Water-soluble SNS cationic palladium(II) complexes and their Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in aqueous medium

• Alphonse Fiebor,
• Richard Tia,
• Banothile C. E. Makhubela and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1859–1870, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.160

• sterically demanding 4-bromophenyl thioether (Table 1, entry 28) possessing SNS pincer complexes. These results suggest that in the presence of TBAB the mechanism of the reaction changes and the catalytic activity seems to be under the influence of electronic as opposed to steric effects. When the reaction

Synthesis of new tricyclic 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine derivatives by [3⁺ + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions

• Lin-bo Luan,
• Zi-jie Song,
• Zhi-ming Li and
• Quan-rui Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1826–1833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.155

• that interferes with the action of the Lewis acid. By employment of 8a as a model substrate, we next turned our attention to determine possible steric effects with o-, m- and p-methyl-substituted benzonitriles. The tested reactions proceeded well to give the products 10t–v with comparable good yields

Hyper-reticulated calixarene polymers: a new example of entirely synthetic nanosponge materials

• Alberto Spinella,
• Marco Russo,
• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Delia Chillura Martino and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.127

• is confirmed to depend on a fine balance between different factors, namely Coulomb and π···π interactions, and steric effects. The importance of a compromise between these factors for the complexation into calixresorcinarenes has been recently assessed [42]. Moreover, in analogy with the bahavior

[3 + 2]-Cycloaddition reaction of sydnones with alkynes

• Veronika Hladíková,
• Jiří Váňa and
• Jiří Hanusek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1317–1348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.113

• quantum chemical calculations (DFT/B3LYP-6-31G*) [81] steric effects were identified as the main factor influencing the ratio of both regioisomers. These calculations clearly proved the almost apolar character of both possible transition states giving 3- and 4-BPin substituted pyrazoles through bicyclic

A survey of chiral hypervalent iodine reagents in asymmetric synthesis

• Soumen Ghosh,
• Suman Pradhan and
• Indranil Chatterjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1244–1262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.107

• solvents. Further, they were able to improve the enantioselectivity by implying steric effects at the ortho/ortho′ (R = Et in 7) positions of the aromatics (Scheme 3) [33]. The regeneration of the catalyst was achieved by m-CPBA converting iodine compound 7′ to chiral catalyst 7. The authors predicted a

Imide arylation with aryl(TMP)iodonium tosylates

• Souradeep Basu,
• Alexander H. Sandtorv and
• David R. Stuart

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1034–1038, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.90

• coupled to phthalimide in moderate yield (42%). Additionally, we have observed that electronic and steric effects operate in concert to couple an o-tolyl (2f) moiety to phthalimide in high yield (67%). In this case, 2,6-disubstituted aryl groups are not required for a sterically controlled coupling

Recent advances on organic blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)

• Thanh-Tuân Bui,
• Fabrice Goubard,
• Malika Ibrahim-Ouali,
• Didier Gigmes and
• Frédéric Dumur

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 282–308, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.18

• . As a result, carbazole is not capable to induce the same encumbrance as that of azasiline by inducing smaller steric effects and the substitution of the 1,8-positions is often required to maintain a large dihedral angle. As interesting design rules, Adachi determined that the extension of the

Photocatalytic formation of carbon–sulfur bonds

• Alexander Wimmer and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 54–83, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.4

• steric effects. In 2017, the group of Kokotos described a organocatalytic photoinitiated thiol–ene coupling reaction, applying phenylglyoxylic acid as photoorganocatalyst (Scheme 10) [40]. They have shown that the reaction mainly proceeds via a radical chain propagation mechanism, which is initiated by

Nucleophilic dearomatization of 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxan by CH acids in the synthesis of pharmacology-oriented compounds

• Alexey M. Starosotnikov,
• Dmitry V. Shkaev,
• Maxim A. Bastrakov,
• Ivan V. Fedyanin,
• Svyatoslav A. Shevelev and
• Igor L. Dalinger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2854–2861, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.277

• 12·DMF. Due to significant steric effects, the single bond C4–C11 is significantly elongated (1.567(2) Å), and two nitro groups in ortho-positions of the connected picryl fragment are rotated out of the plane of the benzene ring. Thus, reactions of ANBF with strong CH acids (pKa(H2O) 4–11) proceed

CF₃SO₂X (X = Na, Cl) as reagents for trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethylsulfenyl-, -sulfinyl- and -sulfonylation and chlorination. Part 2: Use of CF₃SO₂Cl

• Hélène Chachignon,
• Hélène Guyon and
• Dominique Cahard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2800–2818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.273

• other hand, proved to be more difficult to obtain. The first step appeared to be the trickiest one, as it could be anticipated considering Reiser’s previous reports. Once again, the results were strongly substrate-dependant; indeed the reaction was particularly sensitive to steric effects. The use of

Binding abilities of a chiral calix[4]resorcinarene: a polarimetric investigation on a complex case of study

• Marco Russo and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2698–2709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.268

• prolinylmethyl units at the rim. Nevertheless, polarimetric results positively indicate that the conformational dynamic changes of the host structure are not simply due to mere steric effects. The results presented in this work provide a contribution to a deeper understanding of the microscopic interactions

A Brønsted base-promoted diastereoselective dimerization of azlactones

• Danielle L. J. Pinheiro,
• Gabriel M. F. Batista,
• Pedro P. de Castro,
• Leonã S. Flores,
• Gustavo F. S. Andrade and
• Giovanni W. Amarante

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2663–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.264

• 1a’ attacks the carbonyl carbon of azlactone 1a forming intermediate 4 [27]. The diastereoselectivity is installed at this stage and kept the same until to the end of the reaction. Steric effects might be involved in this process and the biggest substituents positioned far away from each other, as

Comparative profiling of well-defined copper reagents and precursors for the trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides

• Peter T. Kaplan,
• Jessica A. Lloyd,
• Mason T. Chin and
• David A. Vicic

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2297–2303, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.225

• analytical method used for determining yields for Figure 2 and Figure 3. Why an induction period is observed for the iodotoluenes but not for the iodobiphenyl substrate is still not well-understood and is currently under investigation. Reactions were then run with 2-iodotoluene in order to gauge steric

• effects in the trifluoromethylation reactions. It should be noted here that the promoting effect of ortho substituents in trifluoromethylation reactions is well-known. For example, the rate of trifluoromethylation of o-MeC6H4Br was found to be 3.5 times faster than that for bromobenzene by CuCF3 in DMF

Regiodivergent condensation of 5-alkoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrol-2,3-diones with cyclic ketazinones en route to spirocyclic scaffolds

• Alexey Yu. Dubovtsev,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev,
• Аndrey N. Maslivets and
• Michael Rubin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2179–2185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.218

• between two alternative directions affording derivatives of partially hydrogenated indole or benzofurane. The control of this regioselectivity is efficiently governed by steric effects at the hydrazone moiety of the ketazinone reagent. Keywords: nitrogen heterocycles; oxygen heterocycles; pyrrolediones

Preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylations: A powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly

• Weizhun Yang,
• Bo Yang,
• Sherif Ramadan and
• Xuefei Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2094–2114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.207

• amounts of aglycon transfer products can be reduced by decreasing the nucleophilicity of the acceptor aglycon through steric effects [87] or tuning protective groups of acceptors [84][86], in some cases by lowering the reaction temperature [85]. Conclusion While conceptually simple, the temporal

Conformational impact of structural modifications in 2-fluorocyclohexanone

• Francisco A. Martins,
• Josué M. Silla and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1781–1787, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.172

• bonding, hyperconjugation, electrostatic and steric effects. While the gauche effect, originated from hyperconjugative interactions, does not appear to cause some preferences for the axial conformation of organofluorine heterocycles, more classical effects indeed rule the conformational equilibrium of the

Syntheses of 3,4- and 1,4-dihydroquinazolines from 2-aminobenzylamine

• Jimena E. Díaz,
• Silvia Ranieri,
• Nadia Gruber and
• Liliana R. Orelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1470–1477, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.145

• resonance stabilization of the resulting 2-arylquinazolin-4(1H)-ones 6i,j (Scheme 3). The fact that the yield of the o-methylphenyl-substituted derivative 2j, in which this stabilization is reduced due to steric effects, was higher than for the phenyl-substituted derivative reinforces this hypothesis

A speedy route to sterically encumbered, benzene-fused derivatives of privileged, naturally occurring hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline

• Olga Bakulina,
• Alexander Ivanov,
• Vitalii Suslonov,
• Dmitry Dar’in and
• Mikhail Krasavin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1413–1424, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.138

•  5). The tolerance of the reaction to the substitution pattern in the aromatic portion of the indolenines appears rather broad, both in terms of the electronic character of substituents and steric effects – although substituents in position 7 of the indolenine significantly affect the conformational

Conformational study of L-methionine and L-cysteine derivatives through quantum chemical calculations and ³J_HH coupling constant analyses

• Weslley G. D. P. Silva,
• Carolyne B. Braga and
• Roberto Rittner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 925–937, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.94

• atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and noncovalent interactions (NCI) methodologies, the conformational preferences for the compounds are not dictated by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, but by a joint contribution of hyperconjugative and steric effects. Keywords: amino acid derivatives; conformational

Transition-metal-free one-pot synthesis of alkynyl selenides from terminal alkynes under aerobic and sustainable conditions

• Adrián A. Heredia and
• Alicia B. Peñéñory

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.92

• environment and moderate acidity of the methylene protons in benzyl selenocyanate (7h) or dibenzyl diselenide (8h) may afford intermediates prone to decomposition, directly affecting formation of 5h. Furthermore, the electronic and steric effects offered by different substituents on the aryl moieties attached

Stabilization of nanosized titanium dioxide by cyclodextrin polymers and its photocatalytic effect on the degradation of wastewater pollutants

• Tamás Zoltán Agócs,
• István Puskás,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Mónika Molnár and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2873–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.286

• as low concentration as 1% CMBCD-P and the turbidity remained <105% within 120 min of observation (Table 2). The stabilizing effect of the CD-based polymers especially of CMBCD-P can be attributed to steric effects caused by the adsorption of the polymer on the surface of nanoTiO2 particles. It forms

Methylenelactide: vinyl polymerization and spatial reactivity effects

• Judita Britner and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2378–2389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.232

•  1). Since the polymerization kinetics are mainly controlled by steric effects and the polarity of the double bonds, we evaluated the electronic structure of the different monomers via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As expected, the double bond protons of MLA at 5.77 and 5.56 ppm

Experimental and theoretical investigations into the stability of cyclic aminals

• Edgar Sawatzky,
• Antonios Drakopoulos,
• Martin Rölz,
• Christoph Sotriffer,
• Bernd Engels and
• Michael Decker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2280–2292, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.221

• both the N-1 and N-3 nitrogen atoms. At the same time the iPr and Ph moieties served as bulkier substituents for investigations into steric effects. Similar to the N-1 and N-3 nitrogen atoms, 4-t-Bu, 4-Me, 4-F and 4-CF3 groups were incorporated into the aromatic site at position 2 to investigate the

Stereo- and regioselectivity of the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of nitroso derivatives with conjugated dienes

• Lucie Brulíková,
• Aidan Harrison,
• Marvin J. Miller and
• Jan Hlaváč

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1949–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.184

• hetero-Diels–Alder reaction. In the reaction of arylnitroso dienophiles containing a nitro group in close proximity to the reaction center, unsubstituted dienes show a higher reactivity than substituted dienes, due to steric effects. Mechanistic studies of the nitroso hetero-Diels–Alder reaction

• -lactams 63 (Scheme 16) [95], which is in accordance with the general prediction. The exclusive regioselectivity of this reaction is due to steric effects. Similar conclusions result from the reaction of 1,3-butadienes 65 with various nitroso heterodienophiles 66, giving proximal isomer 67 (Scheme 17) [85

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the high-electron donor character of pyrido-annelated N-heterocyclic carbenes

• Michael Nonnenmacher,
• Dominik M. Buck and
• Doris Kunz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1884–1896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.178

• electronic properties of the carbene influence the CO stretching modes, but also steric effects and the coupling of stretching modes. The latter two drawbacks have recently been overcome by calculating the metal–ligand electronic parameter (MLEP) [36]. Separating the influence of the σ-donor and π-acceptor