Isolation of fungi using the diffusion chamber device FIND technology

• Benjamin Libor,
• Henrik Harms,
• Stefan Kehraus,
• Ekaterina Egereva,
• Max Crüsemann and
• Gabriele M. König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2191–2203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.216

• salt tolerance or dependency. Thus, we analysed the growth behaviour of Cladosporium allicinum and Heydenia cf. alpina on agar plates containing growth medium of increasing salinity from 0–35‰ (sea water has a salinity of approx. 35‰). As outcome the diameter of radial growth was measured after 14 days

• . All experiments were performed in triplicate on 130 mm agar plates containing bio malt agar medium. For the isolate from the Mediterranean Sea (experiment 2), i.e., C. allicinum, our results showed optimal growth conditions at 35‰ salinity, i.e., a diameter of 107 ± 2 mm was reached. Only poor growth

• latter cultures dropped dramatically to only 67 ± 1 mm in diameter. In both cases growth rates were nearly halved when the growth medium was lacking appropriate concentrations of sea salts. Our results show that these fungi require high salt concentrations for optimal growth, and this suggests an

α-Photooxygenation of chiral aldehydes with singlet oxygen

• Dominika J. Walaszek,
• Magdalena Jawiczuk,
• Jakub Durka,
• Olga Drapała and
• Dorota Gryko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2076–2084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.205

• P-2000 polarimeter. The enantiomeric purity of diols was determined by chiral-phase HPLC analysis on Daicel Chiralpak ID (250 mm × 4.6 mm inside diameter) using a hexane/iPrOH mixture as a mobile phase. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using Merck Silica Gel GF254, 0.20 mm thickness

• ); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δC 140.8, 140.0, 129.1, 128.4, 128.3, 128.0, 126.7, 125.8, 75.3, 65.0, 51.4, 38.7; HRESIMS m/z: [M + Na]+ calcd for C16H18O2Na, 265.1204; found, 265,1198. HPLC analysis on Daicel Chiralpak ID (250 mm × 4.6 mm inside diameter) using a hexane/AcOEt, 80:20 (v/v) as a mobile phase

Morphology-tunable and pH-responsive supramolecular self-assemblies based on AB₂-type host–guest-conjugated amphiphilic molecules for controlled drug delivery

• Yang Bai,
• Cai-ping Liu,
• Di Chen,
• Long-hai Zhuo,
• Huai-tian Bu and
• Wei Tian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1925–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.188

• ., β-cyclodextrin-benzimidazole2 (β-CD-BM2), were investigated at neutral and acidic pH conditions, respectively. Specifically, β-CD-BM2 first self-assembled into fan-shaped supramolecular self-assemblies with a hydrodynamic diameter of 163 nm at neutral pH, whereas they were further dissociated into

• these FSSAs had an average diameter (Dav) of 120 nm (Figure 1a,c), which was close to the hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of 163 nm determined by DLS (Figure 1e). Furthermore, the pH-induced self-assembly morphology transition process were further studied. When the pH value of the FSSAs solution was adjusted

Nanopatterns of arylene–alkynylene squares on graphite: self-sorting and intercalation

• Tristan J. Keller,
• Joshua Bahr,
• Kristin Gratzfeld,
• Nina Schönfelder,
• Marcin A. Majewski,
• Marcin Stępień,
• Sigurd Höger and
• Stefan-S. Jester

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1848–1855, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.180

• 3. As shown in the proposed supramolecular model in Figure 4d, the interior of the intramolecular pore is able to incorporate 3 despite its larger diameter compared to 2. At the above concentrations, roughly 3% of the macrocycles 1a are filled with the octulene derivative (see Supporting Information

• omitted). Green dots indicate the positions of intercalated TCB molecules. The diameter of the circle fitted to the rhombic intramolecular nanopore in (j) is D ≈ 2.3 nm. (a) Overview scanning tunneling microscopy image of a nanopattern of 1a with intermolecularly intercalated 2 at the TCB/HOPG interface

Synthesis of a [6]rotaxane with singly threaded γ-cyclodextrins as a single stereoisomer

• Jason Yin Hei Man and
• Ho Yu Au-Yeung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1829–1837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.177

• stabilize a particular stereoisomer over the others, thus making the 6R synthesis stereoselective. Moreover, as the secondary face in γ-CD (diameter ≈ 8.3 Å [49]) is much wider than the rim of CB[6] (diameter ≈ 5.8 Å [50]), it is expected that the primary face of γ-CD (diameter ≈ 7.5 Å [49]) will have a

• face of α-CD (diameter ≈ 5.2 Å; primary face diameter ≈ 4.7 Å [49]) being complementary in size and showed preferred interactions with CB[6] [45]. Nevertheless, more detailed binding studies and structural characterization will be required for a definitive assignment of the γ-CD orientations and

Metal-free mechanochemical oxidations in Ertalyte^® jars

• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Francesco Delogu,
• Lidia De Luca,
• Claudia Fattuoni and
• Evelina Colacino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1786–1794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.172

• such as the number (up to 15 balls, 5 mm Ø) and the diameter of balls (from 3 up to 10 mm Ø), or using a different base (KHCO3 or Na2CO3) turned out to be unsuccessful. The use of other solid oxidants such as trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) did not bring any advantage to the process (Scheme 3), and

Synthesis, enantioseparation and photophysical properties of planar-chiral pillar[5]arene derivatives bearing fluorophore fragments

• Guojuan Li,
• Chunying Fan,
• Guo Cheng,
• Wanhua Wu and
• Cheng Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1601–1611, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.164

• further investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses, and revealed the formation of nanoparticles with 615 nm in average diameter after the addition of 50% water (Figure 4d). Increasing the amount of water to 70% or 90% led to a bathochromic shift of the UV–vis absorption and a raise of the

• . Aggregates with an average diameter of 531 nm are formed in 60% water (Figure S23, Supporting Information File 1) [52]. Exciton coupling CD (ECCD) signals were not observed for both compounds, even when adding more than 90% water, demonstrating that the chromophores DPA or Py units were not asymmetrically

Reversible end-to-end assembly of selectively functionalized gold nanorods by light-responsive arylazopyrazole–cyclodextrin interaction

• Maximilian Niehues,
• Patricia Tegeder and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1407–1415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.140

• photostationary states of the AAP moiety in comparison to azobenzenes used in previous studies. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering was conducted to analyze the assembly in solution (Figure 5). The mean diameter increases upon dAAP addition from ca. 100 nm to ca. 230 nm. Upon UV-light irradiation, the mean

• diameter decreases to 120 nm. We note that for anisotropic particles, the hydrodynamic diameter values give only a rough overestimation of the nanoparticle diameter and are not suitable to characterize end-to-end assembly. However dynamic light scattering clearly confirms the light-responsive aggregation

Anomeric sugar boronic acid analogues as potential agents for boron neutron capture therapy

• Daniela Imperio,
• Erika Del Grosso,
• Silvia Fallarini,
• Grazia Lombardi and
• Luigi Panza

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1355–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.135

• lithium ion) that dissipate all their energy in a path of the order of a cell diameter (5–9 μm) in biological tissues, which gives them the potential for precise cell damage. Highly selective delivery, accumulation of boron in tumor tissues and proper subcellular distribution are required to achieve a

N-doped carbon dots covalently functionalized with pillar[5]arenes for Fe³⁺ sensing

• Jia Gao,
• Ming-Xue Wu,
• Dihua Dai,
• Zhi Cai,
• Yue Wang,
• Wenhui Fang,
• Yan Wang and
• Ying-Wei Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1262–1267, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.123

• microscopy (TEM) (Figure 1a). TEM images showed the spherical shape of CCDs with a diameter of 9 nm. For comparison, the shape of CN-dots was quasi-spherical with an average diameter of 7 nm (Figure 1b). As shown in Figure 1c, the UV–vis absorption peak of CN-dots is at 340 nm, and CP[5] has an obvious UV

Understanding the unexpected effect of frequency on the kinetics of a covalent reaction under ball-milling conditions

• Ana M. Belenguer,
• Adam A. L. Michalchuk,
• Giulio I. Lampronti and
• Jeremy K. M. Sanders

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1226–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.120

• and two 7.0 mm in diameter stainless steel balls were placed on top of the powder. Then, 2 μL (2 mol %) of the base catalyst 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) were carefully added on top of the milling balls. For NG experiments nothing else was added while for LAG experiments, 50 μL of

Mechanochemical amorphization of chitin: impact of apparatus material on performance and contamination

• Thomas Di Nardo and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1217–1225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.119

• composition with either a diameter of 9.5 mm or mass of approximately 2 g. We could determine that Vickers hardness is a key parameter determining the ability to perform amorphization of biomass materials especially when considering efficient kinetic energy transfer [59]. Finally, the effect of materials

• ball mass was chosen to be as close as possible to 2 g (2.16 +/− 0.22 g, see Table S1, Supporting Information File 1 for exact values), while its diameter varied based on density, and one with balls of 9.5 mm in diameter which vary in mass also based on density. Both fixed parameters were chosen based

• on the availability of such milling balls in our inventories or from suppliers, and based on physical constraints. The lowest density material in our study, PMMA, has a 2 g ball diameter of 16 mm, which just fits the inner diameter of the jar, i.e. 19 mm. Amorphization progress was followed by PXRD

Ugi reaction-derived prolyl peptide catalysts grafted on the renewable polymer polyfurfuryl alcohol for applications in heterogeneous enamine catalysis

• Alexander F. de la Torre,
• Gabriel S. Scatena,
• Oscar Valdés,
• Daniel G. Rivera and
• Márcio W. Paixão

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1210–1216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.118

• system by charging an HPLC column with PFA-supported catalyst 3. Thus, polymer 3 was packed into a stainless-steel column (Ø = 0.21 cm (diameter), l = 15 cm (length), particle size = 45 µm). The main features of the resulting packed microreactor were determined by pycnometry methodology [20][21], as

Self-assembly behaviors of perylene- and naphthalene-crown macrocycle conjugates in aqueous medium

• Xin Shen,
• Bo Li,
• Tiezheng Pan,
• Jianfeng Wu,
• Yangxin Wang,
• Jie Shang,
• Yan Ge,
• Lin Jin and
• Zhenhui Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.117

• a dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement (Figure S10, Supporting Information File 1), which was proven to be a convenient method to study aggregation behavior in solvents [98][99]. It was found that the average diameter of aggregates of 1 in CHCl3 (100 μM) was around 31.1 nm. The size of

Extending mechanochemical porphyrin synthesis to bulkier aromatics: tetramesitylporphyrin

• Qiwen Su and
• Tamara D. Hamilton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1149–1153, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.111

• with acid catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.026 g, 0.151 mmol, 4%) and two stainless steel balls of 5 mm diameter (0.52 g/ball; 0.81 mass-to-balls ratio). The mixture was ground using the Retsch Mixer Mill MM200 for 10 minutes at a frequency of 25 Hz, resulting in formation of a dark pink-colored

Unexpected polymorphism during a catalyzed mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation

• Sebastian Haferkamp,
• Andrea Paul,
• Adam A. L. Michalchuk and
• Franziska Emmerling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.110

• . 4.03 mmol) were weighed into Perspex milling jars (10 mL). To each jar, a quantity (defined in the main text) of piperidine was added as catalyst. Two stainless steel milling balls (4 g, 10 mm diameter) were also included in each milling jar. The reactions were conducted at 30 Hz or 50 Hz, as indicated

• . 2D scattering images were recorded on a MarMosaic, CCD detector (resolution 3072 × 3072 pixel). All scattering data were processed using FIT2D [30]. In situ real-time Raman data were collected using a non-contact probe (beam diameter 1 mm) and excitation wavelength of 785 nm. Raman scattering was

Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• and properties of the nanofibers. Uniform bead-free electrospun nanofibers were obtained from PCL/CB[7] mixed solutions and the average fiber diameter of the nanofibers increases with the increase of CB[7] content. The nanofibers are composed of a physical mixture of PCL and CB[7], and CB[7] itself is

• or some low-molecular weight organic compounds [1][2][3][4][5]. With the unique advantages of ultrafine diameter, high specific surface area, controllable morphology, and easy functionalization, electrospun nanofibers have potential applications in various areas including drug delivery and tissue

• ratio of PCL/CB[7] is 100:200), which is far higher than the CDs content in CD-functionalized nanofibers [13][14][15] and the calixarene content in the calixarene-functionalized nanofibers [20]. Figure 1 presents the SEM photographs and fiber diameter distributions of neat PCL and the PCL/CB[7

Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate)s: an example of rate acceleration

• Sora Park and
• Jeung Gon Kim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 963–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.93

• added. All reagents were placed in a 10 mL stainless-steel milling jar with three 7 mm diameter stainless-steel balls. The solid-state reaction mixture was placed into a high-speed vibration ball mill. After 30 min of high-speed vibration (30 Hz), 43% conversion was recorded, and PTMC with an Mn of 3930

Towards the preparation of synthetic outer membrane vesicle models with micromolar affinity to wheat germ agglutinin using a dialkyl thioglycoside

• Dimitri Fayolle,
• Nathalie Berthet,
• Bastien Doumeche,
• Olivier Renaudet,
• Peter Strazewski and
• Michele Fiore

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 937–946, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.90

• dissolution of compounds 5–8 in PBS (pH 7.4) produced a slightly turbid suspension, suggesting that those molecules formed a mixture of microscopically visible vesicles (diameter >0.5 µm), small vesicles (diameter <0.5 µm) and perhaps micelles (diameter in the nanometer range). However, due to our interest to

Synthesis of polydicyclopentadiene using the Cp₂TiCl₂/Et₂AlCl catalytic system and thin-layer oxidation of the polymer in air

• Zhargolma B. Bazarova,
• Ludmila S. Soroka,
• Alex A. Lyapkov,
• Мekhman S. Yusubov and
• Francis Verpoort

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 733–745, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.69

• right defines the oxygen diffusion rate into that element, and the second element defines the rate of its chemical reaction. The univocal criterion of the diffusion mode is the correlation of the oxidation rate and the sample size (layer thickness, ball or cylinder diameter, etc.). If the sample is

• by a spectrophotometer Thermo Scientific Evolution 201 using a wavelength range from 200 to 900 nm. Infrared spectra of the polymer were registered applying an FTIR spectrometer Simeks FT-801 in the range from 500 to 4000 cm−1. A silicon plate with a diameter of 8 mm was applied to support the

• -permeation chromatography on the instrument Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity with a refractive index detector, GPC/SEC – styrogel column, length 300 mm, internal diameter 7.5 mm, eluent (CHCl3) rate 1 mL/s, calibration according to the polystyrene standards known molecular weight. Thermal analysis was

Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection

• Chelsea L. Rintelmann,
• Tara Grinnage-Pulley,
• Kathleen Ross,
• Daniel E. K. Kabotso,
• Angela Toepp,
• Anne Cowell,
• Christine Petersen,
• Balaji Narasimhan and
• Nicola Pohl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 623–632, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.58

• pathogen (1 μm in diameter) and provide a multivalent display of the synthetic α-1,2-trimannose similar to the Leishmania promastigote cell-wall glycans. Furthermore, a tethered fluorophore would allow for immunofluorescence assays, intracellular trafficking, and validation of T cell-mediated antigen

Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions

• Jochen M. Neumaier,
• Amiera Madani,
• Thomas Klein and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 558–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.50

• channel profile was circular with a diameter of 1.5 mm as it was described by Cronin et al. [20]. We found that the round channel shape did not reliably lead to leak-proof reactors. Therefore, we used square channel profiles in which the inner walls of the channels always have the same distance and the

• continuous lines. This was guaranteed by sizing the wall thickness to a multiple of the nozzle diameter. With a standard nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm, a resulting wall thickness of 1.2 mm (3 × nozzle diameter) led to the reliably leak-proof reactor R1, in which most of the glycosylation reactions were performed

• . The shape of the channels is a square with 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm diameter and the reactor has a total volume of 1.05 mL. It was designed to have two initial inlets with a subsequent chaotic mixing zone [27] and one quench inlet. We chose two dye solutions in dichloromethane for mixing experiments as a model

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

• Patrycja Żak and
• Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

• copolymers assemble into small, randomly oriented lamellae with lateral dimensions of approximately 50 nm and a thickness of ca 3–5 nm that corresponds to twice the diameter of a POSS nanoparticle. With increasing POSS concentration, the nanostructures extend to longer continuous lamellae having lateral

Fabrication of supramolecular cyclodextrin–fullerene nonwovens by electrospinning

• Hiroaki Yoshida,
• Ken Kikuta and
• Toshiyuki Kida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 89–95, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.10

• regardless of the incorporation of C60, and the fiber diameter is approximately 3 μm. This may be because all solutions have similar solution properties. To clarify the inner structure of the γ-CD–C60 fibers, solid-state 13C NMR and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopies were performed. As shown in Figure

• report [32]. The UV–vis intensity is 100 times smaller, but is estimated to have the same extinction coefficient as the γ-CD–C60 solution, possibly due to the insufficient interaction between β-CD and C60. The electrospun fibers have an inhomogeneous diameter of 1.5 ± 1.0 μm and show similar UV–vis

• reflectance peaks (around 255 and 330 nm). In the case of γ-CD–C70, the solution is pale dark purple with UV–vis absorption peaks (214, 235, 254, 332, 361, 378, and 474 nm) assignable to C70 [33], and electrospun fibers with a diameter of 2.0 ± 0.74 μm with UV–vis diffuse reflectance peaks (around 260, 330

Mechanistic studies of an L-proline-catalyzed pyridazine formation involving a Diels–Alder reaction with inverse electron demand

• Anne Schnell,
• J. Alexander Willms,
• S. Nozinovic and
• Marianne Engeser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 30–43, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.3

• MS2 spectra was unfortunately slightly shifted. The measured m/z values are about 35 mDa too high (Figure 10) and about 40 mDa too low (Figure 11 and Figure 12). PEEK tubes with an inner diameter of 0.127 mm and PEEK microreactors (swept volume: 2.2 µL) were used. Airtight glass syringes (250 µL and 5