Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• conditions. For instance, for polyesters, alcoholysis may provide mixed monomers formally derived from transesterification reactions [89][90], while aminolysis provides amides and alcohols [91][92]. In the search of “greener” technologies for plastic recycling, catalytic hydrogenolysis processes have been

• , polyurethanes, polyisocyanurates and resins [43]. Among the various glycols, EG is the most popular, resulting in the formation of BHET, formally through a (reversible) transesterification reaction (Scheme 5) [198]. Drawbacks of this method are the difficulty of purification of BHET, the need of an excess of EG

• PET/PLA plastic waste. It was suggested that the different reactivity between PLA and PET is attributable to the amorphous, less rigid structure of PLA and to the potential of forming five-membered chetate ring intermediates between Zn(II) ions and lactate units, which favour the transesterification

Synthetic strategies of phosphonodepsipeptides

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 461–484, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.41

• -phosphonodepsipeptides 1. The N-protected aminoalkylphosphonic monomethyl/ethyl esters are very useful materials for the preparation of N-protected aminoalkylphosphonochloridates 3. N-Protected aminoalkylphosphonic diaryl esters should be converted into the corresponding monomethyl/ethyl esters via transesterification

• ) were modest inhibitors. The synthesis started from diphenyl N-Cbz-1-aminoalkylphosphonates 11 (Scheme 1). They were transformed to dimethyl esters via transesterification and further to monomethyl esters 12 via basic hydrolysis. After chlorination with thionyl chloride, the monomethyl esters 12 were

Identification of volatiles from six marine Celeribacter strains

• Anuj Kumar Chhalodia,
• Jan Rinkel,
• Dorota Konvalinkova,
• Jörn Petersen and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 420–430, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.38

• , for which all relevant enzymes are encoded in the six Celeribacter strains (only a DmdA homolog is missing in C. indicus, Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1), and e.g., transesterification of the DmdC product with EtOH (Scheme 1A). Compound 42 is not a widespread sulfur volatile, but has been

Regioselective chemoenzymatic syntheses of ferulate conjugates as chromogenic substrates for feruloyl esterases

• Olga Gherbovet,
• Fernando Ferreira,
• Apolline Clément,
• Mélanie Ragon,
• Julien Durand,
• Sophie Bozonnet,
• Michael J. O'Donohue and
• Régis Fauré

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.30

• -arabinofuranosides were significantly shortened (from 7 or 8 to 4–6 steps), and the transesterification yields were enhanced (from 46 to 73% and from 47 to 86%, respectively). This was achieved using enzymatic (immobilized Lipozyme® TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus) transesterification of unprotected vinyl

• ; hydrolysis; lipase; transesterification; Introduction The development of “white biotechnology” is underpinned by advances in enzyme discovery and engineering, areas that are being driven by metagenomics and in vitro-directed enzyme evolution. These techniques procure massive discovery or the creation of new

• molecule [12][15][16][17]. Additionally, the temporary protection of the functional groups is sometimes used during the synthesis in order to facilitate certain steps. Using an alternative approach, we employed a one-step regioselective transesterification of the unprotected vinyl ferulate 2 (synthesized

The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives

• Kymbat S. Adekenova,
• Peter B. Wyatt and
• Sergazy M. Adekenov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 245–272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.25

• [81]. The authors obtained the chiral monoacetate intermediates (R)-78 and (S)-80 by lipase-catalyzed methods. The lipase-catalyzed asymmetric transesterification of prochiral diol 77 and the deacetylation of the prochiral diacetate 79 resulted in the formation of the (R)-monoacetate (R)-78 and (S

• )-monoacetate (S)-80, respectively (Scheme 32). As for the transesterification, a high yield (96.5%) and enantioselectivity (91.3% ee) were obtained using lipase PS in benzene. In the case of the deacetylation, the use of Amano PS lipase in acetone gave a high yield (86.2%), enantioselectivity (91.7% ee), and

All-carbon [3 + 2] cycloaddition in natural product synthesis

• Zhuo Wang and
• Junyang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3015–3031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.251

• quaternary carbon stereocenters in 86% yield. Reduction of aldehyde 119 and subsequent transesterification produced a lactone (not shown). It was exposed to SeO2 to install the allylic hydroxy group to give 120 in 65% yield. Upon catalytic hydrogenation of 120, alcohol 121 was formed. This alcohol 120 was

3-Acetoxy-fatty acid isoprenyl esters from androconia of the ithomiine butterfly Ithomia salapia

• Florian Mann,
• Daiane Szczerbowski,
• Lisa de Silva,
• Melanie McClure,
• Marianne Elias and
• Stefan Schulz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2776–2787, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.228

• o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) [31]. The resulting aldehyde was transformed into β-ketoacid 16 with ethyl diaazoacetate and SnCl2 [32], which upon reduction with NaBH4 in methanol delivered methyl 3-hydroxyoctadecanoate (17). Transesterification was performed with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol using distannoxan

• was obtained in good yield. The following stannoxane induced transesterification and the final acetylation procedure delivered 12. The two isomeric natural 3-acetoxyoctadecenyl esters had retention indices of 2678 and 2692, respectively, while synthetic 12 showed an I of 2688. Therefore, the second

Chan–Evans–Lam N1-(het)arylation and N1-alkеnylation of 4-fluoroalkylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones

• Viktor M. Tkachuk,
• Oleh O. Lukianov,
• Mykhailo V. Vovk,
• Isabelle Gillaizeau and
• Volodymyr A. Sukach

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2304–2313, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.191

• , entry 1). However, the addition of 2 equiv of boric acid drastically increased the arylation efficiency, with the yield of pyrimidone 3а reaching 86% (Table 2, entry 2). We assume that the boric acid added triggers the transesterification of phenylboronic acid pinacol ester 6а thereby leading to the in

Natural dolomitic limestone-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, and highly substituted pyridines under ultrasound irradiation

• Kumar Godugu,
• Venkata Divya Sri Yadala,
• Mohammad Khaja Mohinuddin Pinjari,
• Trivikram Reddy Gundala,
• Lakshmi Reddy Sanapareddy and
• Chinna Gangi Reddy Nallagondu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1881–1900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.156

• . Further, dolomite is used as a heterogeneous green catalyst in very few organic transformations, such as Knoevenagel, Michael–Henry, and transesterification reactions [73][74]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the NDL-catalyzed synthesis of aforesaid N-heterocycles under ultrasonic

On the hydrolysis of diethyl 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonate

• Ilya V. Taydakov and
• Mikhail A. Kiskin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1863–1868, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.153

• transesterification [34][35]. The removal of highly volatile methyl or ethyl trifluoroacetates from the reaction mixture is the driving force of this process. Unfortunately, 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonate does not react with excess TFA (up to 10 equivalents) even under reflux conditions, but in one experiment a

The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection

• Katarzyna Justyna,
• Joanna Małolepsza,
• Damian Kusy,
• Waldemar Maniukiewicz and
• Katarzyna M. Błażewska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1436–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.119

• be performed either at room temperature, in refluxing CH2Cl2 [19][28][29], at higher temperatures [1][30][31], and also under microwave conditions [32][33][34]. At lower temperatures or shorter reaction times an incomplete transesterification was reported [35]. The use of the low-boiling CH2Cl2 at

• esters that indicated a more efficient transesterification reaction at this temperature. Depending on the experiment, the progress of the reaction was monitored by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy in short intervals. The complete deprotection of the phosphonate ester group in compound 8 and 9 was observed. In

• evaporated before solvolysis, we added BTMS at the solvolysis stage to the mixture of methanol and water (40:1, v/v). In this case we observed a partial ethyl ester cleavage (up to 7%), and its transesterification into methyl ester 26 (up to 30% within 18 h, Table 4, entry 2). Next we turned to the

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• product 166, which was finally converted into the D-ring-modified 7-deoxy 5(20)-thiadocetaxel 154b [6] (Scheme 34). The mechanism for the formation of thietane rings 171 from oxiranes 167 with vicinal leaving groups was suggested as a nucleophilic ring-opening and intramolecular transesterification

Towards the total synthesis of chondrochloren A: synthesis of the (Z)-enamide fragment

• Jan Geldsetzer and
• Markus Kalesse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 670–673, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.64

• ). A subsequent transesterification under mild conditions with Bu2SnO provided dihydroxy ester 7 in 72% yield. The 1,3-diol in 7 was methylated with an excess of the Meerwein reagent and TIPDS-removal afforded ester 9 in good yields. A double TBS-protection and liberation of the primary alcohol

An overview of the cycloaddition chemistry of fulvenes and emerging applications

• Ellen Swan,
• Kirsten Platts and
• Anton Blencowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2113–2132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.209

• irreversible precipitation of a product, and an inevitable shift in dynamic equilibrium. Several types of reversible reactions have been successfully employed in the formation of DCL, including transesterification, peptide bond exchange, disulphide exchange, olefin metathesis and boronic ester formation [189

N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Aleksandra Trocha,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Dorota G. Piotrowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168

• aziridine esters (2R,1'S)-5f and (2S,1'S)-5f were obtained in a similar manner. After transesterification methyl 5a and ethyl 5b esters were prepared. Thus, enantiomerically pure N-(1-phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylates 5 became commercially available [22]. Other synthetic pathways to esters 5 were

Heck- and Suzuki-coupling approaches to novel hydroquinone inhibitors of calcium ATPase

• Robert J. Kempton,
• Taylor A. Kidd-Kautz,
• Soizic Laurenceau and
• Stefan Paula

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.94

• synthetic route to BHQ analogues with a tether that could serve as the basis for future efforts aimed at the attachment of deactivating peptides. The rationale is analogous to the Denmeade group’s strategy for circumventing TG’s toxicity to healthy cells by selective transesterification of the ester group

A chemoenzymatic synthesis of ceramide trafficking inhibitor HPA-12

• Seema V. Kanojia,
• Sucheta Chatterjee,
• Subrata Chattopadhyay and
• Dibakar Goswami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 490–496, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.42

• least three times without any significant loss of enzyme activity. There are similar instances in literature [48] for a substantial slow-down of the transesterification reaction rate in organic solvents. This issue can be overcome by using room temperature ionic liquids, which not only substitute the

Syntheses and chemical properties of β-nicotinamide riboside and its analogues and derivatives

• Mikhail V. Makarov and
• Marie E. Migaud

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 401–430, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.36

• corresponding N-alkyl-nicotinamides. A more reactive 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-phenyl nicotinate riboside 20 was therefore generated. To limit transesterification and favor amidation, trifluoroethanol was used as solvent instead of methanol, and as a result, amides 21 were prepared in good yields (Scheme 11). In

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

• Dorota G. Piotrowska,
• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

• final step transesterification of methyl to benzyl esters was successfully performed in the presence of titanium(IV) benzyloxide to afford dibenzyl esters 102 and 103, respectively. Their hydrogenolysis cleanly produced (2S,3S,4S)-104 and (2S,3S,4S)-105 [103]. From tartaric acids Four-carbon chirons

Gold-catalyzed ethylene cyclopropanation

• Silvia G. Rull,
• Andrea Olmos and
• Pedro J. Pérez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 67–71, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.7

• ], electroreductive dehalogenation [7] and decarboxylation of diethyl 1,1-cyclopropyldicarboxylate [8]. Other methods include the transesterification of other alkyl cyclopropanecarboxylates [9] and the esterification with ethanol of the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [10]. This product finds applications as lubricant

Synthesis of unnatural α-amino esters using ethyl nitroacetate and condensation or cycloaddition reactions

• Glwadys Gagnot,
• Vincent Hervin,
• Eloi P. Coutant,
• Sarah Desmons,
• Racha Baatallah,
• Victor Monnot and
• Yves L. Janin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2846–2852, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.263

• 4.6 ppm and 3.4 ppm, but eluded our purification efforts). Moreover, one minute in refluxing isopropanol was found to be sufficient to complete the reduction especially for the fairly insoluble acrylate 2e, and also avoided most of the undesired transesterification byproducts that could form upon long

Copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by dinuclear cobalt complexes

• Yo Hiranoi and
• Koji Nakano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2779–2788, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.255

• , terminal group) + 23.0 (Na+ ion)]. Thus, the expected α-C6F5COO,ω-OH-terminated copolymer was obtained as a main product. As a minor distribution, the α-C6F5COO,ω-COOH-terminated copolymer was observed, while the cyclic polyester via intramolecular transesterification was not detected (Supporting

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• , triazolo[1,2-a]indazoletrione derivatives, tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives, aromatic/aliphatic sulfide derivatives, and N-substituted pyrrole derivatives. These catalysts were used in cellulose hydrolysis, cellobiose hydrolysis, production of fatty acid ethyl ester, the transesterification of

• sulfonated polymer-carbon nanotubes composites (CNT-P-SO3H) 100–102 were described as outstanding catalysts for liquid phase transesterification of triglycerides 103 with methanol. The catalysts were also used for the esterification of oleic acid (106) with methanol. The important feature of this study is

• that these reactions are considered as typical model reactions in biodiesel production. To highlight the effect of acid groups, authors investigated the imidazolyl and pyridinyl polymers grafted on MWCTs for the transesterification of triglyceride 103 and low desired product (ranging from 12.3 to 15.1

Spectroelectrochemical studies on the effect of cations in the alkaline glycerol oxidation reaction over carbon nanotube-supported Pd nanoparticles

• Dennis Hiltrop,
• Steffen Cychy,
• Karina Elumeeva,
• Wolfgang Schuhmann and
• Martin Muhler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1428–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.120

• from starch, sugar or oils and fats [2][3]. The transesterification of oils and fats produces glycerol as a byproduct, which requires further processing to reduce the costs of biofuels [4]. The comparably high energy density of glycerol of 5965 Wh L−1 assuming its total oxidation to CO2 suggests its

An efficient and facile access to highly functionalized pyrrole derivatives

• Meng Gao,
• Wenting Zhao,
• Hongyi Zhao,
• Ziyun Lin,
• Dongfeng Zhang and
• Haihong Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.75

• with MeONa in MeOH or EtONa in EtOH at room temperature in moderate to good yields (40–66%, Scheme 3). It was noted that the ethyl ester in 12a was replaced by methyl ester through transesterification when 12a was treated with MeONa in MeOH to afford 13m. Therefore, this efficient protocol developed