On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

• Renato L. Carvalho,
• Amanda S. de Miranda,
• Mateus P. Nunes,
• Roberto S. Gomes,
• Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
• Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

Development of N-F fluorinating agents and their fluorinations: Historical perspective

• Teruo Umemoto,
• Yuhao Yang and
• Gerald B. Hammond

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1752–1813, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.123

Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs

• Jongwoo Son

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1733–1751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.122

• cyclic peptide motif (Scheme 11). Dipeptide substrate 26f decorated with a Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonate underwent the intramolecular C–H allylation process to yield cyclic peptide 28f under dilute reaction conditions. This macrocyclization strategy introduces an exocyclic olefin motif onto the cyclic

Electron-rich triarylphosphines as nucleophilic catalysts for oxa-Michael reactions

• Susanne M. Fischer,
• Simon Renner,
• A. Daniel Boese and
• Christian Slugovc

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1689–1697, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.117

• like structures were observed [24]. A more efficient transformation of acrylamide can be obtained with base catalysis. Using activated potassium carbonate, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and 4 h reaction time give typically better conversions than those reported herein with nucleophiles [25]. Next

A recent overview on the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles

• Pezhman Shiri,
• Ali Mohammad Amani and
• Thomas Mayer-Gall

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1600–1628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.114

• , altogether leading to a moderate to high yield of the products (Scheme 19) [50]. A reasonable mechanism for this cyclization/coupling reaction involves the generation of a 5-copper(I)-substituted triazolide intermediate 62, which coordinates with propargyl carbonate 59. Further insertion of the C–C triple

• , high yield, the use of dimethyl carbonate as a sustainable solvent, the use of an efficient alternative source of carbon monoxide, and avoiding a pressurized cylinder are some benefits of this protocol (Scheme 35) [59]. A feasible mechanism is illustrated for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-5

• sterically hindered 1-(2-bromophenyl)-1,2,3-triazole derivatives 130. The target compounds, triazolo[1,5-a]indolones 131, were then obtained from 130 in high yield using catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 and PCy3, carbon monoxide, and potassium carbonate and with heating in toluene at 120 °C. The structure of

Methodologies for the synthesis of quaternary carbon centers via hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins: twenty years of advances

• Thiago S. Silva and
• Fernando Coelho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1565–1590, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.112

• (acetylacetonate) in the cross-coupling cycle. They achieved the desired cross-coupling products 89 with the reaction conducted in open air and under mild conditions (Scheme 35) [109]. Notably, the use of propylene carbonate as the co-solvent removed the need for inclusion of reductant or oxidant additives, such

A straightforward conversion of 1,4-quinones into polycyclic pyrazoles via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition with fluorinated nitrile imines

• Greta Utecht-Jarzyńska,
• Karolina Nagła,
• Grzegorz Mlostoń,
• Heinz Heimgartner,
• Marcin Palusiak and
• Marcin Jasiński

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1509–1517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.108

• until the starting material 1 was fully consumed (based on TLC monitoring, petroleum ether/dichloromethane 1:1). After the resulting precipitate and unconsumed carbonate were filtered off, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude mixtures were purified by CC using silica gel as the

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Joseane A. Mendes,
• Paulo R. R. Costa,
• Miguel Yus,
• Francisco Foubelo and
• Camilla D. Buarque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86

• under solvent-free conditions was carried out, using sodium carbonate as base promoter. The resulting dimethyl 2-(1-aminoalkyl)malonates 50 were obtained in moderate to good yields as single diastereoisomers in all cases except for aromatic aldimines. Compounds 50 could be easily transformed

• ring was formed through a 6-endo-tet cyclization by treatment of the epoxide 143 with sodium carbonate in toluene at 80 °C. Hydrolysis of the cyano group under acidic conditions of compound 144 led to expected ʟ-hydroxypipecolic acid hydrochloride 145 in high yield (Scheme 39) [129]. In 2018, Wei and

Synthetic accesses to biguanide compounds

• Oleksandr Grytsai,
• Cyril Ronco and
• Rachid Benhida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1001–1040, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.82

• usually involves heating in a polar solvent with the eventual use of a base (Scheme 35). The synthesis of the simple N1-cyano-S-methylisothiourea (R = H) can be achieved by substitution with aqueous ammonia in isopropanol or ammonium carbonate in ethanol [73]. Generally, the sp2 carbon atom in N1-cyano-S

Synthesis of bis(aryloxy)fluoromethanes using a heterodihalocarbene strategy

• Carl Recsei and
• Yaniv Barda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 813–818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.70

• possible with potassium hydroxide as a base, while potassium carbonate gave only traces of the desired product. DMF was found to be an inferior solvent. All these changes led to larger quantities of the undesired isomer 7, with respect to 4. Attempting to push this reaction to higher conversion of 6 with

Synthetic reactions driven by electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes

• Zhonglie Yang,
• Yutong Liu,
• Kun Cao,
• Xiaobin Zhang,
• Hezhong Jiang and
• Jiahong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 771–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.67

• -poor N-aryloxyamides 160, indole derivative 161, and carbonate or other multicharge anions in CH3CN (Scheme 56). The corresponding products can be given in good yield by modifying substituents on the amide moiety in 160 or N-substituted indoles. Inorganic-base electron donors formed transient complexes

• visible-light-mediated synthesis approach of arylphosphonates initiated by an EDA complex. Diethyl phenylphosphonate (165) was given by exploiting diphenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (163) as electron acceptor, triethylphosphite (164) as electron donor, potassium carbonate as base, and CH3CN as

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• activation of the chain-linking group of the polymer (either an ester, carbonate, ketone or amide) toward the nucleophilic attack of the various solvents. Specific examples, broken down according to the nature of the polymer and the process, will be reported in the next sections, in which metal catalysts are

• kinetics, cost of metals, toxicity, difficulty in catalyst reusing and need of downstream processing. Significant efforts have thus been made to develop greener and sustainable catalytic systems featuring high efficiency under mild conditions. The use of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate as ecofriendly

• chirality of lactic acid, three forms of PLA (ʟ, PLLA; ᴅ, PDLA; ᴅʟ, PDLLA) with slightly different properties (crystallinity, Tg 60–65 °C, Tm 130–180 °C) exist [256]. PLA is soluble in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate and dioxane [257], and it is biodegradable [258][259]. Because

Regioselective chemoenzymatic syntheses of ferulate conjugates as chromogenic substrates for feruloyl esterases

• Olga Gherbovet,
• Fernando Ferreira,
• Apolline Clément,
• Mélanie Ragon,
• Julien Durand,
• Sophie Bozonnet,
• Michael J. O'Donohue and
• Régis Fauré

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.30

• . The residue was recovered in ethyl acetate, and washed three times with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate. The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (gradient of ethyl acetate in petroleum

• DMF (8 mL) were added potassium carbonate (1.06 g, 7.67 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and homoallylic bromide (670 µL, 6.51 mmol, 1 equiv) at 40 °C. After overnight stirring at 40 °C, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with a saturated

• aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and brine. The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Flash chromatography (gradient of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether from 0 to 50%) afforded 10 (516 mg, 2.47 mmol, 38%) as a solid

Total synthesis of decarboxyaltenusin

• Lucas Warmuth,
• Aaron Weiß,
• Marco Reinhardt,
• Anna Meschkov,
• Ute Schepers and
• Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 224–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.22

• a 73% yield. The Suzuki coupling of boronate 6a and aryl bromide 9a using palladium acetate and cesium carbonate in the presence of the ligand SPhos [25] yielded biaryl 10a with virtually quantitative yield (98%, Scheme 4). Unfortunately, the removal of non-identified byproducts and of 9a (which had

Facile preparation and conversion of 4,4,4-trifluorobut-2-yn-1-ones to aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds

• Takashi Yamazaki,
• Yoh Nakajima,
• Minato Iida and
• Tomoko Kawasaki-Takasuka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 132–138, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.14

• a variety of pyrimidine derivatives, 6, using amidines including guanidine [34]. First of all, various bases were employed for the reaction of the model substrate 2a. During initial testing, guanidine hydrochloride at 25 °C for 4 h in acetonitrile (Table 5, entries 1–7) as well as sodium carbonate

Synthesis of aryl 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethyl ethers through the base-mediated reaction between phenols and halothane

• Yukiko Karuo,
• Ayaka Kametani,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Kentaro Kawai and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 89–96, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.9

• did not occur at all when potassium carbonate was used as a base, because the deprotonation of phenol became slow due to the low basicity (Table 1, entry 9). With the optimal reaction conditions (Table 1, entry 8) in hand, we next examined the scope of the reaction (Table 2). When an electron-rich

Progress in the total synthesis of inthomycins

• Bidyut Kumar Senapati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 58–82, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.7

•  19). For the synthesis of inthomycin B ((+)-2), a Suzuki coupling reaction between (E,E)-128 and (Z)-(+)-130a was performed in the presence of palladium(II) acetate, triphenylphosphine, and aqueous sodium carbonate to give (E,E,Z)-triene (+)-131 selectively in 64% yield. Treatment of triene (+)-131

All-carbon [3 + 2] cycloaddition in natural product synthesis

• Zhuo Wang and
• Junyang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3015–3031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.251

•  3A). Trost and co-workers proposed that the catalytic mechanism involves an oxidative addition of palladium(0) into 62 affording the η3-Pd TMM complex A [37] (Scheme 3B). Methyl trimethylsilyl carbonate (64) is formed as side product, which is in equilibrium with carbon dioxide and methyl

Optical detection of di- and triphosphate anions with mixed monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles containing zinc(II)–dipicolylamine complexes

• Lena Reinke,
• Julia Bartl,
• Marcus Koch and
• Stefan Kubik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2687–2700, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.219

• water/methanol 1:2 (v/v). These anions caused the bright red solutions of the nanoparticles to change their color because of nanoparticle aggregation followed by precipitation, whereas halides or oxoanions such as sulfate, nitrate, or carbonate produced no effect. The sensitivity of phosphate sensing

Synthesis of 4-substituted azopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrins as molecular spin switches

• Jannis Ludwig,
• Tobias Moje,
• Fynn Röhricht and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2589–2597, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.210

• of 1e (top), 1h (left) and 1j (right) in acetone water (1:9) (solid line) and after deprotonation using cesium carbonate (dashed line) in the PSS at 505 nm (green) and 435 nm (blue). Synthesis of the nitroso compounds 3 and 6 using the two different methods described by Wegner et al. [19][20][21] and

Water-soluble host–guest complexes between fullerenes and a sugar-functionalized tribenzotriquinacene assembling to microspheres

• Si-Yuan Liu,
• Xin-Rui Wang,
• Man-Ping Li,
• Wen-Rong Xu and
• Dietmar Kuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2551–2561, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.207

• Discussion Synthesis of the host TBTQ-(OG)6. The sugar-functionalized host TBTQ-(OG)6 was synthesized starting from the known compound TBTQ-(OH)6 (Scheme 1) [31][32][33]. The reaction of TBTQ-(OH)6 with propargyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate gave the hexakis-propargyl ether, TBTQ-(OP)6, in

• imaging. Freeze drying was conducted on a Scientz-18N freeze dryer (Scientz Biotech, Zhejiang, China). Synthesis of TBTQ-(OP)6. A mixture of TBTQ-(OH)6 (2.17 g, 5.56 mmol), potassium carbonate (9.23 g, 66.8 mmol), and propargyl bromide (5.40 g, 44.5 mmol, 98 wt %) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was stirred and

Catalytic trifluoromethylation of iodoarenes by use of 2-trifluoromethylated benzimidazoline as trifluoromethylating reagent

• Tatsuhiro Uchikura,
• Nanami Kamiyama,
• Taisuke Ishikawa and
• Takahiko Akiyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2442–2447, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.198

• synthesis. Experimental General procedure of trifluoromethylation: Aryl iodide 1 (0.1 mmol), 2 (56 mg, 0.2 mmol), CuI (3.8 mg, 0.02 mmol), 2,2’-bipyridyl (12.5 mg, 0.08 mmol), and potassium carbonate (55.6 mg, 0.4 mmol) were mixed in benzonitrile (1.0 mL), and the mixture heated to 90 °C. After 48 h

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• Mexican group SFE plans. For the case of supercritical carbon dioxide used as an extraction solvent, the main drawback is that industrial carbon dioxide is classified as originating from a non-renewable mineral resource (mainly calcium carbonate) and that the mass ratio of sCO2 solvent to vanilla beans is

Hierarchically assembled helicates as reaction platform – from stoichiometric Diels–Alder reactions to enamine catalysis

• David Van Craen,
• Jenny Begall,
• Johannes Großkurth,
• Leonard Himmel,
• Oliver Linnenberg,
• Elisabeth Isaak and
• Markus Albrecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.195

• ]. Catechol ligands L-H2 with an ester functionality in the 3-position were prepared via conversion of the acid chloride of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid to the corresponding esters. These ligands underwent a complexation with titanoyl(IV) bisacetylacetonate and lithium carbonate initially forming a mononuclear