Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• isotherm model. Keywords: adsorption; cucurbit[7]uril; electrospinning; macrocycles; methylene blue; nanofiber; Introduction Electrospinning is recognized as the most simple and versatile method to fabricate multifunctional nanofibers from the solution or melt of polymers, polymer/nanoparticle mixtures

• series of CD-functionalized electrospun nanofibers in the forms of CD-pseudopolyrotaxane [11][12], CDs/polymer [13][14][15], CD-ICs/polymer [16][17], and polymer-free CDs [5][18] or CD-ICs [19] have been fabricated. In addition, calix[8]arene (C[8])/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofiber membranes

• [20] and supramolecular polymer nanofibers based on pillar[5]arene [21] also were prepared by the electrospinning technique. Cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n]s, n = 5–8, 10) are a family of pumpkin-shaped cyclic host molecules containing a hydrophobic cavity surrounded by two identical hydrophilic portals [22

Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate)s: an example of rate acceleration

• Sora Park and
• Jeung Gon Kim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 963–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.93

• important for chain-length control. Liquid-assisted grinding was applied for the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers, but it failed to protect the polymer chain from mechanical degradation. Keywords: aliphatic polycarbonate; green polymerization; mechanochemistry; organocatalyst; poly(trimethylene

• achieved by solution synthesis occur, which makes mechanochemistry a topic of rigorous research [6]. In the area of polymer chemistry, the use of mechanical forces has a long history. Strong mechanical forces can break covalent bonds, including strong C–C bonds, thus their utilization has generally focused

• brief ball milling of monomer and base [10]. The remarkable reactivity exemplified that the general concepts of mechanochemical synthesis are applicable to polymerization reactions. Other examples of polymer syntheses have followed. The Borchardt research team reported the efficient mechanochemical

Halogen bonding and host–guest chemistry between N-alkylammonium resorcinarene halides, diiodoperfluorobutane and neutral guests

• Fangfang Pan,
• Mohadeseh Dashti,
• Michael R. Reynolds,
• Kari Rissanen,
• John F. Trant and
• Ngong Kodiah Beyeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 947–954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.91

• yellow cloud. (a) The halogen bonding (blue broken lines), hydrogen bonding (red broken lines) and the host–guest effect (water molecules in CPK, and the cavity space in transparent yellow cloud) in Water@2&DIOFB; (b) The halogen bonded polymer. Water molecules in CPK mode and all the other in ball-and

Mechanochemistry of supramolecules

• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 881–900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.86

• -benzenetricarbonyl chloride and 1,4-phenylenediamine in a ball mill afforded 75% of the desired 2D polymer 24 within 15 min (Figure 13). When using 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl in place of 1,4-phenylenediamine the analogous 2D structure comprising biphenylene units was obtained within the same time albeit with a lower yield

Synthesis of polydicyclopentadiene using the Cp₂TiCl₂/Et₂AlCl catalytic system and thin-layer oxidation of the polymer in air

• Zhargolma B. Bazarova,
• Ludmila S. Soroka,
• Alex A. Lyapkov,
• Мekhman S. Yusubov and
• Francis Verpoort

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 733–745, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.69

• through the layers. Consequently, this leads to the transition of the oxidation from a kinetic mode into a diffusive mode. Such structural changes do not occur in a polymer that was stabilized by adding an antioxidant. Keywords: bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride; cationic polymerization; oxidation

• obtain a polymer with particular properties – polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) [8][9]. Cationic polymerization of DCPD takes place with metal-halide-based catalyst systems and organometallic compounds. A number of scientific reports were dedicated to the investigation of DCPD polymerization based on these

• cationic polymerization, are characterized by certain disadvantages. They have a low molecular weight, a fairly rigid structure of the polymer chains due to crosslinking processes occurring during polymerization. In addition, DCPD polymers obtained from "hard" catalytic systems, such as TiCl4, SnCl4, etc

Synthesis of functionalized diazocines for application as building blocks in photo- and mechanoresponsive materials

• Widukind Moormann,
• Daniel Langbehn and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 727–732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.68

• , amine and vinyl groups, which are suitable for polymer synthesis. Upon irradiation at 385 and 530 nm the diazocines perform a reversible, pincer-type movement switching the 3,3’-distance between 6.1 Å (cis, stable isomer) and 8.2 Å (trans, metastable isomer). Key reactions in the synthesis are an

Polyaminoazide mixtures for the synthesis of pH-responsive calixarene nanosponges

• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Antonio Palumbo Piccionello,
• Alberto Spinella,
• Delia Chillura Martino,
• Marco Russo and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 633–641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.59

• with CyCaNSs. This fact was explained assuming that a diazidoalkane is a less effective reticulating agent than a heptakisazido-β-cyclodextrin, simply because of the lesser number of reactive azide groups present. Hence, we reasoned that the polymer network formation process could have been improved by

• decreases on increasing the pH, clearly indicating that inclusion is favorably affected by the presence of positive charges on the polymer network due to protonation of amine basic sites. Consistently, the behavior of the diamine derivative 10 is reversed (inclusion decreases on decreasing the pH). A

• -sensitive functionalities in the highly hydrophobic nanoporous environment provided by the fully synthetic calixarene-based polymer, might open interesting perspectives for applicative purposes, in particular in the fields of organocatalysis and of hybrid organic-inorganic materials, such as in the emerging

Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection

• Chelsea L. Rintelmann,
• Tara Grinnage-Pulley,
• Kathleen Ross,
• Daniel E. K. Kabotso,
• Angela Toepp,
• Anne Cowell,
• Christine Petersen,
• Balaji Narasimhan and
• Nicola Pohl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 623–632, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.58

• microparticles 2 to allow a single delivery of trimannose from a total of 5 × 107 particles, a four-fold lower level than what was used for the latex bead study [42], as studies by Huntimer and co-workers showed in 2013 that the CPH:SA polymer provided inherent adjuvant properties and dose sparing effects [57

Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions

• Jochen M. Neumaier,
• Amiera Madani,
• Thomas Klein and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 558–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.50

• resolution for our printing method, we designed test reactors with a very small channel width down to 0.1 mm. Here, the smallest possible resolution appeared to be a profile area of 0.3 mm × 0.3 mm in the CAD drawing which resulted in channel width of around 0.2 mm (Figure 3). Due to polymer spreading during

Selectivity in multiple multicomponent reactions: types and synthetic applications

• Ouldouz Ghashghaei,
• Francesca Seghetti and
• Rodolfo Lavilla

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 521–534, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.46

• interesting case, where this principle does not apply, is introduced by Wessjohann [5][18], who introduced a family of MMCRs leading to complex macrocyclic structures instead of linear polymer chains. In these examples, a low concentration together with the use of specific substrates tune the reactivity

• ; V) generation of new functional groups; VI) polymerization; VII) macrocyclization; FG = functional group. Indiscriminate double Ugi MCR upon pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. Representative examples of MCR-polymer synthesis. A) Biginelli HTS of polymers; B) Passerini;- C) Ugi-; D) metal-catalyzed MCR

Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications

• Valerio Sabatino and
• Thomas R. Ward

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 445–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.39

• tremendous impact in organic synthesis, enabling a variety of applications in polymer chemistry, drug discovery and chemical biology. Although challenging, the possibility to perform aqueous metatheses has become an attractive alternative, not only because water is a more sustainable medium, but also to

• different research fields spanning polymer chemistry [11][12] to drug discovery [13][14][15]. Scheme 1 displays the most common metathesis reactions. The metathesis reaction mechanism, proposed by Chauvin in 1971, suggests that the reaction proceeds via the reversible formation of a metallacyclobutane

• polymer is currently being investigated for possible biomedical applications. Table 4 summarizes the activities of the different ammonium-tagged catalysts discussed above with several water-soluble substrates. Catalysts 3 and 4 showed modest to excellent activities in the RCM of N,N-diallylated substrate

LCST phase behavior of benzo-21-crown-7 with different alkyl chains

• Yan Deng,
• Xing Li,
• Qiao Zhang,
• Zheng Luo,
• Chengyou Han and
• Shengyi Dong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 437–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.38

• molecule [40][41] or introducing hydrophobic units into B21C7 structures. For the first method, though the incorporation of B21C7s to polymeric backbones/cores can effectively lower the critical transition temperature, an accurate control of polymer/core structures is necessary but challenging. Because the

Thiol-free chemoenzymatic synthesis of β-ketosulfides

• Adrián A. Heredia,
• Martín G. López-Vidal,
• Marcela Kurina-Sanz,
• Fabricio R. Bisogno and
• Alicia B. Peñéñory

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 378–387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.34

• role as precursors in the synthesis of bioactive compounds [13][26][27], substrates for multicomponent reactions [28], and lately, have successfully been applied in polymer photodecoration [29][30]. They can easily be reduced into chiral hydroxy derivatives [31] and properly oxidised at sulfur to

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

• Patrycja Żak and
• Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

• use of metathesis in organic and polymer synthesis is comprehensively described in excellent monographs [4][5][6]. However, the literature does not offer a more detailed review on the application of metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). The lack of

• of vinylsilanes (Scheme 1). The possibility to modify vinyl and styryl derivatives of silsesquioxanes via Heck reaction has been proved. The Heck coupling of 4-bromostyrene and vinyl-POSS derivatives leads to the formation of oligomeric products containing a silsesquioxane core in the polymer

• . Analogous ADMET copolymerization of divinylgermasilsesquioxanes with 4,4'-divinylbiphenyl or 4,4''-divinylterphenyl can be used in the synthesis of stereoregular trans-germasilsesquioxyl–vinylene–phenylene oligomers (Scheme 19) [19]. This method permitted obtaining a polymer with Mw in the range from 9057

Olefin metathesis in multiblock copolymer synthesis

• Maria L. Gringolts,
• Yulia I. Denisova,
• Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 218–235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.21

• . Keywords: ADMET; macromolecular cross metathesis; multiblock copolymers; olefin metathesis; ROMP; Introduction Nowadays, olefin metathesis has become a well-established field of organic and polymer chemistry. The discovery of metallocarbene initiators that are capable of catalyzing metathesis

• polymerization in a living fashion turned it into a powerful tool of polymer design [1]. Hundreds of linear, comb-like, graft-, bottle-brush, ladder, and other homopolymers and copolymers were synthesized [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Block copolymers combining properties of two or more individual polymers in one material

• the research is devoted to diblock and triblock copolymers, whereas multiblock copolymer studies are still much less common [3][4][16][17][18]. Aside from more complicated synthesis and characterization of multiblock copolymers, for decades it was thought that any sequence disorder along polymer

Catalysis of linear alkene metathesis by Grubbs-type ruthenium alkylidene complexes containing hemilabile α,α-diphenyl-(monosubstituted-pyridin-2-yl)methanolato ligands

• Tegene T. Tole,
• Johan H. L. Jordaan and
• Hermanus C. M. Vosloo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 194–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.19

• in organic and polymer chemistry [1][2]. The development of metal alkylidene precatalysts based on ruthenium, starting with the so-called Grubbs 1 (1) and 2 (2) metal carbenes, played a major role to extend the versatility of the reaction including the application of these in industrial processes

Unexpected loss of stereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions during the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides

• Teresa Mena-Barragán,
• José L. de Paz and
• Pedro M. Nieto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 137–144, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.14

• biosynthesis of this polymer. The presence of aromatic rings, such as the 4-methoxyphenyl group at the anomeric position, should be avoided because these groups can significantly modify the binding mode between the CS and the enzymes. For this reason, we introduced an isopropyl group in β-position of the

Systematic synthetic study of four diastereomerically distinct limonene-1,2-diols and their corresponding cyclic carbonates

• Hiroshi Morikawa,
• Jun-ichi Yamaguchi,
• Shun-ichi Sugimura,
• Masato Minamoto,
• Yuuta Gorou,
• Hisatoyo Morinaga and
• Suguru Motokucho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 130–136, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.13

• significance, largely because LM derivatives with their versatile functionality can be effectively utilised in organic and polymer chemistry. (4R)-Limonene-1,2-diols (LMdiols) are some of the most important LM derivatives because they act as precursors of bioactive molecules [12][13][14]. Furthermore, LMdiol

Fabrication of supramolecular cyclodextrin–fullerene nonwovens by electrospinning

• Hiroaki Yoshida,
• Ken Kikuta and
• Toshiyuki Kida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 89–95, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.10

• of materials science and engineering, an underlying approach to produce fibers is polymer spinning. Polymer solutions or melts are generally used in the spinning process because their polymeric inter/intramolecular interactions and chain entanglements are supposed to work efficiently in the fiber

• the concentration for general polymer electrospinning. In addition to the academic potential of spinning small molecules, it may open new industrial applications. However, the functionalization of fiber materials composed of small molecules remains a challenging task. A reasonable approach to

• original solution (data not shown). Taken all together, it is reasonable to consider that C60 is an inclusion complex with γ-CD even in solid fibers. To expand the applicability of CD–fullerene inclusion complexes, variations of CD/fullerene and embedding into a polymer matrix were explored. Other examples

Selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclobutenes. Unsymmetrical ladderphane containing polycyclobutene and polynorbornene strands

• Yuan-Zhen Ke,
• Shou-Ling Huang,
• Guoqiao Lai and
• Tien-Yau Luh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 44–51, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.4

• in polymer synthesis [24]. Since the first living ROMP methods for cyclobutenes were reported in 1992 [25], cyclobutene-containing block copolymers are well documented [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Alternating cyclobutene–cyclohexene copolymers have been synthesized by ROMP of the

• between the ROMP of 4 and 5 in THF at 0 °C would offer useful conditions to selectively react with 4 in the presence of 5. Thus, a mixture of an equal molar of 4 and 5 was treated with 10 mol % of 6 in THF-d8 at 0 °C. Only 4 was consumed to give the corresponding polymer 7, whereas 5 remained intact

• linker is because the ester group could be selectively hydrolyzed in the presence of amides. This selectivity will be helpful for the structural elucidation of polymer 8. Thus, 10b was allowed to react with 11 to afford amide-alcohol 12 in 79% yield. Esterification of 12 with 13b furnished 70% yield of

Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts with monodentate unsymmetrical NHC ligands

• Veronica Paradiso,
• Chiara Costabile and
• Fabia Grisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3122–3149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.292

• carbon–carbon double bonds in various applications in both organic and polymer chemistry [1][2]. The great popularity of this methodology is mainly related to the development of well-defined ruthenium alkylidene catalysts with high air and moisture stability and functional group tolerance. Among them

• alternating diads ([poly(NBE-alt-CPE)n]), representing the highest value found until then. The selectivity in the copolymerization was mainly ascribed to the steric interaction between the 2-phenylethyl substituent at the nitrogen and the growing polymer chain. This study was then extended to a series of

Thermophilic phosphoribosyltransferases Thermus thermophilus HB27 in nucleotide synthesis

• Ilja V. Fateev,
• Ekaterina V. Sinitsina,
• Aiguzel U. Bikanasova,
• Maria A. Kostromina,
• Elena S. Tuzova,
• Larisa V. Esipova,
• Tatiana I. Muravyova,
• Alexei L. Kayushin,
• Irina D. Konstantinova and
• Roman S. Esipov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3098–3105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.289

• ELSD PL-ELS 1000 (Polymer Laboratories). Nucleotides synthesis 9-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-2-chloroadenine 5'-monophosphate (2-Сl-AMP): 2-Chloroadenine (17 mg, 0.10 mmol) was dissolved in water (203 mL) under stirring and heating at 90 °C , and after cooling to 70 °C, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (41 mg

Degenerative xanthate transfer to olefins under visible-light photocatalysis

• Atsushi Kaga,
• Xiangyang Wu,
• Joel Yi Jie Lim,
• Hirohito Hayashi,
• Yunpeng Lu,
• Edwin K. L. Yeow and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3047–3058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.283

• functionalities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. This concept has also been of particular importance in the field of polymer science, known as reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization [15][16]. Mechanistically, the degenerative transfer of xanthates 1 to olefins 2

• absorption [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. In the area of polymer synthesis, visible-light-induced RAFT polymerization of xanthates with vinyl monomers under blue LED (light-emitting diode) irradiation has been reported [38][39][40][41]. Visible-light-induced single unit monomer insertion of the

Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region

• Aude-Héloise Bonardi,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Guillaume Noirbent,
• Jacques Lalevée and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3025–3046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.282

• progresses achieved in terms of synthetic procedures allow now the access to polymers of well-defined composition, molecular weight and architecture. Thanks to these recent progresses in polymer engineering, the scope of applications of polymers is far wider than that of any other class of material, ranging

• from adhesives, coatings, packaging materials, inks, paints, optics, 3D printing, microelectronics or textiles. From a synthetic viewpoint, photoredox catalysis, originally developed for organic chemistry, has recently been applied to the polymer synthesis, constituting a major breakthrough in polymer

• regenerates the catalyst. As it is a fast-growing field, this review will be mainly focused on an overview of the recent advances concerning the development of organic and organometallic photoredox catalysts for the photoreticulation of multifunctional monomers for a rapid and efficient access to 3D polymer

A tutorial review of stereoretentive olefin metathesis based on ruthenium dithiolate catalysts

• Daniel S. Müller,
• Olivier Baslé and
• Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2999–3010, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.279

• norbornadiene was also investigated by Hoveyda [16]. A highly syndiotactic polymer was obtained by fine tuning of the steric and electronic characteristics of the catalyst (not depicted in this review) [16]. ROCM reactions of norbornene (1) with styrene (5) could be carried out with only one mole percent of