Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• . First, the semiconductor photocatalyst can absorb photon energy that is greater than its band gap and electrons in the valance band can be exited to the conduction band, resulting in photoexcited electron–hole pairs. Then, the photo-exited electron–hole can move to the surface of the photocatalyst

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• measurement, as demonstrated by the data acquired on the HOPG substrate. Finally, both the SPV and the photostrictive response show a clear dependence as a function of the photon energy (as shown in Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). For equivalent optical powers, much smaller height variations and SP

New 2D graphene hybrid composites as an effective base element of optical nanodevices

• Olga E. Glukhova,
• Igor S. Nefedov,
• Alexander S. Shalin and
• Мichael М. Slepchenkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1321–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.125

• to find the absorption coefficient by the following formula To calculate the elements of the complex optical conductivity tensor, the Kubo–Greenwood formula [16] that determines the conductivity as a function of photon energy Ω was used. It can be written as [17]: where fβ(x) = 1/{1 + exp[β(x − μ

Theoretical study of strain-dependent optical absorption in a doped self-assembled InAs/InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot

• Tarek A. Ameen,
• Hesameddin Ilatikhameneh,
• Archana Tankasala,
• Yuling Hsueh,
• James Charles,
• Jim Fonseca,
• Michael Povolotskyi,
• Jun Oh Kim,
• Sanjay Krishna,
• Monica S. Allen,
• Jeffery W. Allen,
• Rajib Rahman and
• Gerhard Klimeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1075–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.99

• the absorption peak photon energy. The magnitude square of the wave functions of the electron and hole states. Only the first eight electron and hole states are plotted. The conduction and valence band edges (solid lines) along a line through the middle of the quantum dot in the (A) [001] and (B) [110

Graphene composites with dental and biomedical applicability

• Sharali Malik,
• Felicite M. Ruddock,
• Adam H. Dowling,
• Kevin Byrne,
• Wolfgang Schmitt,
• Ivan Khalakhan,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Lok Kumar Shrestha,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 801–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.73

• of 40 N/m. Image processing was carried out using the Nanoscope software. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on a Theta Probe spectrometer (Thermo Electron Co., Germany) using monochromatic Al Kα radiation (photon energy of 15 keV with maximum energy resolution of

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• shows the physical color of the samples. (b) The plot of (αhν)2 vs photon energy (hν). Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. (a) The rhodamine B (RhB) solution degradation of the as-prepared samples with sample with no catalyst and P25 as comparison. (b) The linear fitting of the

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• allow the enhanced absorption of photon energy from the visible light spectrum. Larger metallic nanoparticles (>5 nm) produce a robust surface plasmon emission in the visible spectrum [10]. The intensity of the plasmon band is highly dependent on the morphology, surrounding medium dielectric constant

• interrelation between the noble metal and semiconductor is the key for understanding electron generation and excitation. Once sufficient photon energy is obtained, it will excite the free electrons present in the noble metal to a higher Fermi level [28][29]. This movement of electrons leads to the

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• , Raman analysis indicates that CdSe NRs are well-associated to TiO2 particles. The UV–visible absorption spectra of TiO2 and CdSe/TiO2 composites are shown in Figure 4a. The bandgap energies of TiO2, CdSe and CdSe/TiO2 composites were determined by plotting [F(R)hν]2 vs photon energy and extrapolating

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• investigated by XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy. The nitrogen concentration was determined from the ratio of the area under the C 1s and N 1s peaks taking into consideration the photoionization cross-sections for elements at the given photon energy. The values derived from the survey XPS spectra of the samples

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• after laser irradiation can be assigned to oxygen deficiency related to intrinsic defects in the silica matrix [16][28]. Since the photon energy at 226 nm is higher than the Si–O bonding energy (4.5 eV), the laser radiation may cause direct bond breaking. The absorption below 400 nm is related to two

Changes of the absorption cross section of Si nanocrystals with temperature and distance

• Michael Greben,
• Petro Khoroshyy,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Jan Valenta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2315–2323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.231

• first term on the right-hand side of Equation 24 is governed by the occupation number of phonons while the second term represents a function of the difference between photon energy and the band gap. It is also clear from Equation 24 that the higher the energy of a photon, , the larger the expected ACS

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/KNb₃O₈ nanosheet photocatalysts for reducing carbon dioxide to methanol

• Xiao Shao,
• Weiyue Xin and
• Xiaohong Yin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2264–2270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.226

• % ZnO quantum dot/KNb3O8 nanosheet composite photocatalyst. (a) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of the ZnO quantum dot/KNb3O8 nanosheet composite photocatalysts; (b) (αhv)1/2 versus the photon energy of the ZnO quantum dot/KNb3O8 nanosheet composite photocatalysts. Yield of methanol using KNb3O8

Comprehensive investigation of the electronic excitation of W(CO)₆ by photoabsorption and theoretical analysis in the energy region from 3.9 to 10.8 eV

• Mónica Mendes,
• Khrystyna Regeta,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva,
• Nykola C. Jones,
• Søren Vrønning Hoffmann,
• Gustavo García,
• Chantal Daniel and
• Paulo Limão-Vieira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2208–2218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.220

• studies of W(CO)6 in the photon energy range of 3.9–10.8 eV (Figure 1) were performed at the AU-UV beam line of the ASTRID2 synchrotron facility, Aarhus University, Denmark. The experimental setup has been described previously [31], with recent modifications reported in detail by Palmer et al. [34

• transitions The measured high-resolution VUV photoabsorption spectrum is presented in Figure 1, in the photon energy range from 3.9 to 10.8 eV, and the proposed assignments are summarised in Table 1 based on the vibrational spectra of Amster et al. [18], Broquier et al. [19] and the infrared data of Jones [20

• spectral assignments are shown in Table 2 and Figure 4. This is the most intense band within the photon energy range studied and corresponds mostly to the 21T1u←11A1g MLCT transition involving the contribution from (3t2u←4t2g) (0.64) and (12t1u←4t2g) (0.31) (Table 1) calculated at 6.106 eV with a large

Angstrom-scale flatness using selective nanoscale etching

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Hiroshi Saito and
• Katsuyuki Nobusada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2181–2185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.217

• , we have developed a near-field etching technique. In this process, the molecules are dissociated by an ONF with a lower photon energy than that of the molecules (see Figure 1). When light irradiates the substrate, the ONF is generated only at the protrusions because of their non-uniformity

• continuous-wave diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser (λ = 532 nm; 2.33 eV; excitation power: 119.4 W/cm2). Thus, the incident photon energy was lower than the dissociation energy of Cl2 (3.10 eV) [11] and the hypochlorous acid (3.35 eV) [12]; therefore, the Cl2 or hypochlorous acid dissociated on the

• protrusions only. In the solution, a light source with a photon energy of 4.66 eV (higher than the dissociation energy) dissociated the hypochlorous acid and consequently produced Cl radicals [13]. This process is expected to be similar to the etching of glass when Cl2 gas is used. The laser light was

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• more than 20 nm for polymeric materials [15]. HAXPES reaches its full potential when using synchrotron radiation as an excitation source since, in this case, photon energy (and thus kinetic energy) can be tuned so that the probing depth can be also varied in a controlled and continuous manner

• affinity to PMMA (more efficient although non complete wetting). This is further confirmed when the C 1s HAXPES spectra are taken at different photon energies, as shown in Figure 5c,d, where the spectra have been acquired at 2700 and 3000 eV, respectively. Increasing photon energy implies increasing

• located on top of the Si/SiO2 interface, as schematized in Figure 7a, since it is the first feature that appears at the lower photon energy used. In addition, since the feature at 1844 eV exhibits a lower binding energy as compared to the 1846 eV counterpart, it can be assigned to a substoichiometric

Coexistence of strongly buckled germanene phases on Al(111)

• Weimin Wang and
• Roger I. G. Uhrberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1946–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.195

• , obtained at a photon energy of 130 eV, was fitted by four components of which one only corresponded to 1 or 2% of the total intensity. The other three components were assigned to three groups of atoms that could be defined from the model. The assignment proposed in [15] implied that the 3d intensity from

• colored green and labeled Ge(8), the other Ge atoms are colored orange, Al atoms are colored light blue, except for the first layer Al atoms which are colored grey. The Ge(4) atom gives rise to the hexagonal pattern observed by STM. Ge 3d core-level spectrum obtained at a photon energy of 135 eV in normal

• components are not given in [15], so a quantitative evaluation is difficult. In Figure 4, we present a Ge 3d core-level spectrum obtained from a surface on which the (3×3) reconstruction was dominating, as verified by LEED patterns at different electron energies. The spectrum was measured using a photon

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• -optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements would be very interesting. Moreover, as MOKE measurements allow one to address magnetic properties with both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, magneto-optical techniques in the visible or X-ray photon energy range have been supposed to be important for

• the integration of single-molecule magnets into spintronic or quantum computing devices [12]. For the design of such devices the knowledge of the photon energy at which the MOKE is largest in magnitude is of crucial importance. The number of reports on spectroscopic MOKE investigations are very

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• ], confirming the depletion of the pristine graphitization level previously observed in Raman spectra (Figure 4). Additional peaks appear at 287, 288.6 and 290.8 eV and they are more evident for high fluorine content (blue curve), as indicated by the black bars over the photon energy axis. These features are

• indicative for covalent bond formation [31][38] and, in correspondence to them, we can observe the presence of broad peaks in the F–K edge at 690.2, 692.4 and 696 eV photon energy. These resonances correspond to the excitations from the F1s to σ* states due to the covalent interaction between F and C atoms

• (≈1 eV) and an Ar ion gun (≤10 eV) is used. The valence band (VB) spectra are measured with 140 eV photon energy in the ALOISA experimental chamber at the Elettra synchrotron radiation facility (Italy) [40]. The base pressure is within 10−10 mTorr range. Photoelectrons are collected at normal emission

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• -plasma for 1, 5, 10 and 25 min. The measured PDS absorptance spectra reflect the absorption edge, Urbach tail, absorption on defects and free-carrier absorption (proportional to the concentration of free carriers). All optical absorptance spectra show the optical absorption edge at a photon energy of 3.3

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• yet generally scalable to covalently bound organic molecules. In particular, large biomolecules – which are interesting candidates for quantum-interference experiments and gas-phase metrology [7] – often neither ionize nor dissociate upon absorption of a single photon, not even at 7.9 eV photon energy

• [21]. Here we address this challenge and study tailored tags that are optimized to respond to light of lower photon energy with cleavage at a deterministic location. Click chemistry shall then allow attaching them to a wide class of analyte molecules and thus solve the problem. Results Design of the

• sections at 254 nm and 366 nm – but faster decay at higher photon energy. Preliminary dissociation experiments at 355 nm did not reveal any major cleavage of the trimer 1 at the laser energies that were sufficient to cleave the monomer 4 at 266 nm. Because of this, the following experiments were performed

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• point of view, the suggested evolution of ignition process has been summarized in the Figure 17. As reported in Figure 17, the photo-induced process of charge separation, promoted by UV–vis–IR light irradiation (photon energy h∙ν = h∙c/λ with 380 nm < λ < 1000 nm, c speed of light and h Planck constant

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• nanoparticles up to m = 12, our largest size. To go a step further in the investigation of the chemical ordering in FeCo, we used anomalous X-ray diffraction (AXD) in order to experimentally overcome the low “Z-contrast” between Fe and Co. This was achieved by changing the X-ray wavelength (or photon energy) by

• the absorption edge for heavy atoms [16]. From Figure 6, we found that a photon energy of 7.108 keV just before the Fe K absorption edge gave a maximum of anomalous contrast for the atomic scattering factor equal to nine for FeCo, larger than the atomic contrast (ΔZFeCo = 1). Thus, mass-selected 5 nm

• ″ coefficients as a function of photon energy for Fe, Co and Rh elements in the range of Fe and Co K edges. Measured X-ray scattering at 7.108 keV on annealed FeCo nanoparticles with 5 nm in diameter. (a) ZFC/FC and m(H) experimental data for mass-selected as-prepared FeCo clusters with 4.3 nm in diameter along

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• thickness (the latter either increasing during an epitaxial process or diminishing during dry-etching). The current thickness of the etched layer can be determined in situ from single photon energy transients of just the average reflected intensity and, hence, any required etch depth can be achieved. Due to

• photon energy, the term RAS spectrum will be used. Due to the rotation of the substrates during epitaxy the software of the epitaxy-RAS instrumentation typically ignores the sign of the RAS signal. The time evolution of the spectrum of this RAS signal is called a false-color plot or short color plot (see

• techniques (as, e.g., reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)), which might not be applicable in some set-ups. Recording a RAS color plot is time-consuming, i.e., monitoring a single RAS spectrum from 1.5–5.0 eV photon energy with a step size of 0.1 eV during reactive ion etching (the substrate

Filled and empty states of Zn-TPP films deposited on Fe(001)-p(1×1)O

• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Andrea Picone,
• Federico Bottegoni and
• Marco Finazzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1527–1531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.146

• ][26]. The IPES energy resolution is about 700 meV. All the experiments reported here were achieved under negligible charging conditions during electron spectroscopy data acquisition. The position of the vacuum level was obtained by adding the photon energy to the low-energy secondary electron cutoff