Free-radical cyclization approach to polyheterocycles containing pyrrole and pyridine rings

• Ivan P. Mosiagin,
• Olesya A. Tomashenko,
• Dar’ya V. Spiridonova,
• Mikhail S. Novikov,
• Sergey P. Tunik and
• Alexander F. Khlebnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1490–1498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.105

• in materials science, especially in post-silicon electronics [1][2][3][4]. Though the remarkable progress in the synthesis of the polycyclic heteroarenes during the last two decades, further development of the existing methodologies is still required for broadening of the scope of polycyclic

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

• employs silicon-glass and tubular reactors packed with nanoparticle supported catalysts. The apparatus allows the desired material to be prepared in 48% yield. The authors pointed out better outcomes were obtained in batch using a MgO-based catalyst, whose usage proved troublesome in flow due to clogging

Metal-free glycosylation with glycosyl fluorides in liquid SO₂

• Krista Gulbe,
• Jevgeņija Lugiņina,
• Edijs Jansons,
• Artis Kinens and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 964–976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.78

• observed when additives containing a fluorophilic silicon center were used (Table 1, entries 8 and 9). The inhibitory effect of basic molecular sieves may point to the presence and contributory role of protic acid (HF or H2SO3) in the course of the reaction [64]. Whereas, silyl additives can react with

Manganese/bipyridine-catalyzed non-directed C(sp³)–H bromination using NBS and TMSN₃

• Kumar Sneh,
• Takeru Torigoe and
• Yoichiro Kuninobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 885–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.74

• variety of functionalities, such as boron-, silicon-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-based functional groups, and in C−C bond forming reactions, such as cross-coupling reactions [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The traditional method used for the preparation of alkyl bromides is the reaction of their corresponding alkyl

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• , multimode microwave reactors for parallel synthesis and multimode microwave reactors for single-batch scale-up. The reactors vary in capacity and the distribution mode of the electromagnetic wave in the reactor vessel. The introduction of the Si–C (silicon–carbon) vials enables high temperature resistance

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• reaction conditions, PLA could be converted to the corresponding silyl ether in 92% yield, propane and silicon byproducts (8%) using the above mentioned Brookhart pincer complex [Ir(POCOP)H(THF)][B(C6F5)4] shown in Scheme 3, an excess of Et3SiH and chlorobenzene solvent at 90 °C (Scheme 13) [193]. The use

• of 6 equiv of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) led to the total conversion to propane and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicon oil with several applications (lubricants, food-additives, breast implants). 3.2.3 Other polyesters: The hydrogenolysis reaction of esters other than PET and PLA was

A new and efficient methodology for olefin epoxidation catalyzed by supported cobalt nanoparticles

• Lucía Rossi-Fernández,
• Viviana Dorn and
• Gabriel Radivoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 519–526, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.46

• catalyst (10 mg) and TBHP (63 μL of an 80 wt % solution in water, 0.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL), the corresponding alkene (0.5 mmol) was added. The reaction flask was sealed with a screw cap and introduced in a preheated silicon oil bath at a temperature high enough to ensure the reflux of the solvent

Synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones by nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of esters under a fluoroform/KHMDS/triglyme system

• Yamato Fujihira,
• Yumeng Liang,
• Makoto Ono,
• Kazuki Hirano,
• Takumi Kagawa and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 431–438, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.39

• some effect on the reaction (Table 2, entries 9–15, 63–87%). Besides, silicon-containing compound, trimethyl(phenyl)silane that is more sensitive to fluorine was screened, 79% yield were obtained in this test. To consider the frequency of these motifs in modern pharmaceutical drugs, these tests are

CF₃-substituted carbocations: underexploited intermediates with great potential in modern synthetic chemistry

• Anthony J. Fernandes,
• Armen Panossian,
• Bastien Michelet,
• Agnès Martin-Mingot,
• Frédéric R. Leroux and
• Sébastien Thibaudeau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 343–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.32

All-carbon [3 + 2] cycloaddition in natural product synthesis

• Zhuo Wang and
• Junyang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3015–3031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.251

• tetrachloride produces an alkyoxy allylic carbocation (not shown). This carbocation is subjected to a regiospecific electrophilic substitution of allene 168 to generate a vinyl cation 172, which is stabilized by an adjacent carbon–silicon bond. The 1,2-shift of the silyl group in 172 produces an isomeric vinyl

Changed reactivity of secondary hydroxy groups in C8-modified adenosine – lessons learned from silylation

• Jennifer Frommer and
• Sabine Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2854–2861, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.234

• neighboring silicon leads to silyl migration and consequently to an isomeric mixture, which can be separated by column chromatography [30]. However, this procedure does not secure high yields and the careful separation of a sufficient amount of the 2’-O-silyl isomers is rather time consuming. Additionally

Dirhamnolipid ester – formation of reverse wormlike micelles in a binary (primerless) system

• David Liese,
• Hans Henning Wenk,
• Xin Lu,
• Jochen Kleinen and
• Gebhard Haberhauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2820–2830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.232

• camera. Atomic force microscopy Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were performed in the tapping mode using a NanoDrive Controller with an Innova Scanning Probe Microscope (Veeco) and an N-type silicon cantilever (Olympus AC 16TS). The samples were prepared by drop-coating the solution (50 µM) on a

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

• Emine Kayahan,
• Mathias Jacobs,
• Leen Braeken,
• Leen C.J. Thomassen,
• Simon Kuhn,
• Tom van Gerven and
• M. Enis Leblebici

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2484–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.202

Naphthalene diimide bis-guanidinio-carbonyl-pyrrole as a pH-switchable threading DNA intercalator

• Poulami Jana,
• Filip Šupljika,
• Carsten Schmuck and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2201–2211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.185

• silicon cantilevers (AC-160TS, Olympus) a NanoDrive controller with an Innova scanning probe microscope (Veeco, Germany, Mannheim) was used. The analysis of the AFM images was carried out by use of the Gwyddion (version 2.19) software. DLS experimental All measurements were carried out using a

Isolation and structure determination of a tetrameric sulfonyl dilithio methandiide in solution based on crystal structure analysis and ⁶Li/¹³C NMR spectroscopic data

• Jürgen Vollhardt,
• Hans Jörg Lindner and
• Hans-Joachim Gais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2057–2063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.172

• , electrostatic interaction with and charge polarization by the positively charged sulfur atom [56] and silicon atom [57], and negative nC–σ*SPh hyperconjugation [56][58]. The anions of (2a)4·(THF)6 and (2a)6·Li2O·(THF)6 adopt conformations around the carbon sulfur bond, which would allow for stabilization by

pH- and concentration-dependent supramolecular self-assembly of a naturally occurring octapeptide

• Goutam Ghosh and
• Gustavo Fernández

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.168

• the desired pH values. AFM samples were prepared by drop-casting 10 μL of the respective sample onto a mica surface, followed by spin-coating at 1000 rpm, and then, the thin film was dried at room temperature for 24 h. After that, images were captured on a Multimode® 8 SPM System (AXS Bruker). Silicon

Pauson–Khand reaction of fluorinated compounds

• Jorge Escorihuela,
• Daniel M. Sedgwick,
• Alberto Llobat,
• Mercedes Medio-Simón,
• Pablo Barrio and
• Santos Fustero

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1662–1682, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.138

• high diastereoselectivity [56]. In contrast to previous silicon-based tethers, which reacted in low yields and resulted in unexpected byproducts, this transformation could be performed on a multigram scale and showed a wide substrate scope and functional group compatibility, as well as high

Photoredox-catalyzed silyldifluoromethylation of silyl enol ethers

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Vitalij V. Levin and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1550–1553, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.126

• carbon–bromine bond. Keywords: difluoroalkylation; organofluorine compounds; photocatalysis; radical addition; silicon reagents; Findings Fluorinated silicon reagents have found widespread use for the introduction of fluorinated fragments [1][2][3][4][5]. Typically, these reagents work under strongly

• product with concomitant production of TMSBr. Conclusion In summary, a method for the introduction of the silyldifluoromethyl group was described by the coupling of a readily available silicon reagent with silyl enol ethers. The reaction is promoted by light and involves the generation of a fluorinated

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• material is drastically different for inorganic and organic semiconductors. High εr(ω) materials, such as silicon (εr(ω) = 12) or GaAs (εr(ω) = 13), effectively screen the Coulombic attraction between excitons to 10s of meV, allowing the charge carriers to easily dissociate at room temperature [109][110

• imitate light transmission through flesh, as this is relevant for photocatalyst applications in photodynamic therapy [197][198][199]. They reported that the NIR photons penetrated 293 times deeper into the polymerisation medium and enabled the reaction to be applicable on a multigram scale through silicon

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• underwent a thermal rearrangement to generate tricyclic isobenzofurans 313 through the ring-cleavage of the thietanes. It was assumed that the rearrangement was assisted through participation of the oxygen lone-pair electrons [17] (Scheme 57). The silicon-containing phenyl triphenylsilyl thioketone (316

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• F-1a phase) that were immediately put into silicon grease and cooled to 120 K at the diffractometer. The data collection revealed a triclinic P-1 phase, with the lattice parameters a = 13.416(7) Å, b = 13.887(7) Å, c = 22.730(12) Å, α = 88.564(8)°, β = 87.351(8)°, γ = 89.836(9)°, cell volume = 4229

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• incorporating silicon or boron into new or existing drugs, in addition to their use as building blocks in cross-coupling reactions en route to various targets of both natural and unnatural origins. In this review, recent protocols relying on copper-catalyzed sp3 carbon–silicon and carbon–boron bond-forming

• functional groups into existing or new drugs. Examples include the incorporation of silicon bioisosteres that help increase lipophilicity, subsequently altering the existing metabolic pathway of a drug due to differences in its physicochemical properties [8]. On the other hand, the trigonal planar nature of

• boron can lead to dative bond formation with enzymes, and therefore increase binding affinity. As shown in Scheme 1, several silicon [9][10][11][12] and boron-containing [13][14][15][16] drugs have already entered the market, or are currently in the drug development pipeline. As the number of drugs

Regioselectively α- and β-alkynylated BODIPY dyes via gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization and their photophysical properties

• Takahide Shimada,
• Shigeki Mori,
• Masatoshi Ishida and
• Hiroyuki Furuta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.53

• : triisopropylsilyl group; Mes: 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group. Top and front views of the crystal structures of (a) 4a and (b) 6b with 50% thermal ellipsoid probabilities. The isopropyl groups on the silicon atom are omitted in the front view for clarity. Partial 1H NMR spectra of (a) 1a, (b) 3a, (c) 4a, (d) 5a, and (e

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• applications that focused on the title catalysts in CuAAC reactions. Review Copper anchored on functionalized silica materials: efficient and recyclable catalysts for CuAAC reactions In recent years, silica or silicon dioxide nanomaterials have received much attention from researchers and industry and have

• been used in a wide spectrum of applications. Silica nanomaterials have the empirical formula SiO2 in which one silicon atom covalently links to four oxygen atoms, and most of the oxygen bond to two silicon atoms. Hence, their atoms are randomly oriented to produce amorphous structures. These materials

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters with chiral phenol–carbene ligands

• Shohei Mimura,
• Sho Mizushima,
• Yohei Shimizu and
• Masaya Sawamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 537–543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.50

• compounds was examined. Because the separation of the product from silicon-based byproducts was troublesome, the isolated yields were lower than the yields determined by NMR spectroscopy (2a, 52%, Table 2, entry 1). When (E)-1a was used as the substrate, the opposite enantiomer (S)-2a was obtained in >99

• magnetic stirring bar. The vial was sealed with a teflon-coated silicon rubber septum. N,N-Dimethylacetamide (0.90 mL) was added to the vial, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Next, t-AmOH (16.3 μL, 0.15 mmol) was added, and the vial was taken out of the glove box. To the