Direct synthesis of acyl fluorides from carboxylic acids using benzothiazolium reagents

• Lilian M. Maas,
• Alex Haswell,
• Rory Hughes and
• Matthew N. Hopkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 921–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.82

• , replacing the benzylamine coupling partner with phenylalanine methyl ester provided dipeptide 5t in 67% yield (Scheme 3b). With the scope of the deoxyfluorination process established, our attention turned to an investigation of the reaction mechanism (Scheme 4). As demonstrated in our previous work

Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues

• Marco Antônio G. B. Gomes,
• Alicia Bauduin,
• Chloé Le Roux,
• Romain Fouinneteau,
• Wilfried Berthe,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96

Dipeptide analogues of fluorinated aminophosphonic acid sodium salts as moderate competitive inhibitors of cathepsin C

• Karolina Wątroba,
• Małgorzata Pawełczak and
• Marcin Kaźmierczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 434–439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.33

• Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland 10.3762/bjoc.19.33 Abstract In this paper, we present the solvolysis reaction of dipeptide analogues of fluorinated aminophosphonates with simultaneous quantitative deprotection of the amino group. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the

• development of fluorinated aminophosphonate-based inhibitors. Keywords: aminophosphonates; cathepsin C; dipeptide; fluorine; solvolysis; Introduction Cathepsin C, also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) belongs to the family of lysosomal cysteine proteases encompassing 11 human enzymes (cathepsins B, C

• ]. Other inhibitors are dipeptide derivatives showing substrate-like sequences. One of the most effective inhibitors is the dipeptide Gly-Phe-CHN2 (glycylphenylalanine-diazomethane), which, however, has not been used as a therapeutic substance due to the instability of the diazomethylketone group [8][9

Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• dipeptide with the aim to overcome issues found in batch in relation to product stability and scale-up concerns. The peptide coupling reaction was performed continuously aided by a MSMPR crystallizer system. This system ultimately shortened the holding time for the quenched solution, leading to a robust

First total synthesis of hoshinoamide A

• Haipin Zhou,
• Zihan Rui,
• Yiming Yang,
• Shengtao Xu,
• Yutian Shao and
• Long Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2924–2931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.201

• in Scheme 1, we initially tested Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) [13] to get 2-chlorotrityl resin-bound Pro1-(N-Me)-Phe2 dipeptide 2 under the conditions of HCTU and DIPEA. Unfortunately, the N-Me coupling proceeded in low yield (<10%). In order to improve the coupling yield of the hindered

• peptide, we tried the condensation of Val3 with the dipeptide in solution. Firstly, Pro-OBn 5 was coupled with Fmoc-N-Me-ᴅ-Phe-OH by the treatment of HATU and DIPEA [14], giving dipeptide 6 in 83% yield (Scheme 2). In principle, the coupling of 6 and Fmoc-Val-OH under suitable conditions would deliver

• mL) and DCM (3 × 20 mL) to afford the resin-bound dipeptide. The resin-bound dipeptide was added to a mixture of 20% piperidine in DMF (20 mL), and the mixture was shaken for 30 minutes. Then the mixture was filtered, and the resin was washed with MeOH (3 × 20 mL) and DCM (3 × 20 mL). Fmoc-Val-OH

Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs

• Jongwoo Son

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1733–1751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.122

• cyclic peptide motif (Scheme 11). Dipeptide substrate 26f decorated with a Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonate underwent the intramolecular C–H allylation process to yield cyclic peptide 28f under dilute reaction conditions. This macrocyclization strategy introduces an exocyclic olefin motif onto the cyclic

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

• , appears to be the most promising conformationally constrained PNA analogue. Vilaivan and co-workers developed pyrrolidinyl PNA based on an α/β-dipeptide backbone that is one atom longer than the canonical PNA and contains two amide bonds and two cyclic moieties in one monomer (Figure 4) [61]. Cyclobutane

• ]. Interestingly and in contrast to other backbone-constrained PNAs, pyrrolidinyl α/β-dipeptide PNA formed PNA–DNA complexes having higher thermal stability compared to PNA–RNA complexes [63][64]. Most likely, the one atom longer PNA backbone, which is rigidified and preorganized by cyclic moieties, may align

• better with the B-form DNA helix rather than with the A-form RNA helix. While pyrrolidinyl α/β-dipeptide PNAs formed stable antiparallel duplexes with DNA and RNA with high mismatch intolerance, due to constrained nature, two pyrrolidinyl α/β-dipeptide PNAs had low ability to self-hybridize [62][65

Synthetic strategies of phosphonodepsipeptides

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 461–484, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.41

• chlorination. After the treatment of compound 39 with piperidine, the N-terminal free dipeptide was obtained and acylated with hexanedioic anhydride to afford the designed hapten 40 (Scheme 7) [11]. Phosphonodepsioctapeptide 41 was prepared as a variation of the partial sequence of a gene product of erb B-2

• the protected phosphonodepsidipeptide 126 (Scheme 21) [12], that was further converted to the designed hapten 127. The new muramyl dipeptide (MDP) phosphorus analogue 131 related to LK 423 as potential immunomodulator was prepared by the coupling of methyl 1-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)aminoethylphosphonate

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

Convenient access to pyrrolidin-3-ylphosphonic acids and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylphosphonates with multiple contiguous stereocenters from nonracemic adducts of a Ni(II)-catalyzed Michael reaction

• Alexander N. Reznikov,
• Dmitry S. Nikerov,
• Anastasiya E. Sibiryakova,
• Victor B. Rybakov,
• Evgeniy V. Golovin and
• Yuri N. Klimochkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2073–2079, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.174

• Micromonospora [5]. Dipeptide analogs with phosphonoproline 2 and piperidine-2-phosphonic acid 3 are potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV [6][7]. Oxygen-containing heterocycles containing a phosphoryl group are also of interest in the development of new drugs. It is known that phosphorylated carbohydrate

Automated high-content imaging for cellular uptake, from the Schmuck cation to the latest cyclic oligochalcogenides

• Rémi Martinent,
• Javier López-Andarias,
• Dimitri Moreau,
• Yangyang Cheng,
• Naomi Sakai and
• Stefan Matile

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2007–2016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.167

• attractive candidates for intracellular delivery. Already a small dipeptide 9 with two Schmuck amino acids shows a strong binding (KD = 100 nM) and clustering ability towards heparin due to the strong noncovalent interaction between GCP and sulfate anions, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in heparin [26

A dynamic combinatorial library for biomimetic recognition of dipeptides in water

• Florian Klepel and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1588–1595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.131

• slightly alkaline buffer (pH 7.4). An excess of our target molecules, the simple dipeptides AA, FF and YY (Y for tyrosine), were added to one sample each. An additional sample without dipeptide addition served as reference. After several hours of stirring in an open vial the thiol functions of the

• based on the dipeptide. The binding constants of YY to a(CFC)2 and p(CFC)2 are very similar and no selectivity is observed. In the interaction of FF with a(CFC)2 and p(CFC)2 the enthalpy is very low, which is cause for a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Other values for these particular interactions should

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• synthesized by alkylation of 26a,b with the chiral auxiliary 31, which was obtained by reaction of the cyclic dipeptide 30 with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The alkylation reaction of 26a,b was carried out with n-BuLi in THF at −78 °C to give 32a,b. Acid hydrolysis of the alkylated product 32a,b

Fabclavine diversity in Xenorhabdus bacteria

• Sebastian L. Wenski,
• Harun Cimen,
• Natalie Berghaus,
• Sebastian W. Fuchs,
• Selcuk Hazir and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 956–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.84

• identified. These are generated when the peptide biosynthesis starts directly with the second NRPS enzyme FclJ, which results in the formation of a dipeptide instead of the usual hexapeptide (Figure 1) [22]. Structurally related compounds are the (pre)zeamines described for Serratia plymuthica and Dickeya

Synthesis of new asparagine-based glycopeptides for future scanning tunneling microscopy investigations

• Laura Sršan and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 888–894, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.80

• Table 1, the yields for all condensations with HBTU and HATU are in a comparable range. Only for the cellobiosyl Asp amino acid 3f (Table 1, entry 6), the lactosylated Asp–Phe–Ala tripeptide 6e (Table 1, entry 23), and the galactosylated Asp–Trp dipeptide 5b (Table 1, entry 14), HATU gave a

Efficient synthesis of dipeptide analogues of α-fluorinated β-aminophosphonates

• Marcin Kaźmierczak and
• Henryk Koroniak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 756–762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.69

• Herein, we present an efficient synthesis of dipeptide analogues of α-fluorinated β-aminophosphonates. Each step of the synthesis was optimized to provide excellent yields. Moreover, the absolute configuration of the obtained compounds was determined by X-ray analysis, which proved the stereochemistry

• that was proposed based on NMR studies. Keywords: dipeptide analogues; fluorinated aminophosphonates; fluorine; nucleophilic fluorination; phosphorus; Introduction The chemistry of fluorinated aminophosphonates is constantly being developed, mainly due to their wide spectra of applications. What is

• regioselectivity of the fluorination reaction. The absolute configuration of the obtained compounds was determined and confirmed by X-ray analysis. Furthermore, we present the use of α-fluorinated β-aminophosphonates as building blocks in the synthesis of their dipeptide analogues. In addition, we show the results

Chemical synthesis of tripeptide thioesters for the biotechnological incorporation into the myxobacterial secondary metabolite argyrin via mutasynthesis

• David C. B. Siebert,
• Roman Sommer,
• Domen Pogorevc,
• Michael Hoffmann,
• Silke C. Wenzel,
• Rolf Müller and
• Alexander Titz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2922–2929, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.286

• sarcosine (Sar) and derivatives. Chemical synthesis of the native sequence ᴅ-Ala-Dha-Sar thioester required revision of the sequential peptide synthesis into a convergent strategy where the thioester with sarcosine was formed before coupling to the Dha-containing dipeptide. Keywords: antibiotic; argyrin

• -ᴅ-Ala (16) was coupled to O-benzylserine ethyl ester 37 to give dipeptide 38, hydrogenolytic debenzylation gave the substrate 39 for the copper(I)-mediated elimination of the carbodiimide formed in situ using EDC, and then yielded the dipeptide Boc-ᴅ-Ala-Dha ester 40 in good yields. Lithium

• desired thioester probably due to the higher reactivity of the Michael acceptor system. Revision of the synthetic approach into a convergent synthesis with initial formation of the thioester at the amino acid level and subsequent coupling to a dipeptide finally yielded the desired mutasynthon carrying the

Sugar-derived oxazolone pseudotetrapeptide as γ-turn inducer and anion-selective transporter

• Sachin S. Burade,
• Sushil V. Pawar,
• Tanmoy Saha,
• Navanath Kumbhar,
• Amol S. Kotmale,
• Manzoor Ahmad,
• Pinaki Talukdar and
• Dilip D. Dhavale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2419–2427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.234

• 4b in 86% yield (Scheme 1). The coupling of 4a and 4b using 2-chloro-1-N-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI), as a coupling reagent, in the presence of Et3N in dichloromethane at 40 °C for 12 h gave azido ester dipeptide 5 in 75% yield. Hydrogenation of 5 using 10% Pd/C in methanol gave amino ester

• dipeptide 6a in 82% yield, while hydrolysis of 5 using LiOH gave azido acid dipeptide 6b in 88% yield. Coupling of 6a and 6b using CMPI in the presence of Et3N in dichloromethane afforded azido ester tetra-peptide 7 in 73% yield. [20]. The linear azido ester dipeptide 5 and tetrapeptide 7 were individually

• converted to amino acid di- and tetrapeptides 8 and 9, respectively, using hydrolysis followed by a hydrogenation reaction protocol (Scheme 2). In order to get cyclic peptides I and II (Figure 1), an individual intramolecular coupling reaction of linear dipeptide 8 and tetrapeptide 9 was attempted. Thus

Archangelolide: A sesquiterpene lactone with immunobiological potential from Laserpitium archangelica

• Silvie Rimpelová,
• Michal Jurášek,
• Lucie Peterková,
• Jiří Bejček,
• Vojtěch Spiwok,
• Miloš Majdl,
• Michal Jirásko,
• Miloš Buděšínský,
• Juraj Harmatha,
• Eva Kmoníčková,
• Pavel Drašar and
• Tomáš Ruml

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1933–1944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.189

• cell line MRC-5 (lung fibroblasts). The cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, USA) and from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Unless otherwise specified, cells were cultured in medium (Thermo Fisher, USA) recommended by ATCC with stable glutamine dipeptide and supplemented

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of immunostimulating mannosylated desmuramyl peptides

• Rosana Ribić,
• Ranko Stojković,
• Lidija Milković,
• Mariastefania Antica,
• Marko Cigler and
• Srđanka Tomić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1805–1814, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.174

• University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia 10.3762/bjoc.15.174 Abstract Muramyl dipeptide is the minimal structure of peptidoglycan with adjuvant properties. Replacement of the N-acetylmuramyl moiety

• and increase of lipophilicity are important approaches in the preparation of muramyl dipeptide analogues with improved pharmacological properties. Mannose receptors present on immunocompetent cells are pattern-recognition receptors and by mannose ligands binding they affect the immune system. Here we

• cytosolic or endosomal PRRs. PRRs are classified into: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [4]. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP, N-acetylmuramyl-ʟ-alanyl-ᴅ-isoglutamine) is the smallest peptidoglycan fragment (Figure 1) capable of

Synthesis of (macro)heterocycles by consecutive/repetitive isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Angélica de Fátima S. Barreto and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 906–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.88

• , which is able to undergo both electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions at the carbon atom. The Ugi reaction, firstly reported by Ugi et al. in 1959 [14], involves an amine, a ketone or aldehyde, an isocyanide, and a carboxylic acid to form a dipeptide product. It is undoubtedly one of the most important

• successfully used in the synthesis of tubulysin analogues called tubugis (53–55) [27]. These molecules are N-substituted peptides, which possess a very high cytotoxic activity (on the picomolar range). They were prepared using three different IMCRs (Scheme 11): the Mep-Ileu-OH dipeptide fragment 47 was

Synthesis of the polyketide section of seragamide A and related cyclodepsipeptides via Negishi cross coupling

• Jan Hendrik Lang and
• Thomas Lindel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 577–583, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.53

• satisfying. After Boc removal at 22, HATU/HOAt-mediated coupling with Boc-protected L-alanine afforded dipeptide 26, which was saponified and coupled with TIPS-protected threonine methyl ester (obtained with TIPSCl/DBU/MeCN) to provide tripeptide 27 (Scheme 5). Peptides 26 and 27 were obtained in nearly

Synthesis of C₃-symmetric star-shaped molecules containing α-amino acids and dipeptides via Negishi coupling as a key step

• Sambasivarao Kotha and
• Saidulu Todeti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 371–377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.33

• with different AAAs to produce the C3-symmetric dipeptide trimers. Experimental General procedure Commercially available starting materials were used without further purification. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on 7.5 × 2.5 cm glass plates coated with Acme’s silica gel GF254

• , m/z): [M + Na]+ calcd for C51H63N3NaO12, 932.4304; found, 932.4302; IR (neat) : 3661, 2349, 1716, 1495, 1163, 1044, 755 cm−1. General procedure for the mono- and dipeptide products 11, 12 and 13 Negishi coupling product 10 was dissolved in dichloromethane/trifluoroacetic acid (CH2Cl2/TFA 1:1) and

• /petroleum ether) to afford the C3-symmetric mono- and dipeptide derivatives 11, 12 and 13, respectively. Peptide derivative 11 Colorless solid; yield 86% (89 mg, starting from 100 mg of 10); Rf = 0.46 (7:3 ethyl acetate/petroleum ether); mp 156–158 °C; [α]D25 +25.07 (c 1.0, CHCl3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

• Dorota G. Piotrowska,
• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

• dipeptide containing O-protected (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyglutamic acid 3 (Scheme 19). The cycloadduct 75 can be transformed in a similar manner into non-proteinogenic D-amino acids. From 4-hydroxyproline 4-Hydroxyproline could be used as a starting material in the chemical synthesis of 4-hydroxyglutamic acids when

• , ethanol/water. Synthesis of the orthogonally protected 4-hydroxyglutamic acid (2S,4S)-73. Reagents and conditions: a) toluene, 25 °C; b) LiOH, H2O2/THF; c) O-tert-butyl-N,N′-diisopropylisourea, CuCl; d) H2, 10% Pd/C, Boc2O, MeOH. Synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-acetyloxyglutamic acid as a component of a dipeptide

Synthesis of a tubugi-1-toxin conjugate by a modulizable disulfide linker system with a neuropeptide Y analogue showing selectivity for hY1R-overexpressing tumor cells

• Rainer Kufka,
• Robert Rennert,
• Goran N. Kaluđerović,
• Lutz Weber,
• Wolfgang Richter and
• Ludger A. Wessjohann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 96–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.11

• -1)-βA),F7,L17,P34]-hNPY (8), was synthesized by reacting the tubugi-1-SSPy (3) with the free thiol function of a β-alanine–cysteine dipeptide (βAC) linked to the side chain of Lys4 of the targeting peptide. For this purpose, 1 mol equiv of the tubugi-1-SSPy building block 3 and one molar equivalent