Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

• Jiangfei Chen,
• Yi-Lin Qu,
• Ming Yuan,
• Xiang-Mei Wu,
• Heng-Pei Jiang,
• Ying Fu and
• Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species

• Minjae Kim,
• Gwanggyun Kim,
• Doyoon Kim,
• Jun Hee Lee and
• Seung Hwan Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51

• conditions render this method attractive for constructing complex chiral molecular architectures. A plausible mechanistic pathway for this cascade asymmetric hydroboration and hydroallylation of alkynes was proposed based on a series of control experiments, including deuterium-labeling experiments and DFT

• interactions and enhanced electronic stabilization through lithium coordination. This explains the critical role of lithium in achieving a high enantioselectivity. Isotope-labeling experiments using 10B-enriched 1,1-diborylalkanes (S)-49 further supported this mechanism, showing a stereoinvertive

Copper-catalyzed yne-allylic substitutions: concept and recent developments

• Shuang Yang and
• Xinqiang Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2739–2775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.232

• , 50a–l) axial chirality in remarkable enantiopurities. Mechanistic studies and deuterium labeling experiments have revealed that the reaction proceeds in a stepwise manner without involving a 1,5-H migration process. Based on these findings, the authors have proposed a mechanism wherein the

Confirmation of the stereochemistry of spiroviolene

• Yao Kong,
• Yuanning Liu,
• Kaibiao Wang,
• Tao Wang,
• Chen Wang,
• Ben Ai,
• Hongli Jia,
• Guohui Pan,
• Min Yin and
• Zhengren Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 852–858, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.77

• isotope labeling experiments [6], followed by a 2,7-cyclization, afforded C6 cationic intermediate IM-3 with cyclopiane skeleton. Quench of the cation IM-3 with water would give 4, while upon two 1,2-alkyl shifts of IM-3, followed by deprotonation of cation IM-4, would give spiroviolene (1). On the other

• ][20], and fusaterpenol (8, GJ1012E) [17]. A similar 1,2-alkyl shift of IM-10, followed by deprotonation of the formed spirocyclic cation IM-12, afforded 3. Although previous isotope labeling experiments did not support this pathway for spiroviolene cyclization, it should be noted that a subtle

Palladium-catalyzed three-component radical-polar crossover carboamination of 1,3-dienes or allenes with diazo esters and amines

• Geng-Xin Liu,
• Xiao-Ting Jie,
• Ge-Jun Niu,
• Li-Sheng Yang,
• Xing-Lin Li,
• Jian Luo and
• Wen-Hao Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 661–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.59

• )2 and Xantphos (Scheme 4e). In addition, deuterium labeling experiments were conducted to investigate the H-source of this transformation (for more details, see Supporting Information Information File 1). The isotopic-labeling experiments suggested that both types of protons from the N–H bond of the

Development of a chemical scaffold for inhibiting nonribosomal peptide synthetases in live bacterial cells

• Fumihiro Ishikawa,
• Sho Konno,
• Hideaki Kakeya and
• Genzoh Tanabe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 445–451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.39

• Kd values of these compounds. Subsequently, we conducted competitive labeling experiments for endogenous GrsA in the proteome of the gramicidin S-producer A. miglanus ATCC 9999. The cellular lysates of strain ATCC 9999 were treated with probe 3 (1 µM) in the absence or presence of inhibitor 1, 2, or

• are treated with a TAMRA-N3 under copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition conditions, followed by SDS-PAGE coupled with in-gel fluorescence scanning. AMS, 5′-O-sulfamoyladenosine. Competitive labeling experiments of GrsA using probe 3 in the presence of ʟ-Phe-AMS inhibitors. (A) Labeling of

α-(Aminomethyl)acrylates as acceptors in radical–polar crossover 1,4-additions of dialkylzincs: insights into enolate formation and trapping

• Angel Palillero-Cisneros,
• Paola G. Gordillo-Guerra,
• Fernando García-Alvarez,
• Olivier Jackowski,
• Franck Ferreira,
• Fabrice Chemla,
• Joel L. Terán and
• Alejandro Perez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.103

• . Product 25a is formed on addition of an iPr radical generated by I-atom transfer from iPrI to the Et radical, and is diagnostic for the formation of the latter in the reaction medium. Deuterium labeling experiments were then performed to substantiate the formation of a zinc enolate following radical

Characterization of a new fusicoccane-type diterpene synthase and an associated P450 enzyme

• Jia-Hua Huang,
• Jian-Ming Lv,
• Liang-Yan Xiao,
• Qian Xu,
• Fu-Long Lin,
• Gao-Qian Wang,
• Guo-Dong Chen,
• Sheng-Ying Qin,
• Dan Hu and
• Hao Gao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1396–1402, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.144

• labeling experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are needed so as to gain deeper insight into the cyclization mechanism of 1. Functional analysis of the cytochrome P450 enzyme TadB Due to the significance of tailoring enzymes in terms of structural diversification and bioactivity

Isolation and biosynthesis of daturamycins from Streptomyces sp. KIB-H1544

• Yin Chen,
• Jinqiu Ren,
• Ruimin Yang,
• Jie Li,
• Sheng-Xiong Huang and
• Yijun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1009–1016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.101

• since the 1960s [15][16]. Stable-isotope labeling experiments confirmed that ʟ-tyrosine or ʟ-phenylalanine are involved in the biosynthesis of p-terphenyl as metabolic origin. The precursors undergoing deamination are converted to the corresponding α-keto acid, then a quinone intermediate arises by

Methodologies for the synthesis of quaternary carbon centers via hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins: twenty years of advances

• Thiago S. Silva and
• Fernando Coelho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1565–1590, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.112

• -substituted β-diketones 2a and 2b (61 and 70% yield, respectively). Notably, the unsaturated carbocycles expected from palladium β-hydride elimination were not observed, indicating that an oxidant was not required in the reaction medium to regenerate the Pd(II) species. Later, deuterium-labeling experiments

Identification of volatiles from six marine Celeribacter strains

• Anuj Kumar Chhalodia,
• Jan Rinkel,
• Dorota Konvalinkova,
• Jörn Petersen and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 420–430, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.38

• interaction. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that also in laboratory cultures roseobacter group bacteria efficiently degrade DMSP into sulfur volatiles [22][23], but also from other sulfur sources including 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid (DHPS, Scheme 1C) labeling was efficiently incorporated

CF₃-substituted carbocations: underexploited intermediates with great potential in modern synthetic chemistry

• Anthony J. Fernandes,
• Armen Panossian,
• Bastien Michelet,
• Agnès Martin-Mingot,
• Frédéric R. Leroux and
• Sébastien Thibaudeau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 343–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.32

• solvolysis reaction of 13f, a mixture of the major product 15f, resulting from solvent substitution, and the minor elimination product 16f was observed. Further, 14C labeling experiments on 13f confirmed that the formation of the ion pair 14fOTs was a reversible process [42]. Later, Liu et al. explored the

Rhodium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides to arylaldehydes with syngas

• Zhenghui Liu,
• Peng Wang,
• Zhenzhong Yan,
• Suqing Chen,
• Dongkun Yu,
• Xinhui Zhao and
• Tiancheng Mu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 645–656, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.61

• corresponding aldehydes 36–42 were isolated with yields of 65−73%. Isotope labeling experiments Isotope labeling experiments were conducted to study the mechanism of the reductive carbonylation of aryl iodide with CO and H2 under our optimized conditions, using 13CO and D2 instead of CO and H2, respectively, as

• both CO and H2 participated in the formation of the formyl group in the product (Scheme 4a–c). Reaction mechanism and role of each component Based on the results from the labeling experiments a reaction mechanism for the reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides was proposed, as shown in Scheme 5 [57

• of RhCl3·3H2O and PPh3a. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 230: MS spectra of isotope-labeling experiments and characterization of products. Acknowledgements We thank Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences for the supply of CO gas and corresponding safety protection

Understanding the role of active site residues in CotB2 catalysis using a cluster model

• Keren Raz,
• Ronja Driller,
• Thomas Brück,
• Bernhard Loll and
• Dan T. Major

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 50–59, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.7

• decade, numerous interdisciplinary studies have addressed the chemical mechanism of CotB2 catalysis utilizing different detection and analysis methods. Meguro and co-workers [41] established the chemical mechanism for the formation of cyclooctatin using isotope labeling experiments (Scheme 1). Recently

• isotope labeling experiments combined with QM calculations. Intermediate G forms via a 1,5-hydride shift from C6 to C10 to generate a homoallylic cation, and the formation of intermediate H occurs due to cyclization to yield a cyclopropyl ring. Intermediate I forms due to isomeric formation of a

Current understanding and biotechnological application of the bacterial diterpene synthase CotB2

• Ronja Driller,
• Daniel Garbe,
• Norbert Mehlmer,
• Monika Fuchs,
• Keren Raz,
• Dan Thomas Major,
• Thomas Brück and
• Bernhard Loll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2355–2368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.228

• binding of GGDP and the cyclization reaction. Based on 2H- as well as 13C-isotope labeling experiments a surprising reaction mechanism has been derived (Scheme 2) [35]. Strong support for the proposed reaction mechanism has been predominantly provided by site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids with an

• the active site of CotB2. View of panel A rotated by 90°. Overview of the altered product portfolio as a result of introduced point mutations in the active site of CotB2. For an overview of the point mutations see Table 2. Catalytic mechanism of CotB2, derived from isotope labeling experiments [34][35

Cyclopropene derivatives of aminosugars for metabolic glycoengineering

• Jessica Hassenrück and
• Valentin Wittmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 584–601, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.54

• labeling experiments. For the synthesis of Ac4ManNCyc(H2), we activated the free acid 1 with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to obtain active ester 3. The synthesis of Ac4ManNCp(H2) started from the commercially available activated cyclopropane 2. In the next step

Cationic cobalt-catalyzed [1,3]-rearrangement of N-alkoxycarbonyloxyanilines

• Itaru Nakamura,
• Mao Owada,
• Takeru Jo and
• Masahiro Terada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1972–1979, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.172

• ]-manner was confirmed by a crossover experiment and oxygen-18 labeling experiments. That is, the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of equally-reactive substrates 1h and 1r under the standard reaction conditions afforded only the products 2h and 2r derived from the starting materials (Scheme 3a). Thus, we

Diazirine-functionalized mannosides for photoaffinity labeling: trouble with FimH

• Femke Beiroth,
• Tomas Koudelka,
• Thorsten Overath,
• Stefan D. Knight,
• Andreas Tholey and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1890–1900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.163

• spectra of labeling experiments. Acknowledgements Financial support by the DFG-Cluster of Excellence “Inflammation at Interfaces” and by the DFG Collaborative Network SFB 677 is gratefully acknowledged.

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

• . Metabolic labeling experiments indicated that mycolactone exposure caused an almost complete blockage of the production of secretory and N-glycosylated proteins, which are generally processed in the ER [100]. In contrast, only minor changes in the levels of cytosolic proteins were detected. Similar results

Biosynthetic origin of butyrolactol A, an antifungal polyketide produced by a marine-derived Streptomyces

• Enjuro Harunari,
• Hisayuki Komaki and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 441–450, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.47

• experiments of isotope-labeled precursors in combination with the bioinformatics analysis of its biosynthetic genes. The overall result of labeling experiments is summarized in Figure 8. The tert-butyl group was shown to be derived from the C-methylated isopropyl group of valine. This is the first study that

• experimentally identified the precursor of a tert-butyl group in a polyketide backbone. The unusual contiguous polyol system comprising eight hydroxylated carbons was proved to be arising from the chain extension using hydroxymalonyl-ACP by labeling experiments of [1,2-13C2]acetate and [U-13C6]glucose. This

Solid-phase enrichment and analysis of electrophilic natural products

• Frank Wesche,
• Yue He and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 405–409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.43

• combination with labeling experiments even the nature of the parent natural product could be revealed. Moreover, a possible scale-up of this procedure should enable the preparative purification of yet unidentified compounds as well as the structural confirmation of the identified structures. This approach can

Enantioconvergent catalysis

• Justin T. Mohr,
• Jared T. Moore and
• Brian M. Stoltz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2038–2045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.192

• . Deuterium labeling experiments have shown that the hydrogenation reaction occurs only on the chiral keto tautomer, and therefore the catalyst selects one enantiomer of the substrate when the reduction takes place. Enantioconvergent methods are not limited to carbon stereocenters. An exceptional example of

Recent highlights in biosynthesis research using stable isotopes

• Jan Rinkel and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2493–2508, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.271

• Jan Rinkel Jeroen S. Dickschat Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.11.271 Abstract The long and successful history of isotopic labeling experiments within natural products research has both changed and deepened our

• a special emphasis on mechanistic surprises. Keywords: biosynthesis; enzyme mechanisms; isotopes; labeling experiments; natural products; Introduction This year may be seen as the 80th anniversary of using isotopes in biosynthetical and biochemical research. Since the first experiments performed

• of the metabolite did not prove to be suitable for broader applications, and therefore, after the discovery of the isotopes by Frederick Soddy, for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1921, the first labeling experiments using isotopes quickly changed the way of investigating metabolic pathways

Facile synthesis of 1-alkoxy-1H-benzo- and 7-azabenzotriazoles from peptide coupling agents, mechanistic studies, and synthetic applications

• Mahesh K. Lakshman,
• Manish K. Singh,
• Mukesh Kumar,
• Raghu Ram Chamala,
• Vijayender R. Yedulla,
• Domenick Wagner,
• Evan Leung,
• Lijia Yang,
• Asha Matin and
• Sadia Ahmad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1919–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.200

• synthesis of 1-alkoxy-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles. Three possible mechanisms for the reaction of BOP with oxygen nucleophiles. Possible products in the [18O]-labeling experiments. Two possible products from the reaction of At-OTs with MeOH. Synthesis of acyclic nucleoside-like compounds. Formation of Bt-OR

New developments in gold-catalyzed manipulation of inactivated alkenes

• Michel Chiarucci and
• Marco Bandini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2586–2614, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.294

• substituted N- or O-heterocycles in high yields (Scheme 33) [76]. Deuterium labeling experiments unambiguously demonstrated the anti-functionalization of the double bond and the use of neutral gold complexes suggested that [Au(I)] oxidation took place prior of C–X bond formation. The same team also reported