Nonequilibrium Kondo effect in a graphene-coupled quantum dot in the presence of a magnetic field

• Levente Máthé and
• Ioan Grosu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 225–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.17

• transport phenomena in a quantum dot coupled to pure monolayer graphene electrodes under external magnetic fields for finite on-site Coulomb interaction. The system is described by the pseudogap Anderson Hamiltonian. We use the equation of motion technique to determine the retarded Green’s function of the

• value even at the Dirac point. The influence of the on-site Coulomb interaction and the magnetic field on the transport properties of the system shows a tendency similar to the previous results obtained for quantum dots connected to metallic electrodes. Most remarkably, we find that the Kondo resonance

• be realized by a molecular junction or a single quantum dot (QD) or many QDs in a particular arrangement coupled to charge reservoirs by metallic [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], ferromagnetic [32][33][34][35] or graphene electrodes [36][37][38

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• Alpha dielectric spectrometer supplied by Novocontrol Technologies GmbH. A BDS-1200 parallel-plate capacitor with two gold-plated electrodes was used as a test cell for the samples and provided by Novocontrol Technologies. The diameter and thickness of the samples was 20 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. All

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• hybrid systems such as batteries [6], electrodes [7] and photodetectors [8]. In 1958, Hummer and Offeman developed a chemical method to synthesize graphene oxide by acid treatment of graphite [9]. The graphene oxide thus obtained contains oxygen functional groups (–CO–, –COC–) on the surface and edges of

• , suggesting that the samples have ideal capacitor characteristics. However, the H-rGO sample shows a higher current density and hence a higher specific capacitance than rGO. The calculated specific capacitance values from the CV of the rGO and H-rGO electrodes at 5 mV·s−1 are 7 (not shown) and 139 F·g−1

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• use. The electrochemical deposition of antimony at the Au electrode was done in 0.25 mM Sb2O3 (99.999%, Aldrich) and 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. A Au(111) electrode and an antimony-modified Au(111) electrode were used as working electrodes for Mg deposition measurements. Magnesium foil was used as a

• cannot again be deoxidized in the potential range and time scale of the experiment. Figure 2 shows the cyclic voltammograms of Sb species on Au(111) electrodes which was induced by immersing the electrode surface into the Sb-containing electrolyte for 1, 3 and 5 min at open circuit potential in 0.1 M

• . Magnesium deposition/dissolution on Au(111) with Sb-modified electrodes was investigated in MACC. Interestingly, at the Sb-modified Au electrode, a cathodic peak appears at 400 mV more positive than the onset potential of bulk deposition at the Au electrode. We propose that this potential shift is due to

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• ). Fabrication and sensing test of gas sensors The hollow spheres of pure ZnFe2O4 or ZnFe2O4/rGO powder were mixed with deionized water to obtain a paste, which was then manually uniformly coated onto an Al2O3 ceramic plate (C-MAC Micro Technology Company, Belgium) equipped with heating electrodes (Pt) and gold

• electrodes (Au) to fabricate sensing films. Subsequently, the sensors were dried at 120 °C for 12 h, and after further aging for 24 h at 180 °C, a series of ZnFe2O4/rGO gas sensors (different mass content of rGO: 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 wt %) were obtained. Figure 1 is the schematic image of an electric

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• conductive network [14][15][16]. Ag NWs are a promising material for flexible transparent electrodes [17]. Plasmon propagation and the optical properties of Ag and Au NWs make them attractive for nanophotonics as waveguides for visible light [18][19][20][21][22][23]. In all these applications, NWs may

Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers

• Zhihua Fu,
• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Alexander Welle,
• Asif Bashir,
• Michael Rohwerder,
• Qiang Zhang,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2449–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.235

• of charge carriers has been observed in field-effect transistors (FET) made from this compound [32]. Anthracene-2-thiol, obtained by functionalization of anthracene with a thiol group, was used to fabricate SAMs on the top of Au bottom electrodes, which resulted in a beneficial effect on the

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• +–halide–organic molecule is formed that allows a charge transfer between the metal surface and the molecule leading to a resonant Raman scattering effect [6][7][8]. Evidence for surface complexes were provided by several SERS experiments on silver electrodes [3][8], but also on colloidal silver

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• construction of other high-performance metal disulfide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Keywords: annealing; double modification; high-performance electrodes; lithium–sulfur battery; molybdenum disulfide (MoS2); reduced graphene oxide (rGO); Introduction Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have

• (3 mL) as the adsorbents. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra of these diluted solutions were collected using a Shimadzu UV 2550 spectrophotometer. Cell assembly and electrochemical measurements The working electrodes were prepared by casting a slurry of 80 wt % active materials (MoS2-S

• , C-MoS2/rGO-S, C-MoS2/rGO-4-S, C-MoS2/rGO-6-S, C-MoS2/rGO-8-S), 10 wt % acetylene black and 10 wt % polyvinylidene fiuoride (PVDF) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) on an Al foil current collector. Then, the electrodes were dried in vacuum at 60 °C for 12 h. The electrode was manufactured in a coin

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) [9][12][13], as electron acceptors or donors in inorganic or hybrid solar cells [10][14][15][16][17] and as second electron acceptors in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) [18]. An iron pyrite thin film used as a counter electrode showed a conversion efficiency

• ) (PTB7) blended with [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) have shown PCEs of >2% and >7%, respectively, with standard electrodes (Al, Ag) deposited through a high-vacuum evaporation process [26][27][28][29]. In our previous work [30][31][32][33], we used the eutectic Field’s metal (FM) as

• OPV active layer, the harvesting solar energy is usually enhanced as well as the charge transport and the charge collection behavior at the electrodes, and in some cases, also the lifetime stability is increased. However, such effects depend on the type of the third compound and its concentration in

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• , Chongqing, 400715, China 10.3762/bjnano.10.215 Abstract Electrodes with high conductivity and flexibility are crucial to the development of flexible lithium-ion batteries. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane materials were prepared through electrospinning and directly

• used as self-standing electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The structure and morphology of the fibers, and the electrochemical performance of the electrodes and the full battery were characterized. The results show that the LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes exhibit good rate and cycle

• performance. In particular, the all-fiber-based gel-state battery composed of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes can be charged/discharged for 800 cycles at 1C with a retention capacity of more than 100 mAh·g−1 and a coulombic efficiency close to 100%. The good electrochemical performance is

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• ratio (active materials) of the two electrodes was determined by Equation 3 [23]: Where C+ and C− (mAh·g−1) are the mass-specific capacity of the Ni1−xCoxS2 and AC, respectively. The mass ratio was calculated of the Ni1−xCoxS2 to AC as 1:7. Energy density E (Wh·kg−1) and power density P (W·kg−1) of ASCs

• were calculated according to Equation 4 and Equation 5 [24]: ΔV (V) and Δt (s) represent the potential range and the discharging period of the ASC, respectively. The capacitance Cm (F·g−1) is specific capacitance based on the mass loading of active materials in both electrodes. Results and Discussion

• higher conductivity of the sulfide material [39]. Another critical parameter of supercapacitor electrodes is cycling stability. It can be seen from Figure 3d that the capacity increased in the first 50 cycles, which can be due to the wetting process of the electrode in the electrolyte [40]. After a total

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• -SPCE consists of eight working electrodes, reference and counter electrodes. On the working electrodes, magnetic nanoparticles with secondary antibodies with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase were immobilized for the indirect detection of PSA in a sandwich-type procedure. Under optimal conditions, the

• ; nanoarchitectonics; information visualization; sandwich-type immunosensors; screen-printed electrodes; Introduction The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) used in clinical diagnosis is present in normal prostatic secretions, but its concentration is often elevated in prostate cancer patients. In spite of its lack of

• carbon electrodes (INμ-SPCEs) showed limits of detection of 0.23 pg·mL−1 for PSA and 0.30 pg·mL−1 for IL-6, measured in the serum of prostate cancer patients [26]. Immunosensors to detect PSA include magnetic nanoparticles modified with gold [27], nitrodopamine functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles [3

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• detection using clay materials intercalated with silacrown ethers, dimethylsila-14-crown-5 and dimethylsila-17-crown-6 [93]. The nanoengineered montmorillonite-based intercalation materials were included in poly(vinyl chloride)-based electrodes for potentiometric sensors towards alkali-metal ions in

• solution. Ultrasensitive sensors for mercury ions were prepared by Li et al. who engineered suspended atomically thin black phosphorus between the source and drain electrodes [94]. Due to the avoidance of substrate scattering, the sensors with bridged black phosphorus exhibit a much improved signal-to

• . The biocompatible nature of these nanoarchitectures is advantageous to favorably interface the bio-tissues and device electrodes. The dynamic motion of a living heart can be sensitively monitored without mechanical interference. This enables the direct evaluation of epicardial electrocardiogram

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• these two electrodes delivers a high energy density of 63.3 Wh·kg−1 at 1.6 kW·kg−1 and retains 83% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. These results demonstrate that our simple aqueous reduction method to combine CNT and metal oxides reveals an exciting future in constructing high-performance

• cathode were prepared. CNTs significantly improved the conductivity and enhanced the capacity of Fe2O3 up to 226 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1, and capacity of NiO to 527 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1. Furthermore, by assembling the two electrodes, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with a high energy density of 63.3 Wh·kg−1

• membrane (140 μm thick) as the separator. To assemble the device with the best performance, charge balance between the positive and negative electrodes were considered by adjusting the mass loading of the active materials and verified by the areal ratio of CV at the same scan rate of 20 mV·s−1 (Supporting

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• ], corrosion-resistant coatings [3][4], optically transparent conductive electrodes [5], contact devices [6], Li-storage materials [7], and as selective absorbers in solar thermal energy conversion [8]. Moreover, a number of nickel-containing alloys exploit the ferromagnetic properties of nickel such as NiTi

Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe₂ 2D materials

• Qiankun Zhang,
• Rongjie Zhang,
• Jiancui Chen,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Chunhua An,
• Xiaodong Hu,
• Mingli Dong,
• Jing Liu and
• Lianqing Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1745–1753, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.170

• with twelve electrodes was used to distinguish the different wavelengths in the visible spectrum, demonstrating that 1T’-WTe2 shows promising application as an anisotropic photodetector. Results and Discussion Characterization of 1T’- WTe2 Figure 1a shows the typical orthorhombic crystalline structure

• optical microscope. This was followed by e-beam lithography and lift-off processing, where 12 electrodes (20 nm Gr/40 nm Au) were fabricated on the same 1T’-WTe2 flake spaced at an angle of 30° along a chosen reference direction (0°) as shown in Figure 3a. Two strategies were taken to ensure consistent

• contact resistance: 1) samples with uniform thickness were selected for device fabrication under the microscope; 2) a constant angular velocity (10 rpm) was kept when we evaporated electrodes onto the samples. To perform the angle-resolved DC conductance measurements, a fixed electrode was chosen and

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• reaction site or catalytic center in graphite is by doping it with heteroatoms such as B, N, or P. The heteroatom perturbs the electronic structure of the graphite layer subjected to doping, leading to enhanced polarization [14]. N-doped carbon-based electrodes have been successfully tested in VRFBs. For

• especially on the positive electrode as it experiences a relatively higher potential. In fact, Derr et al. have observed an increase in the amount of functional groups on the surface of both negative and positive carbon felt electrodes after prolonged cycling [9]. Given that a higher potential is favorable

• -treated electrode is higher than that with the heat-treated electrode. Therefore, for achieving the optimum VRFB performance, the electrodes, especially the anode, must be tuned for defects such as N-substitution as well as oxygen functionality (specifically –O–C=O groups). The present study predicts that

Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning

• Maxim V. Gorkunov,
• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alena V. Mamonova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1691–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.164

• display-quality glass substrates covered with ca. 150 nm thin transparent ITO electrodes. Polyimide (PI) is deposited onto the substrates by a conventional routine combining a precursor spin-coating and annealing at 190 °C for 1 h, which produces a mechanically robust PI layer of 10–20 nm thickness. Next

Giant magnetoresistance ratio in a current-perpendicular-to-plane spin valve based on an inverse Heusler alloy Ti₂NiAl

• Yu Feng,
• Zhou Cui,
• Bo Wu,
• Jianwei Li,
• Hongkuan Yuan and
• Hong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1658–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.161

• largest interface spin polarization of ≈55%. Our study on spin-transport properties indicates that the total transmission coefficient at the Fermi level mainly comes from the contribution from the spin up electrons, which are regarded as the majority of the spin electrons. When the two electrodes of the

• nonmagnetic metal as a spacer that is sandwiched between two ferromagnetic materials. It can produce two distinct states: a low-resistance state, when two electrodes are in parallel magnetization configuration, and a high-resistance state, when they are in antiparallel magnetization configuration. Half

• . A two magnetization configuration is considered, thus the two electrodes of the device are in parallel magnetization configuration (PC) and in antiparallel magnetization configuration (APC). The spin-dependent electron transmission curves of spin up and spin down channels of the device with

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• materials that were applied in supercapacitor electrodes. In detail, a mechanochemical solvent-free one-pot synthesis is used and combined with a thermal treatment. Polyurethane is an ideal precursor already containing nitrogen in its backbone, yielding nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials with N content

• values of 1–8 wt %, high specific surface area values of up to 2150 m2·g−1 (at a N content of 1.6 wt %) and large pore volume values of up to 0.9 cm3·g−1. The materials were tested as electrodes for supercapacitors in aqueous 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte (100 F·g−1), organic 1 M TEA-BF4 (ACN, 83 F·g−1) and

• carbon materials can be functionalized with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, which was reported to affect the electrical conductivity [39][40][41][42], the energy storage capacity, and the wettability of the electrodes with electrolyte [43][44][45]. Commonly, nitrogen is inserted into the carbon framework

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• to the formation of d2 electrons. Hence, TiO is a d-band conductor with a room temperature conductivity of 3500 Ω−1 cm−1, which slowly decreases with temperature [18]. There is a growing interest in such metallic oxides, not only as oxide electrodes but also in medicine, since reduced TiO

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• with platinum interdigitated electrodes. An excellent sensor capability for H2 gas in humid air at room temperature was observed for a film of 10 layers of the aligned one-dimensional W18O49 nanowires. Various additional techniques to fabricate two-dimensional structures have been proposed. Advincula

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• , resulting in significant improvements of the quality of the ITO films that are commonly used as conductive transparent electrodes for photovoltaic structures. Starting from a single sintered target (purity 99.95%), ITO thin films of predefined thickness (230 nm, 300 nm and 370 nm) were deposited at room

• treatment in an open atmosphere. Such films could be used to manufacture transparent contact electrodes for solar cells. Keywords: conductive transparent electrodes; indium tin oxide (ITO) films; optical properties; radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (rfMS); rapid thermal annealing (RTA); Introduction

• Thin oxide films, used as contact electrodes [1][2][3][4], are considered to be important components of photovoltaic cells [5][6]. As an electrode candidate for solar cells, an ITO film [7][8] must present excellent optical and electrical properties for increased energy generation. At this time, the

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• 200 μg·cm−2). A reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a glassy carbon plate were employed as reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The electrolyte was a 0.5 M solution of H2SO4 in deionized water. Prior to the measurements, dissolved oxygen in the acid solution was purged by bubbling