TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• Abstract We have prepared ferromagnetic nanostructures intended for the investigation of high-frequency magnetization dynamics in permalloy (Py) nanodisks using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and electron holography. Py nanodisks were fabricated on thin silicon nitride (SiN) membranes

• layer on the resist, creating fences on the edge of the structure and contaminating the silicon nitride membrane. A possible solution is replacing IBE with reactive ion etching (RIE). Using RIE, there would be less redeposition since the reaction between gas and etched metal will form a gaseous compound

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• measured using a tip characterizer and tip qualification or standard calibration grating. In one of those studies, the tip geometry was determined by using a well-known sharp-edged silicon structure, which included height patterns with a certified pitch on a nanostructure plate [10]. Three types of AFM

• tips (silicon nitride, silicon, and high-aspect-ratio tips) were scanned over the calibration pattern. Simultaneously, the AFM measurement signal showed the tip path profile as the real geometry of a fabricated microstructure. The tip radius was obtained from the curvature radius of the curve profile

• silicon tip (HQ:CSC17/No Al, nominal radius < 8 nm for regular force contact AFM; Figure 1c), all supplied by MikroMasch. The full cone angle for all tips is 40° as given by MikroMasch [9]. The tip end is a hemisphere with specific radius. For the coated tips, the tip radius includes the coating material

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• ), driven by a Mimea scanning probe microscope (SPM) controller (SPECS-Nanonis). Topographic imaging is performed in FM mode (FM-AFM) in the attractive regime, with negative frequency shifts of a few Hz and vibration amplitudes of a few tens of nm. All experiments were performed with Pt/Ir coated silicon

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• In this work, a silicon photodiode integrated with a piezoelectric membrane is studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under modulated illumination. Time-dependent KPFM enables simultaneous quantification of the surface photovoltage generated by the photodiode as well as the resulting

• zirconate titanate (PZT), was integrated onto a silicon photodiode. The PZT layer was sandwiched between two lanthanum nickelate (LNO) electrodes and ultimately the backside of the silicon substate was etched to enhance the motion of the membrane. More detailed information on the fabrication and cross

• -sectional scanning electron microscopy images can be found in [32]. The top view of the piezo/photodiode device is given in Figure 1a, where the inset represents the cross section of the device stack. Owing to the integration of PZT with silicon processing and operation at low voltages, this device can be

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• Centre «Crystallography and Photonics», Russian Academy of Sciences, 59 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, Russia Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Str., Moscow, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.14.80 Abstract This article describes an approach for synthesizing silicon phosphide

• nanoparticles with a defective zinc blende structure under mild conditions through thermal annealing of hydrogenated silicon nanoparticles with red phosphorus. The synthesized Si3P4 nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, electron diffraction, EDX, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

• precursor for diffusion doping of wafers and as anode material for Li-ion batteries. A similar method with a hydrogenation step offers the possibility to obtain other compounds, such as silicon selenides, arsenides, and sulfides. Keywords: ampoule annealing; defective zinc blende structure; DFT

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• crystal 200 mm silicon (100) wafers with a pre-coated thermal SiO2 film of 100 nm thickness. As precursor for all depositions dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne [Co2(CO)6HC≡CC5H11] was used. The precursor was synthesised according to Georgi et al. [23] and filled to a common 200 mL stainless steel bubbler

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• electron microscopy (SEM) Scanning electron microscopy data was acquired using a Hitachi S-4800, with a beam energy of 5 keV. The samples on silicon wafers were directly investigated without any surface coating. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy studies were performed on a Hitachi S-4800

• microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) AFM was carried out with a Bruker Dimension Icon microscope in scan-assist-mode. A Bruker Scanasyst-Air silicon tip with a diameter of around 10 nm was used to obtain images with a resolution of 512 × 512 or 1024 × 1024 pixels. The

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• . Keywords: angle dependency; argon; contamination; energy dependency; ion bombardment; low energy; molecular dynamics; silicon; simulations; water; Introduction Low-energy ion beams offer substantial improvements and possibilities to reduce the damage production on the surface of samples [1][2]. In recent

• and carbonated components that can be found in the atmosphere [22][23][24], and residuals from past experiments in the chamber, which can include silicon, carbon, or any type of particles that were sputtered previously and adsorbed on the walls of the sample chamber [24][25]. The work in this paper

• will be based on methodologies developed in a previous paper [26], which focused on a silicon sample contaminated with a water layer, and in which we showed the influence of the contamination layer on the sputtering process. In the presence of water on the sample surface, we showed that while the

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• assembled into a monolayer on a liquid/air interface and deposited onto a porous silicon array prepared through a metal-assisted chemical etching approach. By using the developed microfluidic device, enhancement factors of the Raman signal for rhodamine B (at 10−9 M) and melamine (at 10−7 M) of 8.59 × 106

• ], porous aluminum oxide [38], and semiconductors [39] have been reported. Dielectric and semiconductor substrates, such as ZnO nanowires, silicon nanowires, and porous silicon (PS), are particularly popular because of their larger contribution to the amplification of the Raman signal and longer shelf life

• [40][41][42]. Silicon nanostructures with high specific areas are especially popular because they have no fluorescence properties. In this work, we report on the synthesis of a highly sensitive SERS substrate for detecting rhodamine B (RhB) and melamine (MLM) and on the analytical properties of the

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• , is a possible alternative for graphite electrodes due to its high theoretical capacity of 1623 mAh·g−1 (four times higher than that of graphite) and good rate performance due to high electronic (2.1 S·m−1, 1 × 104 times higher than that of silicon) and ionic (6.51 × 10−12 cm2·s−1, 400 times higher

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• numerical results to compare the optical trapping capability provided by all-dielectric nanostructures based on the excitation of these three different modes. Using an array of high-index silicon disks with elaborately designed slots, all these three resonances can be supported by the same platform. The

• , these resonances by the spheres are beyond the spectrum of our interest. The presence of PS spheres only leads to some spectral shift of the resonances supported by the silicon nanostructure, which have been fully considered. Using the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) technique [17], the generated optical

• top of the silicon disks represent the trapped PS spheres. The metasurface consists of a 225 nm thick array of silicon disks on a quartz substrate with elliptical slots etched perforating each disk. The number and positions of the slots depend on the specific mode to be excited, and may be different

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• , anisotropic heat transport has been found in silicon nanosystems [38], where the thermal conductivity can vary based on the lattice orientation along the direction of transport. It is possible that this effect is related to how lattice orientation can affect surface scattering. Zhou, Chen and Hu showed that a

• and more diffusive cases. The 1× scattering rate corresponds to rates observed in silicon, while the higher rates represent an artificial case where ballistic transport is suppressed. Details on the methods used for calculation of scattering rates are elaborated in the Methodology section of this work

• parameters for silicon given by Jean et al. [28] in their work on simulations of nanoporous silicon and germanium. In that work, an isotropic model based on a parabolic fit is used for the description of the dispersion relations of the acoustic phonons. Since we are not attempting to obtain exact

Transferability of interatomic potentials for silicene

• Marcin Maździarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 574–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.48

• single-layer silicon, polymorphs was examined. Structural and mechanical properties of flat, low-buckled, trigonal dumbbell, honeycomb dumbbell, and large honeycomb dumbbell silicene phases, were obtained using density functional theory and molecular statics calculations with Tersoff, MEAM, Stillinger

• the “silicon age” because of the great importance of elemental silicon to the modern global economy, mainly concerning electronics. Silicon is one of the most extensively investigated materials, and the quality of its production is impressive. However, this applies to bulk silicon. The success of

• graphene has also sparked interest in other non-carbon 2D materials [1][2]. One of such materials is 2D silicon, called silicene [3][4]. Using first-principles methods with current computer resources enables us to model structures up to about a few hundred atoms. For larger systems, approximate methods are

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• GaN/Ag substrates The morphology of the fabricated GaN/Ag substrates was visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Quanta 3D FEG, FEI Company, Eindhoven, Netherlands). The thickness of the reference Ag layers, deposited on flat silicon substrates at room temperature, was measured with an

• × objective lens (N.A. = 0.75). The spectrometer was calibrated using an internal silicon wafer, and the spectrum was centered at 520.5 cm−1. The measurement parameters were as follows: acquisition time of 1 s and one accumulation at each point for GaN/Ag substrates, and acquisition time of 5 s and 50

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• contact mode. AC160TS silicon cantilevers from Olympus with a typical spring constant of k ≈ 46 N/m, a nominal radius of curvature of r ≈ 7 nm, and a resonant frequency of ω0 ≈ 300 kHz were employed. Heat flow and weight changes of selected solvents were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• , by inorganic components generated by sol–gel processes from silicon alkoxides is an illustrative example of biohybrids that display the extraordinary functionality inherent to the assembled living components. For instance, bacteria such as Escherichia coli maintain their metabolic activity entrapped

• without staining. Electron microscopy imaging was conducted using a field-emission scanning electron microscope FEI-NOVA NanoSEM 230 equipped with an Apollo XL silicon drift detector from EDAX-Ametek or using a high-resolution JEOL IT500HR/LA microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray

Microneedle patches – the future of drug delivery and vaccination?

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 494–495, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.40

• originally developed for the microelectronics industry; they were inevitably made from silicon. Since then, silicon MNs have been largely abandoned in favour of polymer versions because of their superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, ease of manufacture, and ultimate scalability [5][6]. Polymer

A mid-infrared focusing grating coupler with a single circular arc element based on germanium on silicon

• Xiaojun Zhu,
• Shuai Li,
• Ang Sun,
• Yongquan Pan,
• Wen Liu,
• Yue Wu,
• Guoan Zhang and
• Yuechun Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 478–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.38

• , Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 10.3762/bjnano.14.38 Abstract A mid-infrared (MIR) focusing grating coupler (FGC) with a single circular arc element (CAE) in the front of the gratings based on a germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) platform is designed and demonstrated. It can be used equivalently

• -silicon; mid-infrared; Introduction The mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum region covers the absorption band of most organic and inorganic matter. Thus, it has a broad application prospect in gas detection, environmental monitoring, lidar, free space optical communication, and remote sensing technologies [1][2

• cover the wavelength of 6–15 μm. Hence, it is a suitable material for biosensors applications in the MIR band [6]. In recent years, researchers have verified the feasibility of Ge MIR waveguides on various substrate materials, such as germanium on silicon (Ge-on-Si), germanium on silicon-on-insulator

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• , USA), equipped with optical fiber, tungsten halogen source, and silicon (350–720 nm) and germanium (720–1050 nm) detectors. The colorimetric analysis was performed on the pigments in the form of powder, and after application on the plaster specimens using a portable colorimeter (3nh, model NR60CP

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• , molecular nanoelectronics beyond current silicon-based device technologies can be realized. It also provides new scientific opportunities, such as measuring electrical conduction in structurally perfect one-dimensional materials and analyzing the propagation mechanism of chain polymerization. Thus, various

• boron site embedded at the center of the graphene nanoribbon was investigated. Si atoms were removed by vertical manipulation with a tip (Figure 5). In this manipulation, the tip was positioned at a silicon site and then moved closer to the silicon atoms while recording the tunneling current. After the

• tip was brought close enough to obtain a single-atom conductance gap, it was retracted and silicon atoms were removed. A perpendicular magnetic field was applied to explore physical phenomena such as Kondo resonance. The nanoarchitectonics of magnetic topological states due to spin polarization in

Quasi-guided modes resulting from the band folding effect in a photonic crystal slab for enhanced interactions of matters with free-space radiations

• Kaili Sun,
• Yangjian Cai,
• Uriel Levy and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 322–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.27

• of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 10.3762/bjnano.14.27 Abstract We elucidate that guided modes supported by a regular photonic crystal slab structure composed of a square lattice of air holes in a silicon slab will transition into quasi-guided (leaky) modes when the radius of every second column of

• larger than that of most plasmonic nanoantennas, suggesting the great potential of these QGMs for enhanced light–matter interactions. We use GMs supported by a regular PCS structure composed of a square lattice of air holes perforating a thin silicon (refractive index: 3.45) film on a silica (refractive

• direction. All these results are consistent with the dispersion curves in Figure 2 and the evolution of Q-factors as a function of the wave number in Figure 3a. Figure 4d presents typical distributions of the real part of both Ex and Ey at the resonance frequency across the central plane of the silicon

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• residues. Arginine is a very strong proton acceptor with a side chain pKa of 13.80 [35]. Therefore, locally increased concentrations of OH− by arginine could facilitate the hydrolysis of silicon alkoxides, since OH− is also a potent nucleophile. Future studies where serine and arginine residues of the SiBP

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• signals are recorded is approximately 2 μm. The instrument's wavelength was calibrated using an internal silicon wafer, and the spectrum was centered at 520.5 cm−1. The measurement parameters were an acquisition time of 10 s and ten accumulations at each point. The excitation laser power on the sample was

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• show that the analysis of electrostatic forces in the depletion region at high- and low-frequency AC bias voltages provides information about the interface state density in the semiconductor bandgap. As a preliminary experiment, high-low KPFS measurements were performed on ion-implanted silicon

• charge, band bending, and interface state density [18]. In particular, previous studies of silicon substrates with different impurity concentrations measured by KPFM have shown that when the impurity concentration is very high (>1016 cm−3), surface band bending occurs, and the measured CPD approaches

• at frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency fc of carrier transport. To date, high–low KPFM has successfully visualized the surface band bending of pn-patterned silicon substrates [22]. However, in high–low KPFM, the CPD is compensated by a DC bias voltage. Hence, a certain DC voltage, determined

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• to developing different kinds of nanofabrication methods during the past decades. For example, silicon oxide (SiOx) nanostructures can be grown by the catalyzing effect of Au nanoparticles based on the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism [1][2][3][4]. Au–SiOx nanoflowers consisting of Au nanoparticles

• also been obtained by depositing Au thin films on Si substrates with a thick silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer and subsequent rapid heating in reducing atmosphere. Here, the Si vapor source is silicon monoxide (SiO) gas produced by the decomposition of the SiO2 layer or the active oxidation of the Si