Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• parts with high accuracy. This is commonly accomplished by piezo actuators, for instance, in the form of tube piezos for positioning the tip or optics. For their calibration, we propose an approach based on the dynamic response signal from a fiber interferometer used for cantilever displacement

• oscillation amplitude calibration under conditions of various amounts of tube piezo contraction and extension. The merits and limits of accuracy for such type of calibration are discussed. Keywords: cantilever excitation; fiber interferometer; NC-AFM; piezo calibration; non-contact atomic force microscopy

• control over the interferometer cavity. Measurements involve the expansion and contraction of the piezo tube by an amount of the order of 100 nm, raising the issues of piezo nonlinearity [19], hysteresis [20], and creep [21]. Therefore, we address systematic errors in tube piezo calibration and explore to

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• calibration procedures Two distinct types of AFM probes were used to validate the universality of the method, namely, a soft probe (ScanAsyst-Air) and a stiff probe (NSC15/Al BS). The key calibrated parameters for each probe are summarized in Table 1. Calibration of optical lever sensitivity and spring

• peaks of these response curves. The free oscillation amplitude for the higher eigenmode (e.g., 600 pm) was set based on the amplitude–frequency response curve. The voltage amplitude measured by the lock-in amplifier was converted to nanometers using the InvOLS coefficient obtained from the calibration

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• possible without measuring a calibration curve or normalizing data on a known material pair. These observations confirm why most CR-AFM studies report normalized data, despite providing information on the analytical models to convert frequency to contact stiffness in most cases, or only show qualitative

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• ) while monitoring both the microwave and cantilever resonances. Figure 3e,f shows the measured frequency shift as a function of the distance, demonstrating force-gradient sensing by the KIMEC AFM probe. We tested the AFM by imaging a nanofabricated calibration grating over a 1 µm × 1 µm scan area with a

• resonance frequency shift as a function of the tip–surface distance. (a) AM-AFM imaging of the calibration grating over a 1 µm × 1 µm scan area containing a single vertical stripe with a 10 nm step height. The dashed lines in the image mark the location of the scan lines in (b) and (c). (a) FM-AFM imaging

• (trace) of the calibration grating over a 1 µm × 0.8 µm scan area. (b, c) Average and standard deviation over ten consecutive acquisitions of a single scan line at constant y-position in both trace (b) and retrace (c) scan direction. (d–f) Single scan line measured with different pixel acquisition rates

Energy spectrum and quantum phase transition of the coupled single spin and an infinitely coordinated Ising chain

• Seidali Seidov,
• Natalia Pugach and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1668–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.117

• operation, and it has technical benefits such as simplicity of calibration and suppression of the unwanted longitudinal ZZ interaction. One of the important quantities is the shift of the coupler qubits energy levels depending on the state of the logical qubits. In the present manuscript, we find the energy

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• . The C 1s spectrum shows a peak at 284.8 eV, corresponding to adventitious carbon, which was used as the reference for binding energy calibration. Additional peaks at higher binding energies (286–288 eV) are attributed to oxygen-containing functional groups (C–O and C=O), indicating partial oxidation

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• a 75% ethanol solution. The mixture was stirred on a mechanical shaker for 2 h and allowed to stand in the dark for 24 h. The liquid was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm (LKP, Brazil). Aliquots of 1 mL of the ethanolic phase were used for analysis. The calibration curve was constructed using the

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• into the chitosan-based nanocomposite and suggest molecular interactions that may contribute to the enhanced stability and bioactivity of the formulation. To complement the physicochemical characterization and confirm the efficiency of rotenoid encapsulation within the nanoparticles, a calibration

• the analytical curve by linear regression of the data. The wavelength used for absorbance readings was 290 nm. As a result, a calibration curve was obtained with the equation 30875x + 108219 (r = 0.99399). To determine the concentration of rotenoids in the nanoparticles, a solution containing 1 mg/mL

• bands of the incorporated rotenoids. Calibration curve of rotenoids (CFD-RI and RII) by HPLC. Mortality proportion of third-instar Aedes aegypti larvae as a function of concentration (ppm) of nanocomposites containing rotenoids. Negative control – vinegar (0.04% acetic acid) resulted in 0% mortality. A

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• spectra were collected using the PHOIBOS 150 analyzer at photon excitation energies of 330 and 830 eV. Considering the electron inelastic mean free path in solids, the probing depth of the XPS spectra is estimated to be approximately 3 nm for 830 eV and about 2 nm for 330 eV. The energy calibration of the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• from the calibration curve. The total quantity of tannic acid adsorbed on the surface of the FLG was then calculated from the difference between the initial and the final TA concentrations and reported per unit mass of carbon-based material. Attempts to evaluate the FLG–TA particle size and zeta

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• absorbance of the filtered solution was determined at λmax = 210 nm. The experiment was performed in triplicate. The quantity of APT was measured by using a calibration curve of increasing concentrations of APT [10]. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as follows: Physicochemical

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• illustrates the Cd 3d5/2, Zn 2p3/2, O 1s, and Si 2p3/2 peaks in XPS spectra for both pristine and irradiated thin films. The calibration of all peaks was conducted using the C 1s peak, situated at 284.6 eV. The peak deconvolution was performed using Gaussian (70%) and Lorentzian (30%) (GL) functions within

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• . Subsequently, 50 μL of a 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− in 0.1 M KCl solution were used to cover the electrode, and a DPV experiment was performed to characterize the surface of the electrode. The obtained voltammograms were used to generate a calibration curve, in which the change in current is proportional to the

• standard solutions of H1 protein. (b) Calibration curve determined as the dependence of the change in current on the logarithm of the H1 protein concentration. DPV measurement of the BSA/mAbs/4-ATP/AuNFs/CSPE recorded in 0.1 M KCl containing 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Microfluidics design for point-of-care

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• ). Clearly, the cathodic peak current demonstrates a linear connection with v1/2, demonstrating diffusion-controlled kinetics [29]. Concentration effect on the peak current or calibration curve Figure 12a illustrates a steady increase in peak current as lead concentration increases. A standard calibration

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• to quantitatively measure SDS concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined through a linear calibration plot, wherein varying concentrations of SDS were mixed with PEG–PCL NPs. As shown in Figure 6c, the plot demonstrated excellent linearity, with a

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• peptide within the nanoparticles by using fluorescence measurements. The properties and the emission spectrum of the peptide are provided in Supporting Information File 2. For the calculation of encapsulation efficiency, a calibration curve with the known concentrations of labeled peptide and the

• in ddH2O and fluorescence measurements were carried out (λex = 485 nm, λem = 530 nm) with a black-bottom 96-well plate (BioTek Synergy H1 microplate reader). The amount of encapsulated peptide within the nanoparticles was calculated by using a calibration curve from known amounts of the same FAM

• calculated by using the calibration curve and subtracted from the initial value to obtain the amount of adsorbed mucin onto the nanoparticles. The data is presented as percent of adsorbed mucin with respect to the reference. Interaction of nanoparticles with artificial mucus as a simple model Diffusion of F

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• collect a chromatogram every 20 min. A certified standard calibration gas (Airgas) was used to calibrate the gas chromatograph. Schematic of pulsed laser grafting vs conventional preparation of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites. Photographs of the actual pulsed laser grafting setup are shown in

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• two ways viz. entrapment efficacy (EE, % Chl that has been successfully absorbed onto GO) and % drug content or drug loading efficiency (DLE, amount of Chl loaded per unit weight of GO) using UV–vis spectroscopy. Firstly, a standard calibration curve of Chl was plotted by monitoring the optical

• density at 343 nm (as shown in Figure 3a) and the concentration of Chl present in the GO–Chl nanoconjugate was calculated using the calibration curve. The values for EE and DLE were calculated using Equation 1 and 2 and the results are summarized in Table 1. where A and B are the total amount of drug used

• ), and deconvoluted fitting components (multicolored regions) are also shown here. Quantitative estimation of Chl binding onto GO nanosheets using UV–vis spectroscopy: (a) Optical density measurement of various concentrations (2.5–25 µg/mL) of Chl for the preparation of a standard calibration curve. (b

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• samples were named BEPh and BEOx for modification with NbOPO4 and Nb2O5, respectively. Adsorption and photocatalysis tests Before the adsorption and photocatalysis assessments, a stock solution of the MB dye was prepared at a concentration of 1 g·L−1. The calibration analytical curve was established using

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• parameters can precisely be determined regardless of the oscillation amplitude. As the periodicity of the cavity light field scales with the length standard given by the laser light wavelength, this specifically facilitates a calibration of the oscillation amplitude with unprecedented accuracy and precision

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• Aesar, Acros, and Aldrich, respectively) were used for column calibration. The data was analyzed by Agilent GPC/SEC software. Synthesis of Hist-RA Histamine dihydrochloride (Hist×HCl, 0.66 g, 4.47 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of double-distilled water and adjusted to pH 10.75. The solvent was evaporated

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• edge filter using 532 nm as an excitation source. The Raman signal of the silicon wafer at 520 cm−1 was considered the reference point for spectrometer calibration, ensuring a spectral measurement accuracy better than 1 cm−1. The Raman spectra acquisition times were approximately 25 s for solid ʟ

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• calibration and validation sets, which were supplied as inputs for the tool Auto_RA_Optimizer-v1.0 available from https://sites.google.com/jadavpuruniversity.in/dtc-lab-software/home. The combination of hyperparameters that generated the best predictions for the validation set was selected as the optimized

• -software/home#h.x3k58bv4frb9). The corresponding hyperparameter (similarity based on Euclidean distance with the number of close source compounds equal to 5) settings were obtained from the optimized read-across-based predictions for the validation set, using the calibration set as the source set (the

• calibration and validation sets were obtained by the division of the training compounds). This read-across hyperparameter optimization was done using the tool Auto_RA_Optimizer-v1.0, freely available from the DTC Lab tools supplementary site (https://sites.google.com/jadavpuruniversity.in/dtc-lab-software

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• (RSD) of 3.83%. These results demonstrate good reproducibility of the developed electrodes. Calibration curve Under the above optimal conditions, a calibration curve was established in the ENR concentration range from 0.005 to 0.100 µM at tacc of 600 s (Figure 12a). Increasing SWV peaks as a function

• of the concentration were observed, and a linear relationship was established, described by the regression equation Ip (µA) = 56.136 × CENR (µM) + 0.340. SW-AdSV measurements were carried out with ENR concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 µM to build the calibration curve at tacc of 90 s. The obtained

• signals, as shown in Figure 12b, exhibit a linear correlation between the ENR oxidation peak height and ENR concentration, described by the regression equation Ip (µA) = 11.373 × CENR (µM) + 0.128 (R2 = 0.9954). Figure 12c illustrates the calibration curve established for ENR in the concentration range