Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

C–H Trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehyde hydrazones

• Victor Levet,
• Balu Ramesh,
• Congyang Wang and
• Tatiana Besset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2883–2890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.242

• towards trifluoromethylthiolated hydrazones will be the direct C–H functionalization of the corresponding aldehyde hydrazone, an uncharted transformation to date. Forging a C–S bond by the direct C–H-bond functionalization of hydrazones is still underdeveloped. Except for transformations leading to the

Direct C2–H alkylation of indoles driven by the photochemical activity of halogen-bonded complexes

• Martina Mamone,
• Giuseppe Gentile,
• Jacopo Dosso,
• Maurizio Prato and
• Giacomo Filippini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 575–581, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.42

• tool to guide the development of greener and more convenient synthetic protocols [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In this context, photochemical approaches based on electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes have been successfully exploited to drive the direct C–H functionalization of a large number of organic

1,4-Dithianes: attractive C2-building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecular architectures

• Bram Ryckaert,
• Ellen Demeyere,
• Frederick Degroote,
• Hilde Janssens and
• Johan M. Winne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 115–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.12

• ][57]. Stereoselective 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-based synthesis of cis-olefins [42][58]. Addition to aldehydes and applications in stereoselective synthesis. Direct C–H functionalization methods for 1,4-dithianes [82][83]. Known cycloaddition reactivity modes of allyl cations [84][85][86][87][88][89][90

Recent advances in the asymmetric phosphoric acid-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral compounds

• Alemayehu Gashaw Woldegiorgis and
• Xufeng Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2729–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.185

• phosphoric acid-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral compounds and to suggest that much more attention should be paid to these catalysts in order to promote asymmetric synthesis. Review 1. Enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric biaryls Direct C–H functionalization strategies for the atroposelective

When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis

• Lucas Guillemard and
• Joanna Wencel-Delord

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147

• [91]. In this context, great advances were also recently achieved in the field of direct C–H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Persistent improvements enabled the development of innovative flow techniques, encompassing large-scale photochemical procedures, which were successfully

• a mild and efficient protocol for the remote C4–H sulfonylation of 1-naphthylamine derivatives with sodium sulfinates in the presence of K2S2O8 as the oxidant (Figure 35) [99]. This strategy was based on the use of a bidentate picolinamide DG promoting the direct C–H functionalization of the

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• direct activation of the ß-C–H bond [109]. However, organic dyes have not yet been broadly applied for such transformations. Charged aryl radical species Arene radical cations are valuable intermediates that enable the direct C–H functionalization of the aromatic species. They can be accessed through the

Diversity-oriented synthesis of 17-spirosteroids

• Benjamin Laroche,
• Thomas Bouvarel,
• Martin Louis-Sylvestre and
• Bastien Nay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 880–887, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.79

• accessible biologically relevant materials. This second strategy can take benefit of existing functional groups on the substrate, or rely on direct C–H functionalization [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Taking steroids as an example of highly targeted privileged structures, numerous

Photocatalytic deaminative benzylation and alkylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines with N-alkylpyrydinium salts

• David Schönbauer,
• Carlo Sambiagio,
• Timothy Noël and
• Michael Schnürch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 809–817, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.74

• (sp3) coupling; deaminative coupling; Katritzky salt; photoredox catalysis; Introduction The selective formation of new carbon–carbon bonds via direct C–H functionalization bears the potential of being a process of high efficiency [1][2][3]. Since C–H bonds are omnipresent in organic compounds it is

Regioselectively α- and β-alkynylated BODIPY dyes via gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization and their photophysical properties

• Takahide Shimada,
• Shigeki Mori,
• Masatoshi Ishida and
• Hiroyuki Furuta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.53

• -materials. Keywords: alkynylation; BODIPY; direct C–H functionalization; gold(I); Introduction Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY, 1) and its derivatives are representative families of fluorophores that have been widely used in applications for bioimaging [1][2][3][4][5][6], photodynamic therapy [7][8][9][10

• the synthesis of ethynyl-substituted BODIPY derivatives 3–6 by gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization (Figure 1c). By taking advantage of the reactivity of β-(2 and 6)-positions of BODIPY (1), which are susceptible to electrophilic reactions, β,β'-diethynyl-substituted BODIPYs 5 and 6 were

• 5a and 6a agreed with the fact that the photoexcited dynamics of β-substituted BODIPYs intend to the rapid decay with structural relaxation. Conclusion In summary, we have synthesized novel regioselectively alkynylated BODIPY derivatives via a gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization with TIPS

Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of benzoquinone-based donor–acceptor compounds

• Daniel R. Sutherland,
• Nidhi Sharma,
• Georgina M. Rosair,
• Ifor D. W. Samuel,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2914–2921, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.285

• arylboronic acids are readily accessible, we envisaged that our Pd-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization method would be ideal for attempting a facile and direct route to a series of novel substituted benzoquinone-based charge-transfer derivatives, with the aim of exploring their electroluminescent (EL

• compounds (Figure 1), with the aim of exploring their optoelectronic properties. Results and Discussion Synthesis We initiated our studies by synthesizing monofunctionalized donor–acceptor compounds 2–4, using the Pd(II)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization method described below (Scheme 2). To our

• compare the monofunctionalized BQ 2 with a difunctionalized analogue, 5 was also prepared for our investigation. As 2,5-difunctionalized BQs with electron-donating groups are not accessible via the Pd(II)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization method utilized in Scheme 2 (since the selectivity for

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

Transition metal-free oxidative and deoxygenative C–H/C–Li cross-couplings of 2H-imidazole 1-oxides with carboranyl lithium as an efficient synthetic approach to azaheterocyclic carboranes

• Lidia A. Smyshliaeva,
• Mikhail V. Varaksin,
• Pavel A. Slepukhin,
• Oleg N. Chupakhin and
• Valery N. Charushin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2618–2626, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.240

• 10.3762/bjoc.14.240 Abstract The direct C–H functionalization methodology has first been applied to perform transition metal-free C–H/C–Li cross-couplings of 2H-imidazole 1-oxides with carboranyllithium. This atom- and step-economical approach, based on one-pot reactions of nucleophilic substitution of

• . An alternative approach to exploit the C–X/C–M cross-coupling reactions, leading to heterocyclic boron clusters, is based on the C–H/C–M coupling strategy. One of the ways to realize these cross couplings is the transition metal-free methodology for direct C–H functionalization of azaheterocyclic

Learning from B₁₂ enzymes: biomimetic and bioinspired catalysts for eco-friendly organic synthesis

• Keishiro Tahara,
• Ling Pan,
• Toshikazu Ono and
• Yoshio Hisaeda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2553–2567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.232

• presence of 1 in methanol/n-Bu4NClO4 to form Co(III)–RF complexes with deiodination. These complexes released RF radicals on the Co(III)-bond cleavage through visible-light irradiation. The resultant radicals reacted with aromatic reagents to form the target products through direct C–H functionalization

Synthesis of aryl sulfides via radical–radical cross coupling of electron-rich arenes using visible light photoredox catalysis

• Amrita Das,
• Mitasree Maity,
• Simon Malcherek,
• Burkhard König and
• Julia Rehbein

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2520–2528, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.228

• reports on direct C–H functionalization using transition metals or metal free [37][38][39] conditions and different sources of sulfur, for example arylsulfonyl chlorides, sodium arylsulfinates, sulfinic acids and arylsulfonyl hydrazides have been reported (Scheme 1). However, the protocols require

Selective carboxylation of reactive benzylic C–H bonds by a hypervalent iodine(III)/inorganic bromide oxidation system

• Toshifumi Dohi,
• Shohei Ueda,
• Kosuke Iwasaki,
• Yusuke Tsunoda,
• Koji Morimoto and
• Yasuyuki Kita

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1087–1094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.94

• ), phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), and iodosobenzene, has since become a popular choice for benzylic oxidations, which further expanded the scope and availability of methods for direct C–H functionalization and several coupling reactions [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. As such, we reported

Gold-catalyzed direct alkynylation of tryptophan in peptides using TIPS-EBX

• Gergely L. Tolnai,
• Jonathan P. Brand and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 745–749, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.74

• and unfolding, or protein engineering to install more accessible cysteines, are usually required. For these reasons, it is important to develop selective alkynylation methods in order to functionalize other amino acids. The direct C–H functionalization of aromatic compounds is an attractive method for

Opportunities and challenges for direct C–H functionalization of piperazines

• Zhishi Ye,
• Kristen E. Gettys and
• Mingji Dai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 702–715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.70

The facile construction of the phthalazin-1(2H)-one scaffold via copper-mediated C–H(sp²)/C–H(sp) coupling under mild conditions

• Wei Zhu,
• Bao Wang,
• Shengbin Zhou and
• Hong Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1624–1631, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.177

• the viewpoint of practicality and feasibility, increasing attention was paid to develop cheap and easily available transition metals, such as copper, to realize direct C–H functionalization [17]. Miura and Yu successfully demonstrated a novel protocol for the direct C–H/C–H coupling with combinations

Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkenylation of cycloalkanes with arylvinyl carboxylic acids via a radical process

• Jincan Zhao,
• Hong Fang,
• Jianlin Han and
• Yi Pan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1718–1723, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.197

• excellent stereoselectivity, and only trans-isomers are obtained. Keywords: alkenylation; cycloalkanes; decarboxylative; Fe(acac)3; free radical; sp3 C–H bonds; Introduction Direct C–H functionalization has become one of the most useful and attractive tools in organic chemistry because it can construct

Aerobic radical multifunctionalization of alkenes using tert-butyl nitrite and water

• Daisuke Hirose and
• Tsuyoshi Taniguchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1713–1717, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.196

• the current work has shown that this old methodology still has a large potential. The development of other direct C–H functionalization reactions based on radical chemistry is currently on-going together with further optimization of the presented reaction in our laboratory. The effect of water in

Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds

• He Huang,
• Yu Zhou and
• Hong Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 897–936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.103

• catalytic amount of phosphite–gold(I) pre-catalyst and a silver additive. Notably, the addition is regioselective for the allene terminus, and generates (E)-allylation products 202. The direct C–H functionalization of indoles or pyrroles is an efficient method for the introduction of vinyl and aryl groups