting rather low biological activity. The natural β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide consisting of seven D-glucopyranose units linked by α-(1,4

Towards inhibitors of glycosyltransferases: A novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose derivatives

• Maroš Bella,
• Miroslav Koóš and
• Chun-Hung Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1547–1552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.170

• , the insertion of an N-acetylglucosaminyl moiety (GlcNAc-) into an oligosaccharide chain was identified as the crucial step catalyzed by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GnTs) in the presence of a metal co-factor. In this catalytic reaction, UDP-GlcNAc [uridine 5′-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl

• diphosphate)] acts as the donor of the GlcNAc residue while a hydroxy group situated at a specific site of the growing oligosaccharide chain serves as the acceptor [9]. The target-directed search for effective GnTs inhibitors based on the rational design of model compounds remains a difficult task due to the

Glycodendrimers: tools to explore multivalent galectin-1 interactions

• Jonathan M. Cousin and
• Mary J. Cloninger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 739–747, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.84

• ) through bivalent binding of 90K/Mac-2BP, a cell surface glycoprotein [29]. To further the understanding of structural specificity in binding events, Iurisci et al. designed multivalent oligosaccharide ligands to inhibit galectin-1 induced homotypic cellular aggregation in the A375 cell line [30]. Belitsky

Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides containing sialic acids

• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Heung Sik Hahm,
• Chien-Fu Liang and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 617–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.69

• latter linkage has to be incorporated either by using a preformed sialic acid–Gal disaccharide building block [11] or by enzymatic sialylation [27] following the cleavage and deprotection of an oligosaccharide. Terminal sialic acids are typically α-(2,3) or α-(2,6) linked to galactose (Gal) such as in

Binding mode and free energy prediction of fisetin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

• Bodee Nutho,
• Wasinee Khuntawee,
• Chompoonut Rungnim,
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Alfred Karpfen,
• Nawee Kungwan and
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2789–2799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.296

• cell defense and cell protection from oxidative conditions [15]. Though several pharmaceutical uses of fisetin are possible, the application is frequently confined by its low water solubility (<1 mg/g) [16]. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD, Figure 2) is a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven α-D-glucopyranose

Galactan synthesis in a single step via oligomerization of monosaccharides

• Marius Dräger and
• Amit Basu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2658–2663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.279

• : arabinogalactan protein; glycosyl fluoride; glycosylation; oligosaccharides; Introduction Despite numerous recent advances in the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, unlike polypeptide or oligonucleotide assembly, their preparation remains far from a routine endeavor. The critical step in oligosaccharide

• assembly is the construction of the acetal or ketal glycosidic bond that links individual sugar residues together. The synthesis of an n-mer oligosaccharide generally requires at least n−1 separate glycosylation reactions, regardless of whether the molecule is assembled in a linear or convergent manner

• . Additionally, numerous other steps involving protecting group removal and installation are required to assure regio- and stereoselective glycan assembly. One-pot strategies for oligosaccharide synthesis can streamline the process by sequential iterative glycosylations, without the need for work-up and

Synthesis of aromatic glycoconjugates. Building blocks for the construction of combinatorial glycopeptide libraries

• Markus Nörrlinger and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2453–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.256

• acids; aniline; carbohydrates; glycoconjugates; glycopeptides; Introduction Glycans or other complex oligosaccharide structures, present on the surface of every prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, are important for a large number of biological recognition processes like, for example, intercellular

• difficult due to the micro heterogenity of naturally occurring saccharides. For this reason chemical oligosaccharide synthesis is the only alternative for providing sufficient amounts of pure material for detailed biological studies. However, the synthetic preparation of complex oligosaccharides is still

• difficult despite the great achievements in this field during the past decades. Therefore, the application of oligosaccharide mimetics which may be synthesized more easily in larger amounts appears to be a useful tool to investigate, for instance, specific carbohydrate–protein or carbohydrate–carbohydrate

A versatile δ-aminolevulinic acid (ΑLA)-cyclodextrin bimodal conjugate-prodrug for PDT applications with the help of intracellular chemistry

• Chrysie Aggelidou,
• Theodossis A. Theodossiou,
• Antonio Ricardo Gonçalves,
• Mariza Lampropoulou and
• Konstantina Yannakopoulou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2414–2420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.251

• , with inherently poor cell permeability and consequently challenging pharmaceutical formulations [5]. We have recently published [6] the covalent conjugation of PpIX to β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), a water-soluble cyclic oligosaccharide host capable of carrying hydrophobic molecules, such as drugs, in its

Synthesis of novel conjugates of a saccharide, amino acids, nucleobase and the evaluation of their cell compatibility

• Dan Yuan,
• Xuewen Du,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Ning Zhou,
• Abdulgader Ahmed Baoum and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2406–2413, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.250

• order: saccharide–amino acids–nucleobase (i.e., SAN-type, 1–4). Although oligosaccharide moieties serve as constituents of glycoproteins in a broad range of cell–cell and cell–matrix recognition events, the introduction of glucuronic acid into peptides at the N-terminus (Figure 1) is rare and worth the

Synthesis and immunological evaluation of protein conjugates of Neisseria meningitidis X capsular polysaccharide fragments

• Laura Morelli,
• Damiano Cancogni,
• Marta Tontini,
• Alberto Nilo,
• Sara Filippini,
• Paolo Costantino,
• Maria Rosaria Romano,
• Francesco Berti,
• Roberto Adamo and
• Luigi Lay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2367–2376, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.247

• into a mixture of bis(N-succinimidyl) adipate (10 equiv) in DMSO (250 μL). After 3 hours under vigorous stirring, the activated oligosaccharide was purified by precipitation of the reaction mixture in nine volumes (9 mL) of ethyl acetate. The pellet obtained by subsequent centrifugation was washed with

Expanding the scope of cyclopropene reporters for the detection of metabolically engineered glycoproteins by Diels–Alder reactions

• Anne-Katrin Späte,
• Verena F. Schart,
• Julia Häfner,
• Andrea Niederwieser,
• Thomas U. Mayer and
• Valentin Wittmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2235–2242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.232

• Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.10.232 Abstract Monitoring glycoconjugates has been tremendously facilitated by the development of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Recently, the inverse-electron-demand

• ; metabolic oligosaccharide engineering; Introduction The glycan chains of glycoproteins and lipids have been shown to be involved in numerous biological recognition and regulation events [1]. Glycan research, especially the visualization of glycoconjugates in vitro and in vivo, has significantly profited

• from the recent developments in the area of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) and the chemical reporter strategy [2][3][4]. In this approach, functional groups with a unique reactivity are incorporated into glycoconjugates via the cell’s biosynthetic machinery and are subsequently reacted in

Efficient routes toward the synthesis of the D-rhamno-trisaccharide related to the A-band polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Aritra Chaudhury,
• Sajal K. Maity and
• Rina Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1488–1494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.153

• -rhamno-trisaccharide; deoxygenation on thioglycoside; multivalent glycosystems; one-pot sequential glycosylation; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Introduction With the firm establishment of the critical roles played by oligosaccharides in diverse biological processes [1][2][3][4], the field of oligosaccharide

• candidates. Thus, we targeted the trisaccharide [α-D-Rhap-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap-(1→3)-α-D-Rhap] as our synthetic goal toward construction of a probable vaccine candidate against P. aeruginosa. The synthesis of the D-rhamnose-based oligosaccharide from the D-mannose motif has received substantial attention over the

• -manno-trisaccharide derivative (bearing 4,6-O-benzylidene protection on each mannose unit) offer great potential in future oligosaccharide syntheses based on 6-deoxy hexoses. Repeating unit of the A-band polysaccharide of P. aeruginosa. Retrosynthetic analysis. Preparation of the monomeric building

Postsynthetic functionalization of glycodendrons at the focal point

• Thisbe K. Lindhorst and
• Katharina Elsner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1482–1487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.152

• more complex glycodendrons, including the use of alternative protecting groups. Certainly, thiol-ene and metathesis reaction should be particularly useful also for oligosaccharide glycodendrons, which might be even more sensitive than the herein used molecules. a) Dendrons (right) are branched

Olefin cross metathesis based de novo synthesis of a partially protected L-amicetose and a fully protected L-cinerulose derivative

• Bernd Schmidt and
• Sylvia Hauke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.102

• or more oligosaccharide side chains [1]. While it was assumed for quite some time that the carbohydrate side chain merely influences the pharmacokinetics, more recent investigations led to the conclusion that the oligosaccharide moiety contributes essentially to the mechanisms of action, e.g

Molecular architecture with carbohydrate functionalized β-peptides adopting 3₁₄-helical conformation

• Nitin J. Pawar,
• Navdeep S. Sidhu,
• George M. Sheldrick,
• Dilip D. Dhavale and
• Ulf Diederichsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 948–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.93

• attracted interest due to their use as structural elements as peptidomimetics [38][39], oligosaccharide mimetics [40][41] and induction of secondary structures [42][43][44][45][46]. Carbohydrate-derived β-amino acids used in this study were obtained by conjugate addition (Michael addition) of ammonia to a

Multigramme synthesis and asymmetric dihydroxylation of a 4-fluorobut-2E-enoate

• James A. B. Laurenson,
• John A. Parkinson,
• Jonathan M. Percy,
• Giuseppe Rinaudo and
• Ricard Roig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2660–2668, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.301

• . Modifications of this type are sometimes accepted by sugar-processing enzymes such as the kinases and transferases involved in oligosaccharide assembly, or in antibiotic biosynthesis. Mechanistic insights, and new routes to hybrid natural products represent the rewards of this endeavour [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8

Synthesis of mucin-type O-glycan probes as aminopropyl glycosides

• David Benito-Alifonso,
• Rachel A. Jones,
• Anh-Tuan Tran,
• Hannah Woodward,
• Nichola Smith and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1867–1872, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.218

• , Horsham RH12 5AB, UK 10.3762/bjoc.9.218 Abstract The chemical synthesis of a series of mucin-type oligosaccharide fragments 1–7 containing an α-linked aminopropyl spacer ready for glycoarray attachment is reported. A highly convergent and stereoselective strategy that employs two different orthogonal

• . Keywords: glycosylation; mucin-type oligosaccharides; O-glycans; oligosaccharide synthesis; Introduction Mucins are heavily glycosylated glycoproteins that may be membrane-associated or secreted in gel form and play an important biological role in the respiratory and intestinal tracks [1][2][3]. Mucins

• structural diversity and present a significant challenge for synthesis [7][8]. The efficient preparation of structurally defined oligosaccharide fragments of this class, in sufficient purity and amounts and ready to be immobilized into carbohydrate arrays for high-throughput biological analysis is crucial to

Stability of SG1 nitroxide towards unprotected sugar and lithium salts: a preamble to cellulose modification by nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization

• Guillaume Moreira,
• Laurence Charles,
• Mohamed Major,
• Florence Vacandio,
• Yohann Guillaneuf,
• Catherine Lefay and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1589–1600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.181

• polymerization onto polysaccharides. To our knowledge, Fukuda et al. were the only ones to polymerize by NMP an unprotected glycomonomer [23]. N-(p-Vinylbenzyl)-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)]-D-gluconamide (VLA), a styrene derivative with an oligosaccharide moiety, was polymerized in DMF solution at 90 °C with

De novo synthesis of D- and L-fucosamine containing disaccharides

• Daniele Leonori and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 332–341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.38

• to stimulate an antibacterial response in the host organism [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Access to differentially protected D- and L-fucosamine building blocks, which can be used in preparing the corresponding glycans, is instrumental for the evaluation of oligosaccharide-based vaccine candidates

Glycosylation efficiencies on different solid supports using a hydrogenolysis-labile linker

• Mayeul Collot,
• Steffen Eller,
• Markus Weishaupt and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 97–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.13

• /bjoc.9.13 Abstract Automated oligosaccharide assembly requires suitable linkers to connect the first monosaccharide to a solid support. A new hydrogenolysis-labile linker that is stable under both acidic and basic conditions was designed, synthesized and coupled to different resins. Glycosylation and

• cleavage efficiencies on these functionalized solid supports were investigated, and restrictions for the choice of solid support for oligosaccharide synthesis were found. Keywords: glycosylation; hydrogenolysis; linkers; oligosaccharides; resins; solid-phase synthesis; Findings Since Bruce Merrifield

• ][22][23]. It was early on recognized that the linker plays a pivotal role for oligosaccharide synthesis, as its chemical properties determine the conditions that can be used for glycosylation and deprotection reactions [7][20][23][24][25]. Equally important is the choice of solid support and many

Peptoids and polyamines going sweet: Modular synthesis of glycosylated peptoids and polyamines using click chemistry

• Daniel Fürniss,
• Timo Mack,
• Frank Hahn,
• Sidonie B. L. Vollrath,
• Katarzyna Koroniak,
• Ute Schepers and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 56–63, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.7

• solid phases [26][27][29][35][36][37][38][39]. However, the on-bead addition of oligosaccharide or monosaccharide modifications are not known so far. The modification of polyamines or peptoids is usually achieved by alternation of the termini [36][40] or by direct use of different side-chain

Synthesis of a derivative of α-D-Glcp(1->2)-D-Galf suitable for further glycosylation and of α-D-Glcp(1->2)-D-Gal, a disaccharide fragment obtained from varianose

• Carla Marino,
• Carlos Lima,
• Karina Mariño and
• Rosa M. de Lederkremer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2142–2148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.241

• incorporation. Synthetic oligosaccharide fragments related to varianose are useful as potential substrates or standards for characterization of the α-galactofuranosyl transferases. In this paper we report a straightforward procedure for the synthesis of α-D-Glcp(1→2)-D-Gal (1) and the use of this compound to

• oligosaccharide constituents of pathogenic microorganisms has been achieved [10]. The isopropylidene derivative 4 [23] has been regioselectively glycosylated at HO-2 by the galactofuranosyl iodide method, affording the β-(1→2) linkage with complete regioselectivity [24]. Derivative 4 was also used for the

Acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker: promise and limitations for solid–phase oligosaccharide synthesis

• Jian Yin,
• Steffen Eller,
• Mayeul Collot and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2067–2071, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.232

• Abstract Safety-catch linkers are useful for solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis as they are orthogonal to many common protective groups. A new acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker was designed, synthesized and employed during glycosylations using an automated carbohydrate synthesizer. The analysis of the

• cleavage products revealed shortcomings for oligosaccharide synthesis. Keywords: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs); glycosylation; resins; safety-catch linker; solid-phase synthesis; Findings Solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis [1][2] has been automated [3][4][5] to rapidly assemble complex oligosaccharides

• . Key to the success of solid-phase syntheses is the linker that connects the first carbohydrate building block to the solid support [6]. This linker has to remain stable throughout oligosaccharide synthesis but must be cleaved at the end of the reaction sequence to release the oligosaccharide and