Diels–Alder reactions in confined spaces: the influence of catalyst structure and the nature of active sites for the retro-Diels–Alder reaction

• Ángel Cantín,
• M. Victoria Gomez and
• Antonio de la Hoz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2181–2188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.208

• biofuels [34], it is important to get insight into the lack of catalytic activity of Beta for the retro-DAR, and elucidate whether this is a general effect with zeolites. Due to the diffusion limitations with Beta we have selected two extra-large pore zeolites, SSZ-53 (BET surface area = 377 m2/g) and SSZ

Silica-supported sulfonic acids as recyclable catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols

• Raimondo Maggi,
• N. Raveendran Shiju,
• Veronica Santacroce,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Franca Bigi and
• Gadi Rothenberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2173–2180, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.207

• of levulinic acid were stirred at 100 °C in a sealed tube for 2 h under air in the presence of the amount of a solid catalyst necessary to have 1 mol % of acid sites. The results are reported in Table 1. All of the prepared silica-supported sulfonic acids showed very good catalytic activity for the

Chiral ammonium betaine-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich-type reaction of oxindoles

• Masahiro Torii,
• Kohsuke Kato,
• Daisuke Uraguchi and
• Takashi Ooi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2099–2103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.199

• extended steric hindrance over the catalytically active sites, eroded the catalytic activity and diastereocontrol (Table 1, entry 6). These observations demonstrated the superior capability of 1c in facilitating this stereoselective Mannich-type transformation, for which the loading was reduced to 1 mol

Ionic liquids as transesterification catalysts: applications for the synthesis of linear and cyclic organic carbonates

• Maurizio Selva,
• Alvise Perosa,
• Sandro Guidi and
• Lisa Cattelan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1911–1924, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.181

• including acetic, succinic, benzoic, and methacrylic acid and alcohols such as linear, branched and cyclic C1–C6 compounds. The PIL could be reused up to five times without any loss of catalytic activity and yields of various esters were always nearly quantitative. Applications of ILs: Organocatalysts find

• be recovered and reused to allow quantitative conversions even after several recycles. Moreover, the study highlighted that the catalytic activity increased with increasing acidity of the ILs and particularly with cations bearing SO3H anions (Scheme 5: ILs I, II, III, and IV). The same imidazolium

• of dimethyl carbonate with n-butanol has been accomplished using tetraethylammonium-based amino acid ionic liquids ([N2222][AA]) as homogeneous catalysts (Figure 3) [68]. [N2222][Pro] exhibited the best catalytic activity yielding an overall 72% yield of the dibutyl carbonate (DBC) product. Quantum

Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes

• Ivan A. Yaremenko,
• Vera A. Vil’,
• Dmitry V. Demchuk and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1647–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.162

• ]. The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of ketones 76 under the action of oxygen to the related esters 77 was performed using metal-free carbon (Ketjen Black) as a solid catalyst and benzaldehyde as the sacrificing agent. This metal-free carbon catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity and can be recycled

Dinuclear thiazolylidene copper complex as highly active catalyst for azid–alkyne cycloadditions

• Anne L. Schöffler,
• Ata Makarem,
• Frank Rominger and
• Bernd F. Straub

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1566–1572, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.151

• . Results and Discussion We herein report the synthesis of an ethylene-linked bisthiazol-2-ylidene dicopper(I) complex 2 that features high catalytic activity in CuAAC reactions. The advantage of this new complex 2 in comparison to dicopper complexes previously described by our research group [40] is its

• dichloromethane at room temperature was used (Table 1 and Figure 2). Due to the highly exothermic nature of the triazole formation, a high dilution of the reaction mixture and low catalyst loadings are necessary to prevent a thermal runaway. In order to compare the catalytic activity of complex 2 with

• ], while CuOAc excels in heterogeneous catalysis and in cost-effectiveness [38]. The reaction with ethyl propiolate in the presence of 0.9 mol % catalyst is very slow with a half conversion time of more than nine hours (Table 1, entry 4, yellow diamonds). We attribute this poor catalytic activity to the

Molecular weight control in organochromium olefin polymerization catalysis by hemilabile ligand–metal interactions

• Stefan Mark,
• Hubert Wadepohl and
• Markus Enders

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.131

• polymerization. All complexes investigated show very high catalytic activity and the additional side arm minimizes chain-transfer reactions, leading to increase of molecular weights of the resulting polymers. Keywords: chromium single-site catalysts; olefin polymerization; ultra-high molecular weight

• produce without lowering their very high catalytic activity. Solid-state molecular structures of selected complexes 4, 7 and 8 (left, middle and right, respectively). Probability level: 50%. Hydrogen atoms and carbon labels are omitted for clarity. a) Calculated structures of cationic chromium complexes

NeoPHOX – a structurally tunable ligand system for asymmetric catalysis

• Jaroslav Padevět,
• Marcus G. Schrems,
• Robin Scheil and
• Andreas Pfaltz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1185–1195, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.114

• the enantioselectivity and catalytic activity of the corresponding iridium complexes. Initial attempts to introduce a silyl or acetyl group by deprotonation with potassium hydride and subsequent reaction with silyl triflates or acetyl chloride failed. The NeoPHOX ligand 14 showed no reaction under

• oxazoline ring. Apparently, a polar potentially coordinating substituent near the metal center reduces or can even completely inhibit catalytic activity. The deactivating effect of a coordinating oxygen function could also explain the different conversions observed with the silyl ether-bearing catalysts

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biologically important 3-hydroxyoxindoles: an update

• Bin Yu,
• Hui Xing,
• De-Quan Yu and
• Hong-Min Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1000–1039, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.98

• ’-position of the BINOL backbone had a remarkable effect on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. Based on this method, the authors also achieved the synthesis of a key intermediate efficiently (99% yield and 93% ee), which had been used in the total synthesis of (+)-folicanthine [68]. The Zhang

• completely inhibited the catalytic activity. Interestingly, the authors found that the yields and enantioselectivities dramatically decreased

Bi- and trinuclear copper(I) complexes of 1,2,3-triazole-tethered NHC ligands: synthesis, structure, and catalytic properties

• Shaojin Gu,
• Jiehao Du,
• Jingjing Huang,
• Huan Xia,
• Ling Yang,
• Weilin Xu and
• Chunxin Lu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 863–873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.85

• Inspired by the catalytic activity of Cu(I) species supported by NHC ligand in Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction under mild conditions, copper complexes 2–6 were investigated in the CuAAC reaction of azide and phenylacetylene. Firstly, we compared the catalytic activity of different

• reaction with low catalyst loading results in incomplete conversion. Subsequently the catalytic activity of different solvents was tested at a Cu loading of 0.5 mol % (Table 1). Moderate catalytic activities were obtained for DMSO or without solvent. When CH3CN was used, the reaction gave an excellent

Muraymycin nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: uridine-derived natural products as lead structures for the development of novel antibacterial agents

• Daniel Wiegmann,
• Stefan Koppermann,
• Marius Wirth,
• Giuliana Niro,
• Kristin Leyerer and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 769–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.77

• within the superfamily of polyisoprenyl-phosphate N-acetyl hexosamine 1-phosphate transferases (PNPT). Mutation of these three aspartate residues (D115, D116 and D267 in the E. coli protein) resulted in a complete loss of catalytic activity. This led to a proposed model for the active site of MraY in

Supported bifunctional thioureas as recoverable and reusable catalysts for enantioselective nitro-Michael reactions

• José M. Andrés,
• Miriam Ceballos,
• Alicia Maestro,
• Isabel Sanz and
• Rafael Pedrosa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 628–635, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.61

• Jose M. Andres Miriam Ceballos Alicia Maestro Isabel Sanz Rafael Pedrosa Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011-Valladolid, Spain 10.3762/bjoc.12.61 Abstract The catalytic activity of different supported

Biosynthesis of α-pyrones

• Till F. Schäberle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 571–588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.56

• distinct modules reduce the keto group in a stepwise manner to the hydroxy group and the C=C double bond. Subsequently, the KR present in the terminal module catalyzes the reduction of the β-keto group to an L-hydroxy group. This hydroxy is then further reduced by the catalytic activity of the DH in the

• bound substrate (Figure 25). Indeed, the exchange of this glutamate against an alanine residue resulted in an inactive version of the protein. Further an arginine residue, which could be involved in dimerization, was mutated to an aspartate. Also this mutant lost its catalytic activity, indicating that

• -tethered chains are interconnected by the catalytic activity of a free-standing KS. In the second step the lactonization takes place, facilitated by the keto–enol tautomerism. Thereby the α-pyrone 78 is formed. Structures of csypyrones. Schematic drawing of the T-shaped catalytic cavities of the related

The aminoindanol core as a key scaffold in bifunctional organocatalysts

• Isaac G. Sonsona,
• Eugenia Marqués-López and
• Raquel P. Herrera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 505–523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.50

• (Figure 1). Some examples of these properties are rigidity, disposition of the two stereogenic centers, ability of the hydroxy and amino groups to coordinate to some metals or to act as hydrogen-bond donors/acceptors, the different catalytic activity of these chemical groups and their possible

• have exhibited efficient catalytic activity in the asymmetric Mannich reaction. In fact, the use of simple trans-(1R,2R)-aminoindanol (1c) as an efficient organocatalyst in the enantioselective synthesis of natural products as the TMC-954 core [12][13], has been recently reported. These examples show

• -type acceptor, by weak hydrogen-bonding interaction between the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group and the indolic proton (Figure 5). Recently, the conjugated addition of indole derivatives to β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters was explored [40]. To this end, the catalytic activity of several chiral thioureas

Recent advances in N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalysed benzoin reactions

• Rajeev S. Menon,
• Akkattu T. Biju and
• Vijay Nair

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 444–461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.47

• of reports, mainly focusing on their catalytic activity, appeared in the literature [6][7]. The original mechanistic proposal by Breslow for the thiazolium salt-catalysed benzoin reaction can be delineated as follows (Scheme 1) [3]. Lapworth had suggested how the cyanide anion functions first as a

Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus compounds

• Sophie Letort,
• Sébastien Balieu,
• William Erb,
• Géraldine Gouhier and
• François Estour

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 204–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.23

• an accurate correlation with the dissociation constant of the inclusion complex (Kd, Table 2) but it seems that the different inclusion depths of the pesticides into the CD cavity could explain these variable results (αin, Table 2). It was reported that the catalytic activity is affected by the

• inclusion complexes is essential to get a catalytic activity. Stereospecificity, both in the formation of the inclusion complex and in the nucleophilic reaction, are also observed to some extent. According to the authors, the (S)-(+)-sarin (14b, Figure 5) forms a more stable inclusion complex than the (R

Scope and limitations of the dual-gold-catalysed hydrophenoxylation of alkynes

• Adrián Gómez-Suárez,
• Yoshihiro Oonishi,
• Anthony R. Martin and
• Steven P. Nolan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 172–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.19

• have a dramatic effect on the reactivity. More importantly, we have observed that the use of substrates that facilitate the formation of diaurated species such as gem-diaurated or σ,π-digold–acetylide species, hinder the catalytic activity. Moreover, we have identified that the use of directing groups

• [24][25]. This transformation proceeds through the interaction of the gold centres with both the phenol and the alkyne motifs, thus generating a synergistic effect that produces unique catalytic activity (Scheme 1) [24][25]. In addition, this reaction is highly stereoselective and only the Z-isomer

• due to formation of the corresponding gem-diaurated aryl species, by reaction of catalyst [{Au(IPr)}2(µ-OH)][BF4] with the boronic ester [30], thus inhibiting the catalytic activity. The electronic properties of the phenol were also examined. If the electron density on the phenol is decreased, its

Simple activation by acid of latent Ru-NHC-based metathesis initiators bearing 8-quinolinolate co-ligands

• Julia Wappel,
• Roland C. Fischer,
• Luigi Cavallo,
• Christian Slugovc and
• Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 154–165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.17

• observed upon heating at 80 °C for 48 h [43]. Catalytic activity The polymerization activity of the complexes was initially tested using dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate (5) as the benchmark monomer. Monomer 5 was used because its polymers are not prone to backbiting. Therefore the

• different NHC ligands. At the example of initiators 2a and 2b it was shown that the arrangement of the ligands around the ruthenium centre can drastically influence the activity of metathesis initiators. Just by changing the positioning of one of the two quinolinolate ligands the catalytic activity is

N-Methylphthalimide-substituted benzimidazolium salts and PEPPSI Pd–NHC complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions

• Senem Akkoç,
• Yetkin Gök,
• İlhan Özer İlhan and
• Veysel Kayser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 81–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.9

• arylation (for 5–8) reactions. As catalysts, they demonstrated a highly efficient route for the formation of asymmetric biaryl compounds even though they were used in very low loading. For example, all compounds displayed good catalytic activity for the C–C bond formation of 4-tert-butylphenylboronic acid

• 430 nm) and two negative peaks (at 380 and 405 nm). In the second derivative analysis, a negative band has a minimum at the same wavelength as the maximum on the main absorption spectrum. With this in mind, there are at least two absorbance bands buried between 350–430 nm. Catalytic activity of PEPPSI

• entry 9. However, when we further increased the temperature by more than 30 degrees to 110 °C, a maximum yield of 98% was obtained (Table 1, entry 11). In the reaction catalyzed by 5, 2-butyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophene was obtained in 79% yield (Table 1, entry 12). Catalytic activity of synthesized

Effective immobilisation of a metathesis catalyst bearing an ammonium-tagged NHC ligand on various solid supports

• Krzysztof Skowerski,
• Jacek Białecki,
• Stefan J. Czarnocki,
• Karolina Żukowska and
• Karol Grela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 5–15, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.2

• commercial Hoveyda complexes have good solubility in methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) and toluene, olefin metathesis reactions with these systems have to be conducted in pentane or hexane. Recently we have reported on the synthesis and catalytic activity of a series of olefin metathesis catalysts bearing a

Catalytic asymmetric formal synthesis of beraprost

• Yusuke Kobayashi,
• Ryuta Kuramoto and
• Yoshiji Takemoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2654–2660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.285

• reaction to furnish the dihydrobenzofuran 6 in 90% yield with high enantioselectivities (Table 1, entries 2 and 3). Conversely, thiourea A showed less catalytic activity, and the reaction required a much longer time for completion (Table 1, entry 1), indicating that the HB-donor moiety played an important

Rhodium, iridium and nickel complexes with a 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene tris-MIC ligand. Study of the electronic properties and catalytic activities

• Carmen Mejuto,
• Beatriz Royo,
• Gregorio Guisado-Barrios and
• Eduardo Peris

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2584–2590, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.278

• -NHC ligand. The electronic properties of the tris-MIC ligand were studied by cyclic voltammetry measurements. In all cases, the tris-MIC ligand showed a stronger electron-donating character than the corresponding NHC-based ligands. The catalytic activity of the tri-rhodium complex was tested in the

• higher nanolocal concentration of metal sites in the multimetallic catalyst [31]. In this context, we obtained the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene-based C3-symmetrical tris-NHC ligand A (Scheme 1), which was coordinated to rhodium and iridium [25]. The catalytic activity of the trirhodium complex was tested in

• of the tris-MIC ligand B with those of its tris-NHC analogue, A. The catalytic activity of the tris-MIC-trirhodium complex was tested in the addition reaction of arylboronic acids to 2-cyclohexen-1-one and compared to the results obtained with the tris-NHC analogue. Results and Discussion Complex 2

Synthesis of bi- and bis-1,2,3-triazoles by copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition: A family of valuable products by click chemistry

• Zhan-Jiang Zheng,
• Ding Wang,
• Zheng Xu and
• Li-Wen Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2557–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.276

• tetradentate ligands that were prepared by two CuAAC reactions in a one-pot procedure [39]. As shown in Scheme 19, these ligands exhibited good coordination properties to various metals, and the corresponding Mn(II) complexes showed good catalytic activity for the epoxidation of various aliphatic terminal

Comparison of the catalytic activity for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of (η⁵-Cp)Pd(IPr)Cl with (η³-cinnamyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl) and (η³-1-t-Bu-indenyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl)

• Patrick R. Melvin,
• Nilay Hazari,
• Hannah M. C. Lant,
• Ian L. Peczak and
• Hemali P. Shah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2476–2486, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.269

• activity of (η5-Cp)Pd(IPr)(Cl) (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene, Cp) with two commercially available catalysts (η3-cinnamyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl) (Cin) and (η3-1-t-Bu-indenyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl) (tBuInd). We show that Cp gives slightly better catalytic activity than Cin, but

• be closely related to cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands [17]. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge there are only two reports describing the catalytic activity of complexes of the type (η5-Cp)Pd(NHC)(Cl) for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, as well as related cross-coupling reactions [18][19]. These

• ], which can then be treated with a ligand to generate the ligated precatalyst. Despite repeated attempts we were unable to synthesize a related unligated Cp containing dimer, which could be used for ligand screening [21]. The catalytic activity of Cp for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions with different substrates

Biocatalysis for the application of CO₂ as a chemical feedstock

• Apostolos Alissandratos and
• Christopher J. Easton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2370–2387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.259

• specificity and catalytic activity greatly influences efforts towards RuBisCO biotechnological applications. The Calvin cycle is not the only carbon fixation pathway, and at least five alternative pathways have been elucidated in recent years [24]. It is now thought that some of these alternative pathways

• or higher catalytic activity, into C3 plants could potentially raise crop yields by more than 25%. Furthermore, incorporation of cyanobacterial carbon concentration mechanisms such as carboxysomes, combined with RuBisCO variants adapted to higher CO2 concentrations, could result in a 36% to 60% crop

• the visible spectrum (>1.35 eV) and coupled to FDH activity through a mediator to drive CO2 reduction. Two W-dependent FDHs, isolated from the syntrophic bacterium Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans, showed high catalytic activity for CO2 reduction, using reduced methyl viologen as the electron donor. Later