Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• results were observed in Formulation Tests 2 and 3. The release of DCS for these two formulations was 0.24% and 0.36% after 24 h, respectively. Furthermore, in the Formulation Tests 2 and 3, two separate layers were observed from the residual solutions in the donor compartment. In summary, both the DCS

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• the two magnetic layers. Common knowledge suggests that this spin valve effect, which is due to the S/F proximity effect, is most pronounced in the case of perfect metallic contacts at the interfaces. Nevertheless, in our structures with intentionally deteriorated interfaces, we observed a significant

• full spin valve effect. A shift of the superconducting transition temperature Tc by switching the mutual orientation of the magnetizations of the two ferromagnetic Co layers from antiparallel to parallel amounted to ΔTc = 0.2 K at the optimal thickness of the superconducting Pb layer. Our findings

• superconducting spin valves. Keywords: ferromagnet; insulator layers; proximity effect; superconducting spin-valve; superconductor; Introduction Models and specific realizations of the superconducting spin valve (SSV) have been the subject of intensive research over the past 25 years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• diffusion rate of adsorbed contamination is known to be enhanced by the presence of water layers [21]. But since the relevant quantities are hard to measure, the diffusion rate has not been included in the model, nor have some other factors such as scattering, porosity, and secondary etch product reactions

• of the chamber and other open surfaces. Additionally, on letting in water after deposition, the contamination level was found to be higher. This is consistent with reports of increased diffusion of hydrocarbons in the presence of adsorbed water layers. Therefore, to maintain clean working conditions

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted electrodeposition has attracted wide interest because of its low cost as well as high flexibility on tailoring the magnetic properties of magnetic systems and thus STT effects [8][9][10][11][12]. Moreover, it enables a larger number of free layers, whose magnetization

• can be flipped by STT [10] in one nanowire [9][11]. Comparing with the classical trilayer system (including one hard layer with fixed magnetization, one free layer, and one nonmagnetic spacer layer in between) [10], the presence of more free layers enhances, for example, the magnetoresistance (MR) [7

• ][13] and ferromagnetic resonance modes [14][15]. Meanwhile it has been shown that it might also lead to sequential flipping of different free layers, which, on the one hand, increases the complexity of the STT effects [16] and, on the other hand, expands its applications [5]. In this work, we present

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• stronger with the increasing number of interface gap states [52][53], this explains the comparatively higher values of RR in all annealed samples (Table 1). Thus, there exists a critical thickness (30 nm) of the NS-WOx layers in terms of effective elimination of Fermi level pinning at the interface and

• on the variation in work function with thickness for GLAD-grown WOx films in this study is valuable towards potential device applications, where work function optimization among consecutive layers is imperative. Moreover, the adopted rf sputtering technique in the present work ensures reduced surface

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD). Such samples are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm, i.e., well below the laser spot size), with possibly a distribution of thicknesses and twist angles between stacked layers. As an essential preliminary, we

• SiO2 on Si substrates. Then, we discuss the applicability of the same criteria for significantly different DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples with average thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer up to three layers. Finally, an original procedure based on the measurement of the intensity of the layer breathing

• modes is proposed to evaluate the surface coverage for each N (i.e., the ratio between the surface covered by exactly N layers and the total surface) in DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples. Keywords: molybdenum disulfide; number of layers; Raman spectroscopy; thin film; transition metal dichalcogenides

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• with a mask consisting of a 190 nm thick layer of Cr and PMMA. After the release, we strip the PMMA and Cr layers, while taking care to not break the cantilevers. The difficulties associated with using KOH lead us to prefer the dry-etch described above in step (h). Tip deposition In scanning probe

• an electron-beam deposited platinum tip on the released Si-N cantilever of one chip. The tip has total height in the range of 1–2 μm. (b) An SEM image of the reverse cone structure, deposited using multiple layers of platinum. Note the larger connection to the Nb-Ti-N thin film to the left of the tip

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• 0.15–0.18 nm and 0.42–0.48 nm away from the aluminum surface. These regions corresponded to the first and second water layers adjacent to the metal surface, respectively (as depicted in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Further examination of the ion density profiles indicated the presence of

• vertical lines indicate the positions of water and ion layers. (a) Al(100), (b) Al(110), and (c) Al(111). Minimum energy of adsorption (kBT) for each SCA on three Al fcc slabs obtained through all-atom simulations: (a) Al(100), (b) Al(110), and (c) Al(111). Notably, Al(111) exhibits a stronger binding

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• with N2. We also performed several depositions on mica, but the material was found to be unsuitable for the irradiation studies at such high fluences because of significant macroscopic ion-induced damage through cracking and flaking of the upper layers after irradiation. Therefore, in the present study

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties. Although many years have passed since its discovery, manipulating single graphene layers is still challenging using standard resist-based lithography techniques. Recently, it has been shown that it is possible to etch graphene directly in water-assisted

• formed, and they start to chemically react with graphene. There are a few possible reaction paths which could occur during this process: A first series of water FEBIE experiments have been performed on single, bi-, and triple layers of graphene in ESEM mode at a background pressure of 130 Pa, with a beam

• studies: A) optical microscopy, B) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), C) AFM, and D) correlative probe and electron microscopy (CPEM). The optical contrast of graphene placed onto SiO2/Si allows us to easily distinguish between its mono-, bi-, triple, and thicker flakes layers. The values (approx. 2.5 nm

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• G' value of DPNR/GO could be explained by thin and large surface GO layers. The GO sheet could not withstand large shearing force, causing the rubber particles to slip. The high G' value of DPNR/GO-VTES(a) and DPNR/GO-VTES(b) may be due to hard silica particles, which may contribute to higher energy

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• relations of refractive indices and extinction coefficient were investigated. The morphologies of the thin films were studied with atomic force microscopy. The chemical boundaries of the ternary layers were determined by Raman spectroscopy. Based on UPS studies, the energy diagram of the potential devices

• was determined. The resistivity of the layers was determined using impedance spectroscopy. Simulations (General-Purpose Photovoltaic Device Model) showed a performance improvement in the cells with quantum dots of 0.36–1.45% compared to those without quantum dots. Keywords: efficiency; luminescence

• -transporting layers [24], active absorbing layers, and other components [25][26]. Inorganic quantum dots are considered substitutes for fullerene acceptors. Their biggest advantages are a tunable band gap, various absorption spectra, and comparatively high mobility of carriers [27][28]. The application of

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• . Automation software was designed to terminate the anodization process at preset PAAO thickness values. While the concept was illustrated using the widely used method of anodization in a 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte with a 40 V potential, it can be readily customized for other protocols. PAAO layers with

• achieve precise optical characterization, one could employ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) with more refined division into sub-layers [26] and consider additional material properties, such as the anisotropy of PAAO [27] and the optical dispersion of the refractive index (RI) of Al2O3 [28]. However, for

• attenuate the signal at short and long wavelengths. For very thin PAAO layers (hPAAO < 200 nm), the reflectance spectra did not have significant interferometric features (i.e., Fabry–Pérot-like fringes) in the usable wavelength range of the system. Furthermore, as will be discussed later, at the initial

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• structures were examined in terms of their morphology, electrical properties, and catalytic layers in the OER process. Results and Discussion Characterisation of hydrogel-based polymer composites with dispersed catalytic and conductive particles Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of hydrogel samples

• presented in this work indicate a promising direction for further work aimed at obtaining electrocatalytic layers participating in the OER process and characterized by high efficiency, while using a simple one-step method for synthesizing a conductive hydrogel containing electrochemically active particles

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• . It can have one or multiple layers. Due to that, their size can range from 30 nm to the micrometer range [37]. As drug vehicles, they exhibit unique properties, such as protection of encapsulated compounds from physiological degradation, extended drug half-life, controlled release of the drug

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• membrane also allows for high-resolution patterning since there is less electron scattering during exposure [26]. The purpose of applying two layers of resist is to create a large undercut by using a bottom layer that is more sensitive than the top layer. This prevents the unwanted deposition of metal that

• techniques, a one-time exposure is possible with the help of high accelerating voltage during electron beam exposure. In this process, rather than doing one resist deposition and exposure after another, the layer selectivity is controlled by the electron beam dose and the sensitivity of the two layers. Only

• in the copolymer (higher sensitivity) the chain scission reaction occurs at low doses; at higher doses, both layers were exposed. The exposure scheme is given in Figure 3. The doses were chosen by considering that the copolymer is 2–3 times more sensitive than PMMA [25]. If the exposure dose is too

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• low-energy electron interaction under a variety of different conditions. Those are the gas phase [59][61] in thin layers under non-steady state conditions [57], in comparative FEBID experiments under HV and UHV conditions [60], and with respect to post-deposition purification through electron exposure

• and through reductive halogen removal using atomic hydrogen [58]. In an early study by Spencer et al. [57], 0.7 nm layers of Pt(CO)2Cl2 were exposed to 500 eV electrons and desorbing ligands were monitored by mass spectrometry, while the development of the deposit was monitored using XPS. It was found

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• , Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.14.97 Abstract Determining the conductivity of molecular layers is a crucial step in advancing towards applications in molecular

• electronics. A common test bed for fundamental investigations on how to acquire this conductivity are alkanethiol layers on gold substrates. A widely used approach in measuring the conductivity of a molecular layer is conductive atomic force microscopy. Using this method, we investigate the influence of a

• ][3] has always held a central role, as the flexibility and control over the structure of molecules is unmatched. One of the fundamental parts of devices employing a bottom-up approach combined with molecular electronics is comprised of metal electrodes and molecular layers deposited onto them. For

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• filled with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) cores of different sizes resulting in interfacial water layers with different thicknesses and therefore with tunable elasticity [38]. Semielastic particles whose Young’s moduli were around 50 mPa showed the fastest diffusion in mucus. However, harder

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• of atomic layers and the epitaxial Au-fcc(001)/Ge(001) heterojunction shown in Figure 2 (two variants of mutual positions of the slabs are presented). This simplest heterostructure can be built by setting the [110] direction of the Au crystal parallel to the [100] direction of the Ge lattice [32

• layers in the supercell. In variant T1 of the considered heterostructure, the Au atoms are at maximum distance from the Ge atoms, while in variant T2 some of the gold atoms are located on the top of Ge sites. Our preliminary calculations indicated that variant T1 is preferred, and we conducted

• tests performed to find the optimal thickness of the Au layer in the Au/Ge heterostructure with five Ge layers. The plot of the interfacial energy reveals a much weaker dependence on the number of Au layers. Values of the work of separation for the Au-fcc(001)/Ge(001) heterojunction include both the

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• have been studied from many perspectives. For example, one can mention anodes for Li-ion batteries [1], gas sensors [2], catalytic activities [3], and stable buffer [4] or base [5] layers in solar cells. More applications can be found, when SnO2 is considered as constituent of a nanostructure or a

• nanocomposite layer. ZrO2–SnO2 stacked layers have been shown to perform as mechanically elastic and magnetizable films [6]. SnO2-coated carbon nanotubes have been studied as catalysts [7] and ZnO–SnO2 as functional composite in Li-ion batteries [8]. A recent review article from 2022 lists 27 different

• distances average to less sharp XAS peaks. Because of the somewhat less shallow probe depth of XAS recorded in TEY mode (ca. 10 nm) compared to the high surface sensitivity of the recorded photoemission spectra (a few atomic layers) [41] we suggest that less completely oxidised species appear below the

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• phosphorus as a dopant. From the outset, phosphorus diffusion through hydrogenated and oxide layers was surmised to be different. In the case of similar previously performed syntheses of Si NPs with an oxide layer [21], phosphorus diffuses deep into the NP cores and distributes rather homogenously with a

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• . Typically, these systems require ultrathin layers within the nanometre scale [6]. The thickness and conformality criteria of future microelectronics devices require the development of cobalt metal films deposited by ALD. Because of the self-limiting growth process, ALD allows for the sub-nanometre control

• significant influence on the deposition behaviour. Figure 10 shows the thickness distribution of ALD layers deposited at 85 °C after 1500 cycles for different plasma pulse times as violin plot [41]. This plot shows the film thickness distribution on the wafer surface for each plasma pulse time. The results

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• layers containing MII and MIII octahedral cations connected by μ3-OH bridges that interact electrostatically with interlayer anions. Typically, LDHs can be represented by the chemical formula , where M represents cations (e.g., Mg, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Fe, or Cr) and x the metallic ratio (typically, 0.20

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• or elimination of NP targeting capability by shielding or completely covering relevant functional groups. To block the adhesion of corona proteins on NP surfaces, various strategies have been established using surface barrier layers, such as polymer, protein, or biomimetic coatings, with the ultimate