Experimental and theoretical investigations on the high-electron donor character of pyrido-annelated N-heterocyclic carbenes

• Michael Nonnenmacher,
• Dominik M. Buck and
• Doris Kunz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1884–1896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.178

• calculated complexes although the differences are smaller between Ia-Rh, 2a, II-Rh and III-Rh (Table 2) than observed experimentally. The complex with the isopropyl acyclic carbene Ia-Rh shows its unique electron donating effect also in the calculations. The smaller differences found for the calculated CO

• -Rh bearing the isopropyl substituted carbene Ia, the steric hindrance of the N-isopropyl substituents causes an even larger N–C–N angle. This leads to a further reduction of the s-character and thus an increased σ-donor character that explains the pronounced shift to smaller wavenumbers. According to

Practical synthetic strategies towards lipophilic 6-iodotetrahydroquinolines and -dihydroquinolines

• David R. Chisholm,
• Garr-Layy Zhou,
• Ehmke Pohl,
• Roy Valentine and
• Andrew Whiting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.174

• reduced to the iodinated THQ 14 (see Supporting Information File 1 for crystal structure) using borane·dimethyl sulphide complex. A slight molar excess of the reducing agent causes de-iodination to give 10 in small quantities. N-Alkylation with highly lipophilic alkyl groups such as an isopropyl was next

• isopropylation, and only around 40% of the starting material 13 was converted. Interestingly, the major product from the reaction was the O-iPr imine 15b as indicated by a low field 1H chemical shift of the isopropyl proton (5.39 ppm), and later confirmed by X-ray crystallography (the crystal structure is shown

• . Absorption spectrum was recorded at 10 μM. Emission spectrum was recorded at 100 nM, with excitation at 318 nm. Proposed retrosynthesis scheme to access N-isopropyl-THQ 2. Synthesis of THQ 3 by initial N-alkylations, followed by PPA-mediated cyclisation. Bromination of 3 and attempted halogen exchange of the

Mechanistic investigations on six bacterial terpene cyclases

• Patrick Rabe,
• Thomas Schmitz and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1839–1850, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.173

• between the isopropyl group and H-6. The optical rotary power of [α]D22 = −44.9 (c 0.15, CH2Cl2) proved that (1R,6S,7S)-(−)-1 from S. viridochromogenes is the opposite enantiomer as in vetiver oil ([α]D = +120) [38], while it is identical to the compound obtained by acid-catalysed rearrangement of (+)-α

3,6-Carbazole vs 2,7-carbazole: A comparative study of hole-transporting polymeric materials for inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells

• Wei Li,
• Munechika Otsuka,
• Takehito Kato,
• Yang Wang,
• Takehiko Mori and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1401–1409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.134

• oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates (20 Ω per square) were patterned to fabricate the solar cells. These substrates were successively washed by ultrasonication in water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol for 10 min each, and then dried in a stream of dry air. The washed substrates were further treated with

The EIMS fragmentation mechanisms of the sesquiterpenes corvol ethers A and B, epi-cubebol and isodauc-8-en-11-ol

• Patrick Rabe and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1380–1394, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.132

• impact ionisation of 1 with loss of one electron from the oxygen lone pairs to 1+·, followed by α-cleavage with loss of the isopropyl group to A1+. This cation may ring-open to the cation B1+. The PMA161 shows that the fragment ion m/z = 161 is made up from the same part of the carbon backbone of 1

• = 179 by loss of the isopropyl group C11–C12–C13 (Scheme 3A). This is explainable by electron impact ionisation of 2 with loss of an electron from an oxygen lone pair to 2+· and subsequent α-cleavage to A2+ that may stabilise by ring opening to B2+. The PMA161 indicates that the fragment ion m/z = 161

• electron impact ionisation of 3 at the hydroxy function to 3a+·, followed by α-cleavage of C15. PMA179 indicates a formation of the fragment ion m/z = 179 by loss of the isopropyl group C11–C12–C13 of 3 (Scheme 4B). Usually in sesquiterpene alcohols the electron impact ionisation proceeds with loss of an

On the mechanism of imine elimination from Fischer tungsten carbene complexes

• Philipp Veit,
• Christoph Förster and
• Katja Heinze

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1322–1333, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.125

• related pentacarbonyl complexes of bis[di(isopropyl)amino]carbene 10 [49] M(CO)5(10) (M = Cr, Mo, W) readily decarbonylate at room temperature to give the tetracarbonyl complexes M(CO)4(κC,κN-10) with a side-on coordinated carbene ligand (Scheme 1e) [50][51][52]. Under CO atmosphere, the molybdenum and

Stereoselective synthesis of tricyclic compounds by intramolecular palladium-catalyzed addition of aryl iodides to carbonyl groups

• Jakub Saadi,
• Christoph Bentz,
• Kai Redies,
• Dieter Lentz,
• Reinhold Zimmer and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1236–1242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.118

• configurational assignment is ambiguous in this case, the NMR data and the fact that no γ-lactone is formed strongly support the trans-arrangement of the two functional groups as depicted. Under similar conditions (5 mol % Pd(PPh3)4, 90 °C, 3 d) the isopropyl-substituted ketone 2 furnished a mixture of the

• related trans-compound 8 (11%) together with the de-iodinated product 9 (25%) and the indane derivative 10 as major component (62%). The C–C coupling reaction to 8 seems to be hindered in this case, probably due to the steric bulk of the isopropyl group. The formation of indane derivative 10 occurs by an

• precursor compounds or elimination of water in the products. However, in general none of these byproducts has been isolated. For compound 2 the bulky isopropyl group slows down the addition to the carbonyl group and an enolate arylation was observed instead as major reaction pathway. Although the scope of

Conjugate addition–enantioselective protonation reactions

• James P. Phelan and
• Jonathan A. Ellman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1203–1228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.116

• the reactivity of the more hindered acrylate substrates (e.g., R2 = Bn) and when R2 was phenyl or isopropyl no reactivity was observed. Substituted benzoxazoles were also effective with 4-methylbenzoxazole being a preferred substrate. The authors proposed that substitution at the 4-position disfavored

• high yield and enantioselectivity for both α-alkyl and α-aryl conjugate addition acceptors. Alkyl substrates reacted smoothly at 25 °C (90–98% yield, 90:10 to 95.5-4.5 er) even when R was a more sterically demanding isopropyl or cyclohexyl group. Aryl substrates required lower reaction temperatures and

• isopropyl group and a pendent methyl ester. Generally, the azetidine nitroalkenes provided the 1,2-nitrothioacetates in higher yields and enantioselectivity (81–99% yield, 95:5 to 98:2 er). The oxetane and N-Boc azetidine nitroalkenes were activated toward conjugate addition by the release of ring-strain

NeoPHOX – a structurally tunable ligand system for asymmetric catalysis

• Jaroslav Padevět,
• Marcus G. Schrems,
• Robin Scheil and
• Andreas Pfaltz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1185–1195, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.114

• precursor. An option, which had been previously used in the development of PHOX ligands [23][24][25][26][27], is to replace the tert-butyl group by an isopropyl group and at the same time introducing two bulky substituents at C(5) (see Figure 3). Ligands of this type are accessible from valine, which is

• much less expensive than tert-leucine. The steric hindrance exerted by the geminal substituents at C(5) is expected to direct the isopropyl methyl groups toward the coordination sphere, creating a steric environment which resembles that of a tert-butyloxazoline ligand. To test the viability of this

Cationic Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H activation/cross-coupling reactions at room temperature: synthetic and mechanistic studies

• Takashi Nishikata,
• Alexander R. Abela,
• Shenlin Huang and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1040–1064, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.99

• . Although the combination of acetanilide together with a palladium(II) catalyst lead to the corresponding palladacycle, as reported by Tremont [172], in the presence of 2a, Pd(OAc)2, HBF4 and AgOAc at room temperature, acetyl or isopropyl anilides afford essentially no product. Only after heating to 50 °C

A modular approach to neutral P,N-ligands: synthesis and coordination chemistry

• Vladislav Vasilenko,
• Torsten Roth,
• Clemens K. Blasius,
• Sebastian N. Intorp,
• Hubert Wadepohl and
• Lutz H. Gade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 846–853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.83

• demanding 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl group as the N-aryl substituent induced only slight structural changes (complexes of ligand 2a vs 2b), mostly in the orientation of the phenyl rings of the phosphorus donor and the position of the cyclooctadiene co-ligand. To further explore the binding properties of the P

Diastereoselective synthesis of new O-alkylated and C-branched inositols and their corresponding fluoro analogues

• Charlotte Collet,
• Françoise Chrétien,
• Yves Chapleur and
• Sandrine Lamandé-Langle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 353–361, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.39

• benzylated myo-2-inosose 7 in isopropyl alcohol at room temperature to give a mixture of the myo- and scyllo-inositol diastereoisomers myo-8 and scyllo-8. The mixture was separated by column chromatography to afford the pure myo- and scyllo-inositol derivatives in 58% and 30% yields, respectively. The

Cascade alkylarylation of substituted N-allylbenzamides for the construction of dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones

• Ping Qian,
• Bingnan Du,
• Wei Jiao,
• Haibo Mei,
• Jianlin Han and
• Yi Pan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 301–308, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.32

• % yield. It should be noted that the reactions of substrates bearing disubstituted aromatic rings were possible but resulted in lower yield (5fa and 5ga). On the other hand, the variation of the substituent on the nitrogen atom has also been examined. In the cases of N-ethyl (4h), N-isopropyl (4i), and N

Organocatalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with bifunctional amine-thiourea catalysts bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors

• Ming-Liang Zhang,
• Deng-Feng Yue,
• Zhen-Hua Wang,
• Yuan Luo,
• Xiao-Ying Xu,
• Xiao-Mei Zhang and
• Wei-Cheng Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 295–300, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.31

• 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones 1 and the substrate concentration were investigated. The results are summarized in Table 2. It was found that an isopropyl group furnished a better yield and ee value than a benzyl group (Table 2, entry 2 vs entry 1). Changing the isopropyl group to a methyl group decreased the

Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus compounds

• Sophie Letort,
• Sébastien Balieu,
• William Erb,
• Géraldine Gouhier and
• François Estour

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 204–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.23

• substituent is more or less deeply inserted into the cavity, pointing downwards, while it is located largely on the secondary rim of γ-CD, pointing upwards. Finally, the isopropyl group is mainly outside, directed upwards for α- and β-CD, whereas located on the secondary rim of γ-CD. The effect of β- and HP-β

• alkoxide and to release the hydrolyzed product (Scheme 2). In 1970, van Hooidonk and Breebaart first studied the alkaline hydrolysis of the enantiomers of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin) with α-CD in aqueous solution at pH 9.0 and 25 °C. A hydrolysis rate enhancement is observed and they report

• )-(−)-enantiomer would be hydrolyzed faster in presence of α-CD. They also studied the alkaline hydrolysis of the two enantiomers of isopropyl para-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate [65] and of isopropyl (S)-2-dimethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioate [67] in the presence of α-CD at 25 °C. The result indicates that

Asymmetric α-amination of β-keto esters using a guanidine–bisurea bifunctional organocatalyst

• Minami Odagi,
• Yoshiharu Yamamoto and
• Kazuo Nagasawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 198–203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.22

• group, the enantioselectivity was slightly increased to 59% ee (Table 1, entry 2). In the case of a methyl group, 5a was obtained in 98% yield with 50% ee (Table 1, entry 3). An isopropyl group as R3 group was most effective, affording 5a with 66% ee (Table 1, entry 4). Next, we optimized R1 and R2 on

• 5a was dropped to 91% (Table 2, entry 7). As a further investigation, we optimized the ester moiety of the azodicarboxylate (Table 3). In addition to the ethyl ester (Table 3, entry 1), we examined benzyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl ester as azodicarboxylate (Table 3, entries 2–4). By changing the

• ethyl ester to a benzyl or isopropyl ester, the amination products 6a and 7a were obtained in excellent yield, but the enantioselectivity was dropped to 64 and 79% ee, respectively (Table 3, entries 2 and 3). In the case of the tert-butyl ester, the reactivity of the azodicarboxylate was drastically

Determination of formation constants and structural characterization of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with two phenolic isomers: carvacrol and thymol

• Miriana Kfoury,
• David Landy,
• Steven Ruellan,
• Lizette Auezova,
• Hélène Greige-Gerges and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 29–42, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.5

• guest is crucial to allow the formation of a stable inclusion complex. This is mainly controlled by the chemical structure of the encapsulated guest. Kf values generally increase for guests with an isopropyl moiety. Indeed, p-cymene [36] showed higher Kf values than toluene [37]. However, the comparison

• and those of the methyl and isopropyl groups of 1 and 2. This confirmed that, for both guests, the aromatic ring was deeply included in the β-CD cavity and that encapsulation occurred mainly through interactions with their phenyl moiety. But, it also pointed out that other guests’ protons are involved

• correlation peaks with CD protons. NOE cross peaks were observed between the protons of the isopropyl group of the guests and both protons H-3 and H-5. This indicated a partial penetration of the isopropyl group into the CD cavity. Moreover, the H-6 proton of β-CD showed cross peaks only with the protons of

A novel and practical asymmetric synthesis of dapoxetine hydrochloride

• Yijun Zhu,
• Zhenren Liu,
• Hongyan Li,
• Deyong Ye and
• Weicheng Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2641–2645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.283

• was sufficient and the optimized temperature was 0–25 °C when the reaction was carried out in THF. When other solvents were tested (Table 1, entries 12–14), it was found that diisopropyl ether gave the best result. Finally, the reaction was performed with 0.8 equiv BH3 in isopropyl ether at 0 °C for

• white solid was precipitated and filtered to obtain the crude 1 (2.8 g). The solid was recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol/n-hexane (9 mL:8 mL) to give the product. Yield 2.7 g (80.4%); mp 178–180 °C; 126.4 (c 1, methanol) [lit. [15] mp 180–184 °C; 131.7 (c 1, methanol)]; chiral purity (HPLC): >99

Comparison of the catalytic activity for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of (η⁵-Cp)Pd(IPr)Cl with (η³-cinnamyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl) and (η³-1-t-Bu-indenyl)Pd(IPr)(Cl)

• Patrick R. Melvin,
• Nilay Hazari,
• Hannah M. C. Lant,
• Ian L. Peczak and
• Hemali P. Shah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2476–2486, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.269

• the base. Yields for Cin and tBuInd are from previous literature results [15]. All yields were determined using GC and are the average of two runs. ORTEP of CpDim at 30% probability. Hydrogen atoms and isopropyl groups of IPr are omitted for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (˚) for: Pd(1

Efficient synthetic protocols for the preparation of common N-heterocyclic carbene precursors

• Morgan Hans,
• Jan Lorkowski,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2318–2325, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.252

• 1,3-di(isopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene. Thus, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (IDip·HCl) was obtained following a two-step procedure that first involved the condensation of glyoxal and two equivalents of 2,6-diisopropylaniline into the corresponding diazabutadiene. This intermediate

2-Hetaryl-1,3-tropolones based on five-membered nitrogen heterocycles: synthesis, structure and properties

• Yury A. Sayapin,
• Inna O. Tupaeva,
• Alexandra A. Kolodina,
• Eugeny A. Gusakov,
• Vitaly N. Komissarov,
• Igor V. Dorogan,
• Nadezhda I. Makarova,
• Anatoly V. Metelitsa,
• Valery V. Tkachev,
• Sergey M. Aldoshin and
• Vladimir I. Minkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2179–2188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.236

• ; Introduction Tropolone derivatives represent one of the promising classes of compounds having a wide spectrum of biological activities: in particular, antitumor activity [1][2], barrier properties with respect to various pathogens, insects and microorganisms [3]. The natural compound hinokitiol (4-isopropyl

Copper-catalyzed aerobic radical C–C bond cleavage of N–H ketimines

• Ya Lin Tnay,
• Gim Yean Ang and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1933–1943, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.209

• , that undergoes β-carbon fragmentation to give p-tolunitrile (5a) and biaryl-2-isopropyl radical B (Scheme 5a). The aerobic oxygenation of C-radical B affords peroxy radical C, that is presumably reduced by Cu(I) species through the Fenton-type mechanism [57] to give alkoxy radical D [58]. Subsequent

Preparation of conjugated dienoates with Bestmann ylide: Towards the synthesis of zampanolide and dactylolide using a facile linchpin approach

• Jingjing Wang,
• Samuel Z. Y. Ting and
• Joanne E. Harvey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.197

• (neat) cm−1: 2958 (m), 2929 (m), 1706 (s), 1625 (s), 1449 (m), 1236 (s), 1172 (s), 997 (m), 689 (m); HRMS (ESI) m/z: [M + H]+ calcd for C17H21O2, 257.1536 found, 257.1529, (Δ = 2.7 ppm). (1′R,2′S,5′R,2E,4E,6E)-2′-Isopropyl-5′-methylcyclohex-1′-yl deca-2,4,6-trienoate (11f). Rf = 0.14 (40:1 pet

A comprehensive study of olefin metathesis catalyzed by Ru-based catalysts

• Albert Poater and
• Luigi Cavallo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1767–1780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.192

• pyridine is roughly 20 kcal/mol, with a small effect of the ligand bulkiness, which only changes for system 8 bearing more sterically demanding isopropyl groups, displaying a value of 15.0 kcal/mol. The pseudo-halide systems, instead, show a remarkably different behavior. The pyridine is quite weakly bound

A facile synthetic route to benzimidazolium salts bearing bulky aromatic N-substituents

• Gabriele Grieco,
• Olivier Blacque and
• Heinz Berke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1656–1666, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.182

• isopropyl), 1.33 (d, J = 9 Hz, 12H, CH3-isopropyl), 1.17 (d, J = 9 Hz, 12H, CH3-isopropyl); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz) δ 146.80 (N-C1-N), 146.02 (N-C8), 132.21 (N-C2=C7-N), 128.5 (C9, C13, C15, C19), 127.45 (C10, C12, C16, C18), 124.97 (C11, C17), 113.42 (C4=C5), 29.42 (CH3-CH-CH3, isopropyl), 24.73 (CH3

• , isopropyl), 23.10 (CH3, isopropyl); HRMS–ESI (MeOH): calcd for C31H39N2+, 439.31078; found, 439.31042. Synthesis of 1,3-diphenylbenzimidazolium chloride (3-Cl). In a 50 mL two neck round-bottomed flask was weighed N,N’-diphenylbenzene-1,2-diamine (5, 50 mg, 0.19 mmol) and triethyl orthoformate (15 mL) was

• ), 6.66 (dd, J = 5.8 Hz, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H, H-4, H-5), 6.29 (dd, J = 5.8 Hz, J = 3.5 Hz, 2H, H-3, H-6), 5.30 (s, 2H, NH), 3.24 (sept., J = 6.8 Hz, 4H, CH3-CH-CH3 isopropyl), 1.24 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H, CH3-isopropyl), 1.18 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H, CH3-isopropyl); 13C{1H} (CD2Cl2, 75 MHz) δ 145.77 (HN-C1=C2-NH