Photoorganocatalytic trifluoromethylation of (het)arenes in green conditions

• Egor N. Boronin,
• Svetlana E. Kaurkina,
• Milena M. Svetlakova,
• Anton S. Bolshakov,
• Maxim V. Arsenyev,
• Vasilii F. Otvagin,
• Alexey Yu. Fedorov,
• Timothy Noël and
• Alexander V. Nyuchev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 662–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.50

• , Russia Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 10.3762/bjoc.22.50 Abstract A sustainable photocatalytic protocol for the trifluoromethylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The method operates under metal- and base-free

• amenable to scale-up, with continuous-flow operation delivering a significant increase in space–time yield, highlighting its potential for sustainable synthesis of CF3-containing molecules. Keywords: green chemistry; photocatalysis; photochemistry; trifluoromethylation; Introduction Trifluoromethylated

• approaches can be regarded as among the most environmentally sustainable methods for trifluoromethylation. MacMillan and co-workers reported the photochemical trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes using Ru- and Ir-based photocatalysts together with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (TfCl) in the

Hydrogen production from formic acid catalyzed by NHC–Cu complexes

• Orlando Santoro and
• Catherine S. J. Cazin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 620–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.48

• sustainable energy sources is nowadays one of biggest challenges faced by the scientific community and society. Because of its high energy content, hydrogen has been proposed as a possible solution [1][2][3][4][5]. However, the problems connected to its generation, delivery, and storage are limitations to the

Continuous-flow carbonyl hydrogenation under subatmospheric to atmospheric hydrogen pressure enabled by robust heterogeneous Pt–Fe catalysts

• Hiroyuki Miyamura,
• Ryosuke Kajiyama,
• Shun-ya Onozawa,
• Yoshihiro Kon and
• Shū Kobayashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 575–582, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.43

• ]. Recently, continuous-flow organic synthesis has attracted much attention from both academia and industry, because it offers numerous advantages, such as not only a high productivity with limited space but also realizing green sustainable syntheses minimizing required energy and resources. When

• produced by sustainable energy, because purifying and pressurizing hydrogen gas consumes large amounts of energy comparable to the energy required to generate green hydrogen [34]. We set up a continuous-flow system in which a mixture of H2 and N2 was introduced by two individually regulated mass-flow

• conditions is adaptable to sustainable chemical synthesis, minimizing energy consumption and enabling the use of green hydrogen. In addition, the newly obtained insights regarding the relationships among the Fe/Pt ratios in the catalysts, the bimetallic structure, and the resulting catalytic performance for

Modern synthetic pathways towards eribulin and its subunits

• Sebastian Dominik Graf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 495–526, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.37

• novel and sustainable, but not fundamentally improved alternative in terms of yield towards the structure of 161 (7.2% yield over 14 steps). In the same year, Nicolaou and co-workers achieved the total synthesis of halichondrin B, which included the assembly of C1–C26‘ fragment 186 (Schemes 17–19) [93

Recent advances in the cleavage of non-activated amides

• Eun-Sol Choi and
• Hyo-Jun Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 352–369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.23

• understanding of amide reactivity but also inspire the future development of broadly applicable, efficient, and environmentally sustainable strategies for amide transformation. a) Resonance structure of amide. b) Concept of twisted amides. c) Transition-metal-catalyzed activation of twisted amides. d) Concept

Arene activation via π-bond localization: concepts and opportunities

• Paul Meiners,
• Julian J. Melder and
• Tobias Morack

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 257–273, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.19

• dihapto-coordinating dearomatization agents, and the reader is directed to these for a detailed overview of the reaction classes achieved [45][46][47]. Nonetheless, a number of recent contributions based on the economically more sustainable W(0)- and Mo(0)-derived complexes have emerged that capture, with

A mild and atom-efficient four-component cascade strategy for the construction of biologically relevant 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives

• Dmitrii A. Grishin,
• Kseniia I. Sharkovskaia,
• Ilya G. Kolmakov,
• Daria A. Ipatova,
• Rostislav A. Petrov,
• Nikolai D. Dagaev,
• Dmitry A. Skvortsov,
• Maria G. Khrenova,
• Valeriy V. Andreychev,
• Sergei A. Evteev,
• Yan A. Ivanenkov,
• Roman L. Antipin,
• Olga А. Dontsova and
• Elena K. Beloglazkina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 244–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.18

• conditions. Subsequent transformations afford isopropyl and cyclohexyl analogues via hydrolysis–esterification. A preliminary biological evaluation revealed low cytotoxicity and modest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ΔtolC strains. This sustainable synthetic approach constitutes the first

• , enabling the one-pot combination of three or more reactants to form multiple bonds in a single step [4][5][6][7][8]. This approach not only facilitates the rapid assembly of structurally complex and functionally diverse molecules, but also aligns with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry

• hydrolysis and esterification protocols. This concise and sustainable strategy offers a valuable platform for accessing medicinally relevant quinolinone scaffolds and holds promise for the development of bioactive compounds featuring this privileged core. Although significant antibacterial activity was not

Synthesis of diaryl phosphates using phytic acid as a phosphorus source

• Kazuya Asao,
• Seika Matsumoto,
• Haruka Mori,
• Riku Yoshimura,
• Takeshi Sasaki,
• Naoya Hirata,
• Yasuyuki Hayakawa and
• Shin-ichi Kawaguchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 213–223, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.15

• esterification with alcohols using sustainable biomass-derived phytic acid as a phosphorus source (Figure 2E). This approach can facilitate the development of environmentally friendly phosphate ester production as well as phosphorus recovery and recycling techniques. To date, the preparation of phosphate esters

Screwing the helical chirality through terminal peri-functionalization

• Devesh Chandra,
• Sachin and
• Upendra Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 205–212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.14

• approaches have been developed for the synthesis of chiral helical molecules and the most prevalent approaches include cycloaddition reactions [24], ring extensions [25], and related approaches [26][27]. However, some parallel and more sustainable approaches have emerged in recent years and C–H

Base-promoted deacylation of 2-acetyl-2,5-dihydrothiophenes and their oxygen-mediated hydroxylation

• Vladimir G. Ilkin,
• Margarita Likhacheva,
• Igor V. Trushkov,
• Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
• Vera S. Berseneva,
• Vladimir T. Abaev,
• Wim Dehaen and
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 192–204, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.13

• Sciences, 47 Leninsky ave., Moscow 119991, Russia North-Ossetian State University, 46 Vatutina st., Vladikavkaz 362025, Russia North Caucasus Federal University, 1 Pushkin st., Stavropol 355009, Russia Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F

Sustainable electrochemical synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds employing ammonium dinitramide and their in vitro evaluation as potential nitric oxide donors and fungicides

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Nikita E. Leonov,
• Michael S. Klenov,
• Andrey A. Kulikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Timofey A. Kudryashev,
• Aleksandr M. Churakov,
• Alexander O. Terent’ev and
• Vladimir A. Tartakovsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2739–2754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.211

• -nitrosocyclohexane (S6) we observed products of N=N coupling with ammonium dinitramide. Presumably, the presence of a strong electron-withdrawing group prevents further oxidation of the NO group prior to the oxidation of ADN. Herein, we report a green and sustainable electrochemical coupling of aliphatic nitroso

• -NNO-azoxy compounds from nitrosoalkanes with electron-withdrawing groups using ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was developed. One of the key features of the sustainable design of discovered process is the usage of ADN as both an electrolyte and a reagent. The proposed approach is operationally simple and

Visible-light-driven NHC and organophotoredox dual catalysis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds

• Vasudevan Dhayalan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2584–2603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.200

• carbonyl compounds and pharmaceutically relevant intermediates. Moreover, this catalytic system operates under green and sustainable conditions, tolerating a broad range of functional groups and substrate scope, and utilizes low-cost, atom-economical, non-toxic starting materials. Keywords: dual catalysis

• ][2][3][4][5][6]. Recently developed photocatalysis affords sustainable, regioselective green methods for producing a wide range of functionalized carbonyl compounds and their related bioactive chiral intermediates under mild conditions, employing dual organic photoredox catalysis [7][8][9][10][11

• continued integration of this versatile photocatalytic platform with sustainable methods such as visible-light harvesting and the use of earth-abundant catalysts is expected to further enhance its impact across diverse research fields, including chemical biology, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers

Transformation of the cyclohexane ring to the cyclopentane fragment of biologically active compounds

• Natalya Akhmetdinova,
• Ilgiz Biktagirov and
• Liliya Kh. Faizullina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2416–2446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.185

• of reactivity, they are environmentally sustainable alternatives to heavy metals. The advantage of hypervalent catalytic systems based on iodine lies in their reusability [63]. The oxidative contraction of the tetralone cycle 117 depended on the stoichiometric amounts of iodine(III)-based chiral

The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

• Ayhan Yıldırım and
• Mustafa Göker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184

• attracted attention as a potential alternative to conventional organic solvents on account of its environmentally friendly properties. The material is biodegradable, non-toxic and derived from renewable resources, thus making it a sustainable choice for a variety of applications. The primary benefit of this

Enantioselective radical chemistry: a bright future ahead

• Anna C. Renner,
• Sagar S. Thorat,
• Hariharaputhiran Subramanian and
• Mukund P. Sibi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2283–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.174

• ) should enable the development of methodologies that expand radical transformations to a larger number of substrates in green and sustainable ways. Nickel is an earth-abundant transition metal that has been used in several organic transformations [49][50][51][52]. Chiral nickel catalysts have been

• quenching, in some cases involving radical–polar crossover processes. The photoredox catalysts used in most of the synergistic catalysis are Ir and Ru-based systems that are expensive and less readily available. This limitation can be overcome by developing green and sustainable organophotoredox systems

• . The use of more sustainable photoredox catalysts – organic molecules or complexes of earth-abundant metals – is a key endeavor toward decreasing reliance on the iridium and ruthenium complexes commonly employed in photoredox methods. As a whole, asymmetric radical chemistry offers significant utility

Pathway economy in cyclization of 1,n-enynes

• Hezhen Han,
• Wenjie Mao,
• Bin Lin,
• Maosheng Cheng,
• Lu Yang and
• Yongxiang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2260–2282, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.173

• substrate class. Through mechanistic-guided modulation of catalysts, solvents, ligands, and angle strain, this approach achieves unprecedented reaction pathway control while demonstrating superior temporal and step efficiency compared to conventional methods. The work establishes a sustainable framework for

• conceptual framework and innovative applications of pathway economy in the cyclization chemistry of 1,n-enynes. The strategic integration of pathway economy principles not only redefines reaction design paradigms but also establishes a sustainable platform for precision organic synthesis. By judiciously

• accelerating reaction optimization. Furthermore, expanding this concept to other reaction manifolds – such as electrocyclic processes and photoredox catalysis – may uncover new avenues for molecular innovation. The pursuit of pathway-economical synthesis represents a paradigm shift toward sustainable and

Electrochemical cyclization of alkynes to construct five-membered nitrogen-heterocyclic rings

• Lifen Peng,
• Ting Wang,
• Zhiwen Yuan,
• Bin Li,
• Zilong Tang,
• Xirong Liu,
• Hui Li,
• Guofang Jiang,
• Chunling Zeng,
• Henry N. C. Wong and
• Xiao-Shui Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2173–2201, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.166

• Sindhu in 2022 [98] and sustainable syntheses of heterocycles from alkyne annulations through C–H activations were reported by Ackermann in 2024 [111]. Although few examples about the electrochemical formation of five-membered rings from alkynes were included in the above reviews [106][111], a systemic

• afforded 12a and regenerated (DMSO)nCuI. Notably, this reaction, using KI as the only additive and performing under ambient conditions in a non-volatile aqueous solvent, was a simple, selective, efficient and sustainable electrosynthesis of indole derivatives. 3-Selenylindoles were also formed by

• sustainable strategy for the preparation of 3-selenylindoles. In 2023, Satyanarayana also described a similar electrochemical cascade approach towards 3-selenylindoles from 2-alkynylanilines (Scheme 6) [202]. When graphite was used as anode, platinum as cathode and LiClO4 as electrolyte, the electrochemical

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• : aldehydes; biobased chemistry; biomass; carbonyl; fine chemicals; ketones; multicomponent; platforms; sustainability; Introduction Shifting towards sustainable practices in the chemical industry relies on continued advancement of green chemistry sciences which aim to minimize the global environmental

• impact while maintaining the efficiency of the chemical processes [1]. Green Chemistry principles outlined by Anastas and Warner in their work “Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice (2000)” [2] notably highlight atom economy, waste minimization and the use of renewable feedstock as pillars of sustainable

• dedicated to the conversion of biomass-derived platform molecules [10][11]. Recent studies have also highlighted the potential of biobased aromatic compounds as sustainable alternatives to their fossil-derived counterparts [12][13][14][15]. Developing biobased solvents [16][17] and platform chemicals from

Understanding the origin of stereoselectivity in the photochemical denitrogenation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene and its derivatives with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics

• Leticia A. Gomes and
• Steven A. Lopez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2007–2020, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.156

• ; stereoselectivity; Introduction Photochemical reactions utilize light as a sustainable energy source and are considered to be ‘green’ reactions [1][2]. Organic chromophores absorb light, accessing higher-lying excited state(s) that exhibit distinct reactivities, leading to bond breaking and formation, irreversibly

Stereoselective electrochemical intramolecular imino-pinacol reaction: a straightforward entry to enantiopure piperazines

• Margherita Gazzotti,
• Fabrizio Medici,
• Valerio Chiroli,
• Laura Raimondi,
• Sergio Rossi and
• Maurizio Benaglia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.147

• -pinacol coupling reaction are efficient, they often require more than stoichiometric amounts of metal reductants and produce significant quantities of metal waste, which in some cases can present considerable environmental and safety concerns. To mitigate this issue, more sustainable approaches, such as

• sustainable alternative; however, unfortunately, the electrochemical application is limited to only a few examples (Scheme 3). The electroreductive coupling of imines was first reported in the early 20th century by Law [42]. However, this initial method led to the formation of vicinal diamines with low to

• scaffolds that are commonly used as chiral ligands. In this context we report the development of a more sustainable method – which avoids the use of lead bromide or lead electrodes – employing an undivided cell with two glassy carbon electrodes for the electroreductive intramolecular coupling of aromatic

Fe-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 2,4- and 4-substituted quinolines via C(sp²)–C(sp²) bond scission of styrenes

• Prafull A. Jagtap,
• Manish M. Petkar,
• Vaishnavi R. Sawant and
• Bhalchandra M. Bhanage

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1799–1807, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.142

• light of climate change and the ongoing energy crisis, there is an urgent need to reform energy and chemical production by prioritizing environmentally sustainable methods that are both practical and broadly implementable. Styrenes are industrially important bulk chemicals [39], with an estimated global

• biocatalysts, as well as enzymatic processes. Among these, molecular oxygen stands out as a greener and more sustainable oxidant due to its natural abundance, low cost, and environmentally friendly properties, making it an appealing option for both academic research and industrial applications. Recently, some

Approaches to stereoselective 1,1'-glycosylation

• Daniele Zucchetta and
• Alla Zamyatina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1700–1718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.133

• Daniele Zucchetta Alla Zamyatina Department of Natural Sciences and Sustainable Resources, Institute of Organic Chemistry, BOKU University, 1190 Vienna, Austria 10.3762/bjoc.21.133 Abstract Nonreducing disaccharides are prevalent in non-mammalian glycans and glycolipids, serving as pivotal

Continuous-flow-enabled intensification in nitration processes: a review of technological developments and practical applications over the past decade

• Feng Zhou,
• Chuansong Duanmu,
• Yanxing Li,
• Jin Li,
• Haiqing Xu,
• Pan Wang and
• Kai Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1678–1699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.132

• requirements, and environmental considerations, with modern trends emphasizing the development of sustainable, recyclable solvent systems that minimize waste generation and energy consumption. Reactor forms: In continuous-flow nitration applications, tubular reactors (53%) and chip reactors (36%) are

Calcium waste as a catalyst in the transesterification for demanding esters: scalability perspective

• Anton N. Potorochenko and
• Konstantin S. Rodygin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1520–1527, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.114

• catalyst loadings from 1 wt % to 5 wt %. The CS600 catalyst was reused in 5 reaction cycles and the yield of ester 5a after the 5th reaction cycle was 89%. These results highlight the promise of carbide slag as a sustainable and affordable catalyst for the production of various valuable esters. The use of

• industrial wastes not only contributes to reducing environmental impact, but also provides new opportunities for the development of sustainable synthetic methods in the chemical industry. Further research can be focused on optimizing the process and exploring the applicability of this catalyst in other

Copper catalysis: a constantly evolving field

• Elena Fernández and
• Jaesook Yun

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1477–1479, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.109

• , decarboxylative functionalizations, and Chan–Lam coupling reactions. In doing so, the authors point out the combination of transition-metal catalysis and electrochemistry as an efficient, sustainable method for the oftentimes challenging formation of C–C and C–heteroatom bonds in complex molecules. Another Review