Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• , interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and the biological environment are not yet fully understood. Structures such as human skin or lungs are in constant contact with the environment and are thus exposed to nanoobjects. Lack of knowledge about nanoparticle effects on cell viability is a significant barrier

• culture dish for 24 h, then washed with PBS and moved to 96-well dish, after which cell viability was evaluated. The numbers of living cells measured are presented as a percentage relative to the negative control (100%), as determined using the WST-8 assay. Results above 100% are taken to show a

• [47]. To evaluate the manufacturing methods and to analyse the interaction mechanisms of HAp with living cells, simple statistical correlations and regressions of physicochemical properties with biological activity expressed by cell viability were made (significance [p] set at α = 0.05). Results and

Hybrid Au@alendronate nanoparticles as dual chemo-photothermal agent for combined cancer treatment

• Anouchka Plan Sangnier,
• Romain Aufaure,
• Laurence Motte,
• Claire Wilhelm,
• Erwann Guenin and
• Yoann Lalatonne

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2947–2952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.273

• assay the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) can be determined. This value is a good indicator of the effectiveness of a compound for inhibiting biological or biochemical functions. Free alendronate and Au@alendronate gold NPs reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner

• treatment by using a 680 nm laser calibrated to illuminate cells at 1.7 W/cm2. The metabolic activity on PC3 cells incubated with Au@alendronate NPs in presence or absence of laser irradiation is compared in Figure 3b. At extracellular concentrations of alendronate below 1 µM, similar cell viability was

• observed in absence or presence of laser irradiation. This could be related to the low dose of internalized gold NPs and indicates that the laser power is sufficiently low to avoid nonspecific biological damage. At extracellular concentrations of alendronate over 1 µM, cell viability was considerably

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• solution, 50 µL was added per mL of sample to achieve the final metal concentrations of 50, 25, 10, 5.0 and 2.5 mg L−1 (ppm) Adherent hMSC cells were then incubated in the presence or absence of different nanoparticle concentrations for 24 h in RPMI1640/10% FCS at 37 °C and 5% CO2. The cell viability and

• (Olympus MVX10, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany). The quantification of cell viability was performed by phase analysis (CellSens Dimensions, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) of calcein-positive fluorescence signals calculating the fluorescent area. For calculating the phase analysis data, a threshold was set which

• cell culture medium and no agglomeration or sedimentation was observed. Only silver nanoparticles had a discernible effect on the viability of hMSC after 24 h of exposure (Figure 6). They had a cytotoxic effect starting at 25 µg mL−1. The cell viability further decreased with increasing silver

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• , which resulted in heating up to 46 ± 1 °C. Preincubation of the cells with the hybrid NPs for 6 h further decreased the cell viability and led to complete (100%) cell death. Such multifunctional Fe3O4–Au Janus NPs combine the best characteristics for MRI and MPH and offer the highest potential for

• , resulting in the same hydrodynamic size as in water (Table S1, Supporting Information File 1) and added to 4T1 cells. The specimen was immediately exposed to 261–393 kHz, 25 mT AMF. The frequency is adjusted to keep the temperature constant at 46 ± 1 °C for 15 or 30 min. Afterwards, the cell viability is

• species (ROS) (Figures S5 and S7, Supporting Information File 1). The ROS excess level is known to induce apoptosis [86][87][88]. The applied combination of techniques enables us to draw definite conclusions about the effect of NPs on cell viability [89]. In our experiments, 15 min AMF exposure of 4T1

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• Multiscan FC instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific; Vantaa, Finland) at 570 nm. The absorption of solution above the incubated cells was normalized to that of control (untreated) cells, indicating the relative level of cell viability. Each concentration of the studied compounds was run in triplicate and

• /dead viability/cytotoxicity assay for mammalian cells (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA, USA) to evaluate the cell viability. Calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) working solution (150 μL) was added to the cells, which were subsequently incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and imaged by a Keyence Biorevo BZ

• -9000 fluorescence microscope. The live/dead kit determined the cell viability based on the cell membrane integrity. Living cells were stained by calcein AM, which emits green fluorescence (517 nm) after excitation by blue light (494 nm), whereas dead cells were stained by EthD-1, which emits red

Non-agglomerated silicon–organic nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes with oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Nadezhda V. Shikina,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Svetlana A. Yashnik,
• Dmitrii V. Semenov,
• Yulia I. Savinovskaya,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova,
• Inna A. Pyshnaya and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2516–2525, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.234

• blue) and 488 nm (for fluorescein-labeled samples, green) were used. The results are shown in Figure 5. Cell viability assays The experiments were carried out similarly as described in [20]. In short: Two days after the formation of a continuous monolayer of MDCK cells at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the cells

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• extended using free drug (no NPs) and the CaP@5-FU NPs sample at the same concentration and time as previously mentioned. In the free drug test (i.e., 5-FU), we observed a great reduction in cell viability in both cancer models (HCT-15 and A549 cells), whereas it was less effective in the normal cell line

• 5-FU has an IC50 of 4.2 µg/mL, whereas incubation at an increased concentration of 100 µg/mL resulted in 17.44% survival of cells (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1). Unloaded CaP NPs resulted in a 76.24% cell viability at 100 µg/mL treatment. Conversely, CaP@5-FU NPs showed a survival of

• purple formazan was confirmed by microscopic observation and 100 µL DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. The formazan crystal formation was spectroscopically characterized using a multimode microplate reader (Cytation3, Biotek) at 570 nm absorbance. The percent of cell viability was

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• monitored over time by spectrophotometric measurements at 600 nm. Figure 6b shows similar bacteria growth from non-irradiated PVA or PVA-GNS films, meaning that the presence of GNS itself does not impact cell viability. By contrast, strong differences in the bacteria growth were observed in the case of PVA

Biomimetic and biodegradable cellulose acetate scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for bone implants

• Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Veroniki Bakola,
• Foteini Pappa,
• Panagiota Gkertsiou,
• Eleni Pavlidou and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1986–1994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.189

• of PBS was added. Methylene blue is commonly used for the identification of cell viability as it stains the nuclei of living cells, making them more observable. The protocol for staining with methylene blue initially involves the addition of methanol to the samples, which were in the well-plates for

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• change was observed at the highest concentration of genipin (20 mM). Because of its high stability in cell culture medium, we used gelatin patterned using 20 mM genipin as a crosslinker to subsequently examine cell attachment and proliferation. Live/dead cell viability assay of Saos-2 cells on gelatin

• patterns The cell viability of Saos-2 cells on the gelatin crosslinked with 20 mM genipin was easily estimated with live/dead double staining (Figure 4). The gelatin pillars, with diameters of 500 nm and heights of 500 nm, were used as gelatin patterns. The high ratio of green-stained cells on gelatin

• attachment. Moreover, the live/dead cell viability assay demonstrated that gelatin crosslinked with genipin showed low cytotoxicity (Figure 4). The low cytotoxicity for Saos-2 cells on our gelatin patterns was in agreement with the low cytotoxicity for fibroblasts on genipin-crosslinked gelatin [66

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• -dots in the cancer cultures compared to the non-cancerous cells. Results showed that the spice-derived C-dots inhibited cell viability dose-dependently after a 24 h incubation period, displaying a higher toxicity in LN-229, than in HK-2 cells. As a control, C-dots synthesized from citric acid did not

• yield among all of the spice-derived C-dots. A summary of the characteristic parameters studied for each spice C-dot is collected in Table 1. Cell viability measurements and cell imaging using the C-dots Concentrations varying from 0.1 mg·mL−1 to 2 mg·mL−1 (and up to 4 mg·mL−1 in the case of black

• during the in vitro cell viability studies match very well with those assayed in previous works using other types of carbon dots [27]. The highest tested C-dot concentrations correspond to approximately 15% of water; in all cases, cell death due to the water vehicle was excluded by testing cell viability

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• -dependent endocytosis, whereas the clathrin/caveolae-dependent pathway dominated in MDA-MB-231 cells in monocultures (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Cell viability in 3D culture Cells in a 3D culture formed floating and dense spheroids. Therefore, we sought to analyse the effect of the 3D

• culture conditions on cell viability (Figure 5). MSC and breast cancer cell populations were distinguished by CD90 expression, thus allowing viability estimations in each cell type separately. Cell viability in 2D culture was greater than 95% (data not shown). MSCs cultivated in 3D monocultures were fully

• viable after 24 h; nevertheless, a distinct decrease in viability of 26% was observed after 48 h (Figure 5A). MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell viability was not changed after 24 h. However, after 48 h, the viability of MCF7 cells was reduced by 31% (Figure 5A). The viability of MDA-MB-231 cells remained

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• . Different concentrations of C-dots (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and 20 μg mL−1) were added into Erlenmeyer flasks and shaken for 2 min at 180 rpm. Furthermore, 0.2 mL of culture broth was collected at different time points (0–72 h) and their optical density was measured at 600 nm in order to calculate the cell

• viability. Quantification is reported as relative values to the negative control, where the negative control (untreated) is set to 100% viability. TEM and HRTEM (inset) images of (A) Sa, (B) Sb, (C) Se samples, and corresponding size (diameter) distribution ranges for (D) Sa, (E) Sb, and (F) Se. (A–C) UV

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• environment and if so, on which time scale. None of the exposure conditions impaired the cell viability of J774A.1 after 24 h as shown by the LDH and trypan blue exclusion assays (Figure S15 and Figure S16, Supporting Information File 1). Live-cell LSM data revealed that both particle types appeared

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• preliminary experiment. CHO-K1 proved to be the most sensitive, allowed for the determination of EC50 values for all tested nanomaterials and therefore was selected for the main experiment. A colorimetric assay with WST-8 reagent was used for the cell viability tests: CHO-K1 cells were pre-cultured in F12

• . Because Au nanoparticles absorb light in the visible region, the plates were centrifuged to avoid interference with the assay. At the next step, 100 µL of medium from each cell culture was transferred to a 96-well plate and the absorbance at 450 nm was measured. Cell viability was calculated as means of

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• treated with only cell culture medium were used as a control. The cell viability percentage was above 80%, showing that CNOs exhibited moderate toxicity to the cells at the tested concentrations (Figure 6). The observed high viability of the HeLa cells treated with CNOs demonstrated their suitability for

• a positive control for cytotoxicity, the cells were incubated with 5% DMSO. Cell viability was determined using the cell proliferation reagent WST-1 (Roche Applied Sciences). After aspiration of the culture medium, a mixture of DMEM and WST1 reagent (1/10 volume) was added to each well. After 2 h of

• µg mL−1. Cellular viability of HeLa cells treated with different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 µg mL−1) of fluo-CNOs for 12, 24, 28 and 72 h in DMEM (pH 7.4), revealed by the WST 1 assay. Cell viability (%) was evaluated for the CNO-treated samples against a non-treated control. As a positive

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• . The similar localization of Tween 80-coated nanoparticles was observed in MCF-7 cells as well. The same results of endocytic NP accumulation in cells was demonstrated in different studies with UCNPs [31], quantum dots [32], magnetic nanomaterials [33] and noble metal nanoparticles [34]. Cell viability

• detectors from reflected and scattered NIR light. Cell viability assay: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were seeded on a 96-well plate at a density of 20,000 cells/well. After 24 h, the old medium was replaced with a fresh medium containing 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µg/mL core–shell UCNPs. 12

• , treated with different concentrations of UCNPs for 24 h. Toxicity of UCNPs was investigated using XTT cell viability assay. Formation of water-soluble core and core–shell UCNPs by coating with Tween 80. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 134: The hydrodynamic particle size and zeta

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• 5 nm, H-terminated), and the same detonation NDs further oxidized by annealing at 450 °C. The influence of the NDs on cell viability and cell count was measured by the mitochondrial metabolic activity test and by counting cells with stained nuclei. The interaction of NDs with cells was monitored by

• phase contrast live-cell imaging in real time. For both types of oxygen-terminated HPHT NDs, the cell viability and the cell number remained almost the same for concentrations up to 100 µg/mL within the whole range of ND diameters tested. The uptake of hydrogen-terminated detonation NDs caused the

• types. Keywords: cell viability; FTIR; live-cell imaging; MTS; nanodiamond; SAOS-2 cells; Introduction Carbon-based materials in the form of nanostructures are showing great promise as engineering and biomedical materials [1]. Moreover, diamond represents a new class of material with properties that

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• for all batches show a decrease of the relaxivity of about 11.6% after nine months. Finally, the cell viability of the NPs stabilized with Melpers®2450 was evaluated in hdF and we can show that the NP system is biocompatible and non-toxic. Overall, we have developed a very promising particle system

• cell toxicity of the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs was investigated in 96-well plates on a subconfluent monolayer culture of hdF. With the CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay (Promega), based on the quantification of the ATP concentration, the cell viability was examined. The cell line was seeded

• -containing cell-culture medium and b) absorbance measurement (λabs = 700 nm) of the samples over a period of 24 h. a) Representative microscopic image of hdF 24 h after treatment with the NPs (c = 1 mg·mL−1). b) Cell viability 24 h after adding CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs at concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL−1

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• assay. This cell line is recommended by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) for the cytotoxicity evaluation of polymeric systems and was therefore used. According to MTT assay, cell viability for L929 cells is given in Figure 6. It is clearly shown that all blank amphiphilic CD nanoparticle

• -loaded nanoparticles was determined on MCF-7 cell lines. After an incubation period, cell viability was calculated, as shown in Figure 8. According to the results of anticancer activity studies on MCF-7, PCX-loaded amphiphilic CD nanoparticles have higher cytotoxicity than PCX solution in DMSO (p < 0.05

• ). The amphiphilic CD nanoparticles and the drug solution carry an equivalent amount of PCX (250 nM) during the cell culture study. The cell viability in loaded CD nanoparticles is significantly different from the PCX solution (p < 0.05). Moreover, the effect of surface charge on viability of cancer

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• assay, cell viability for L929 cells is given in Figure 6 for 24 h and 48 h. When compared with the control group, the blank formulations were found to have no cytotoxic effect on L929 fibroblast cells (the differences between groups were statistically insignificant, p > 0.05), and it can be suggested

• . Then, DMEM was replaced with fresh medium containing blank nanoparticle formulations and incubated for 48 h. MTT assay was applied to determine cell viability. 20 µL of MTT solution in PBS (5 mg/mL) were added in each well and incubated for 4 h. 80 µL of MTT lysis solution containing SDS (23% w/v) and

• DMF (45% v/v) in ultrapure water were added in plates and incubated overnight. The optical density (OD) was determined by a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, USA) at 450 nm (n = 3). The results were expressed in terms of cell viability (%) according to the equation: Statistical analysis All

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• quantum dots QD655 were studied in human skin MSCs. The effect of QD on MSCs was examined using a cell viability assay, Ki67 expression analysis, and tri-lineage differentiation assay. The optimal conditions for QD uptake in MSCs were determined using flow cytometry. The QD uptake route in MSCs was

• in skin MSCs was clathrin-mediated endocytosis. QDs were mainly localized in early endosomes after 6 h as well as in late endosomes and lysosomes after 24 h. QDs in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 64 nM had no effect on cell viability and proliferation. The expression of MSC markers, CD73 and CD90

• , comparing unlabelled and labelled cell populations. Cell-viability assay The impact of carboxyl-coated QD655 on the viability of MSCs was analysed using the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). A total of 5 × 103 cells per well were seeded onto 96-well plates in 100 μL of complete medium. The

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• , Spain) with an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cell viability and cytotoxicity Cell viability was assessed by morphology using phase-contrast microscopy and by trypan blue dye exclusion test (Merck). Viability 97% was required for the thawed HAECs in order to guarantee the viability of the cells before

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• effect might have been due to the passivation of the particle surface by DMSO molecules [48]. Biological properties of O-dots Cellular toxicity The results of studying the effect of O-dots samples on cell viability and metabolic activity of NADP-H-dependent oxidoreductases are shown in Figure 4 (for more