1,2,3-Triazolium macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry

• Mastaneh Safarnejad Shad,
• Pulikkal Veettil Santhini and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2142–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.211

• in the literature in which they bind to the anionic species by utilizing multiple noncovalent interactions based on electrostatics, including hydrogen bonding (HB), anion–π interactions [30], and on Lewis acidity/basicity [31]. 2.1. Bile acid-based 1,2,3-triazolium macrocycles Bile acid-based

• density of the triazolium derivative. Rigid macrocycles 12 display selective complexation with I− because of the complementary size of the cavity of the macrocyclic ring and the iodide ion. In addition, the acidity of the inner protons of 12 is higher than the corresponding neutral analogue which also

• also determined the dissociation constant pKa of this acid−base switchable MIM system by an indicator method which could make a quantitative and precise estimation of its dynamics with environmental acidity change. By combining NMR spectroscopic data and quantum chemistry calculations, a motion

Reactions of 2-carbonyl- and 2-hydroxy(or methoxy)alkyl-substituted benzimidazoles with arenes in the superacid CF₃SO₃H. NMR and DFT studies of dicationic electrophilic species

• Dmitry S. Ryabukhin,
• Alexey N. Turdakov,
• Natalia S. Soldatova,
• Mikhail O. Kompanets,
• Alexander Yu. Ivanov,
• Irina A. Boyarskaya and
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1962–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.191

• AlCl3 and AlBr3 took longer time (24–27 h, Table 3, entries 1, 2, and 4). In some cases, the use of H2SO4 resulted in the formation of oligomeric reaction products in the reaction of 1 with electron donating p-xylene (Table 3, entry 10). Apart from that, the acidity of H2SO4 was not high enough to

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

• performed a Cu(OAc)2-Et3N-mediated coupling reaction of α-azido ketones 115 with pyridinium ylides 114 using oxygen as a green oxidant (Scheme 40). The oxo-functionality present in α-azido ketones increased its acidity thus making it a good organic synthon. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed

Enantioselective PCCP Brønsted acid-catalyzed aza-Piancatelli rearrangement

• Gabrielle R. Hammersley,
• Meghan F. Nichol,
• Helena C. Steffens,
• Jose M. Delgado,
• Gesine K. Veits and
• Javier Read de Alaniz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.160

• (Figure 1) [38]. First, the pKa values measured in acetonitrile (MeCN) are lower than chiral phosphoric acids (Brønsted acid pKa = 8.85 vs chiral phosphoric acids pKa = 12–14) [38]. Given the enhanced acidity, we reasoned that this type of chiral Brønsted acid catalyst could facilitate the dehydration

Superelectrophilic carbocations: preparation and reactions of a substrate with six ionizable groups

• Sean H. Kennedy,
• Makafui Gasonoo and
• Douglas A. Klumpp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1515–1520, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.153

• high degree of delocalization into the neighboring phenyl group. Both the trication 3 and the tetracation 4 were directly observed from FSO3H–SbF5 solution using low temperature NMR. Experimental observations also revealed an exceptionally high acidity of the pyridinium N–H bonds. Here, we describe the

Synthesis of non-racemic 4-nitro-2-sulfonylbutan-1-ones via Ni(II)-catalyzed asymmetric Michael reaction of β-ketosulfones

• Alexander N. Reznikov,
• Anastasiya E. Sibiryakova,
• Marat R. Baimuratov,
• Eugene V. Golovin,
• Victor B. Rybakov and
• Yuri N. Klimochkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1289–1297, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.127

• ) complexes [56]. The above considerations lead to the use of β-ketosulfones in the Ni(II)-catalyzed reaction, since the proposed mechanism [47], that involves the formation of cyclic Ni enolate, and the high CH acidity of ketosulfones (pKa 9.8–10.5 [4]). The formation of the key intermediate can be provided

• organocatalysts [58][59][60][61]. This was explained by the authors as a result of the high CH acidity of the corresponding Michael adducts. The highest reaction rate with good enantioselectivity is achieved using catalyst 7a (Table 1, entry 1). For this reason, further studies were carried out with catalyst 7a

Doebner-type pyrazolopyridine carboxylic acids in an Ugi four-component reaction

• Maryna V. Murlykina,
• Oleksandr V. Kolomiets,
• Maryna M. Kornet,
• Yana I. Sakhno,
• Sergey M. Desenko,
• Victoriya V. Dyakonenko,
• Svetlana V. Shishkina,
• Oleksandr A. Brazhko,
• Vladimir I. Musatov,
• Alexander V. Tsygankov,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken and
• Valentyn A. Chebanov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1281–1288, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.126

• optimal acidity to the reaction medium needed for successful protonation of the intermediate azomethine, formed between the aromatic aldehyde 8 and aniline 9, to the corresponding iminium cation and its further transformation involving carboxylic acid 4 and isocyanide 10. As a result, we developed an

Robust perfluorophenylboronic acid-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated O-, C-, N- and S-linked glycosides

• Madhu Babu Tatina,
• Xia Mengxin,
• Rao Peilin and
• Zaher M. A. Judeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1275–1280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.125

• , entry 1). This is attributed to its low acidity. Gratifyingly, the more acidic perflurophenylboronic acid successfully promoted the reaction to give 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-unsaturated glucoside 3a in CH3CN or CH3NO2 solvents (Table 1, entries 3 and 4). It gave better 92% yield of glucoside 3a in CH3NO2

Electrophilic oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis using dM-Dmoc for amino protection

• Shahien Shahsavari,
• Dhananjani N. A. M. Eriyagama,
• Bhaskar Halami,
• Vagarshak Begoyan,
• Marina Tanasova,
• Jinsen Chen and
• Shiyue Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1116–1128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.108

• linkers for ODN synthesis [40][41]. Due to the low acidity of H-2 (pKa ≈31) in the Dmoc function, these groups and linkers were expected to be stable under ODN synthesis conditions. However, once the dithioketal in the group is oxidized, the acidity of H-2 (pKa ≈12) is drastically increased [42][43

Catalytic asymmetric oxo-Diels–Alder reactions with chiral atropisomeric biphenyl diols

• Chi-Tung Yeung,
• Wesley Ting Kwok Chan,
• Wai-Sum Lo,
• Ga-Lai Law and
• Wing-Tak Wong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 955–962, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.92

• hydroxy and NH units for hydrogen bonding activation, % ee and yields in oxo-DA reactions were found to be enhanced with increasing NH acidity, leading to stronger hydrogen bonds [32]. So, there is much room for further investigation and improvement with other hydrogen bonding organocatalysts. An earlier

• other biphenyl hybrid diols with different steric bulky substituents were incorporated (3 and 4). Since it is known that the catalyst acidity has significant influence on hydrogen-bond-catalyzed reactions [32], we also incorporated a CF3 group in our molecular scaffold to investigate how it would affect

Tuning the stability of alkoxyisopropyl protection groups

• Zehong Liang,
• Henna Koivikko,
• Mikko Oivanen and
• Petri Heinonen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 746–751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.70

• (Scheme 2). Experimental data on the acidity of the 5’- and 3’-hydroxy groups of thymidine are not available, but computed NBO charges suggest that the electronic properties of both hydroxy functions are close to each other [10]. Our DFT level calculations indicated that the 3’-hydroxy function is

• slightly more acidic than the 5’-hydroxy group, but absolute values for the acidity constants could not be reliably determined. The hydrolysis of the acetals is suggested to follow most often the A-1 mechanism via formation of an oxocarbenium ion [11]. Polarity effects and the stability of the formed

• observed rate constants are proportional to the acidity of the alcohol moieties corresponding to the varied stems of the acetal structures: the hydrolysis rate steadily decreases with increasing electron-withdrawing ability of the alkyl group. A comparison of this observation with the results of Salomaa

Study on the regioselectivity of the N-ethylation reaction of N-benzyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide

• Pedro N. Batalha,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi,
• Maria Clara R. Freitas,
• Nathalia M. de C. Tolentino,
• Ednilsom Orestes,
• José Walkimar de M. Carneiro,
• Fernanda da C. S. Boechat and
• Maria Cecília B. V. de Souza

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 388–400, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.35

• one-dimension spectra of compound 7 are available in Supporting Information File 1. Theoretical data Two main approaches were considered to better understand the reactivity of substrate 5 and, consequently, the regioselectivity of the reaction: quantification of the acidity of the N–H units and

• comparative analysis of the possible reaction paths. Acidity of the N–H units A first possibility to rationalize the reactivity of carboxamide 5 was its deprotonation to produce a nucleophilic species which would then attack the bromoethane to produce the derivatives 7 or 11. Therefore, we considered the

• deprotonation of both the oxoquinoline core and the carboxamide N–H sites, followed by the alkylation of the respective anion 8a and 8b, providing two possible products 7 and 11, from which the results obtained could be compared (Scheme 3). The acidity of both carboxamide and oxoquinoline N–H sites were

Sigmatropic rearrangements of cyclopropenylcarbinol derivatives. Access to diversely substituted alkylidenecyclopropanes

• Guillaume Ernouf,
• Jean-Louis Brayer,
• Christophe Meyer and
• Janine Cossy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 333–350, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.29

• formation of alkylidenecyclopropanes 58a (86%), 58b (60%) and 58c (84%). It is worth mentioning that despite the use of a strong base (KHMDS) and the acidity of the “vinylic” protons of cyclopropenes which is comparable to that of a terminal alkyne [62], cyclopropenylcarbinyl glycolates devoid of

• 60 was converted into glycolate 61 under standard conditions and the latter ester was engaged in the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. Because the gem-diester substitution at C3 increased the acidity of the proton at C2 in substrate 61 [64], silylation of that position took place under the reaction

Silanediol versus chlorosilanol: hydrolyses and hydrogen-bonding catalyses with fenchole-based silanes

• Falco Fox,
• Jörg M. Neudörfl and
• Bernd Goldfuss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 167–186, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.17

• [58] makes BIFOL (5) a potentially promising chiral backbone for new organo silicates, e.g., silanediol 9 (Figure 1). As a silicic acid ester, silanediol 9 should show increased acidity in comparison to C–Si(OH)2 derivates, e.g., 1–4 [40]. In this work the syntheses of BIFOXSiCl2 (7), BIFOXSi(OH)2 (9

• reported silanediol derivatives 2a and 2b [43], an increase of acidity of one outward facing OH group is achieved by intermolecular hydrogen bonds [43]. Chloride binding The X-ray crystal structures of chlorosilanol 8 (Figure 17) and silanediol 9 (Figure 16) with co-crystallized acetone indicate the

MoO₃ on zeolites MCM-22, MCM-56 and 2D-MFI as catalysts for 1-octene metathesis

• Hynek Balcar,
• Martin Kubů,
• Naděžda Žilková and
• Mariya Shamzhy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2931–2939, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.272

• ‘ acidity and accessibility of the catalytic species on the surface. On the other hand the supports‘ acidity decreases the selectivity to the main metathesis product C14 due to an acid-catalyzed double bond isomerization (followed by cross metathesis) and oligomerization. 6MoO3/2D-MFI(26) with a lower

• metathesis catalysts [1]. Albeit typical ill-defined catalysts they are still popular as relatively cheap catalysts finding industrial applications especially in the treatment of low olefins [2][3][4][5]. Their catalytic activity depends on many factors, especially on Mo loading, support acidity, and pre

• ) where MoO3 signals were clearly visible, probably as a result of lower external surface area. Contrary to the all-siliceous mesoporous sieves (like SBA-15) which are neutral, zeolites are acidic and their acidity (both Brønsted and Lewis-type) plays an important role for catalysis. The acid site

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• substance and chlorosulfonic acid for the first time. The authors proposed that the high Brønsted acidity of the catalyst arises mainly from hydrogen bonds between the two -SO3H groups. The catalyst 53 was studied by different analyses including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectra. Then

Synthesis of functionalised β-keto amides by aminoacylation/domino fragmentation of β-enamino amides

• Pavel Yanev and
• Plamen Angelov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2602–2606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.238

• enolates is one of the main synthetic approaches towards β-keto amides and has found numerous applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, while the generation of tertiary amide enolates is straightforward, this is not the case with secondary and primary amides. The NH acidity of the latter compounds

Synergistic electrodeposition of bilayer films and analysis by Raman spectroscopy

• Saadeldin E. T. Elmasly,
• Luca Guerrini,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Neil J. Findlay,
• Karen Faulds and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2186–2189, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.191

• two layers. Successful PEDOT/PEDTT bilayer formation has been confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Electrodeposition of the bilayer has advantages over traditional processing methods including avoiding the acidity of PSS which is detrimental to the lifetime of devices containing PEDOT:PSS [18] and the

Host–guest complexes of conformationally flexible C-hexyl-2-bromoresorcinarene and aromatic N-oxides: solid-state, solution and computational studies

• Rakesh Puttreddy,
• Ngong Kodiah Beyeh,
• S. Maryamdokht Taimoory,
• Daniel Meister,
• John F. Trant and
• Kari Rissanen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.146

• -acidity of aromatic protons assist in orienting the N-oxide guest by C–H···π interactions, and that the HB accepting N–O group is positioned “up”, extending out beyond the cavity to interact with solvent molecules. Our work, investigating the interactions of PyNO guests with various resorcinarene hosts

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• reasonable yields over shorter reaction times and at low catalyst loading. The regioselectivity of the reactions was strongly dependent on the acidity or basicity of the reaction conditions. Under acidic conditions, nucleophilic attack of the thiol at the more-substituted α-carbon was favored while under

Heterogeneous acidic catalysts for the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols in green ethereal solvents

• Ugo Azzena,
• Massimo Carraro,
• Gloria Modugno,
• Luisa Pisano and
• Luigi Urtis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1655–1659, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.141

• , i.e., NH4Cl, NH4Br and NH4H2PO4 (Table 1, entries 1–4). On the other hand, inorganic salts with a relatively higher acidity, i.e., NH4HSO4, NaHSO4 and KHSO4 [31], as well as Amberlyst 15 and Montmorillonite K10, efficiently promoted practically quantitative conversion of the starting material into the

Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction

• Julia Hain,
• Patrick Rollin,
• Werner Klaffke and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1619–1636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.138

• , some other NH acids, and thiols. The standard azo reagents used are diethyl- (DEAD) or diisopropyl- (DIAD) azodicarboxylate. However, alternative reagents such as azodicarboxamides [15][16] or stabilized phosphoranes were also developed to allow reaction with nucleophiles of weaker acidity. The typical

• acyloxyphosphonium ion. This in turn reacts with the anomeric oxyanion to furnish the anomerically modified sugar with retention of configuration via anomeric O-alkylation. This mechanistic proposal is in agreement with observations by Lubineau et al., who could correlate the acidity of the employed nucleophile with

• authors state that the observed pKa effect is either due to the influence of the acidity of the employed acid on the reaction mechanism or results from the proton-catalyzed change of the anomeric ratio of the starting material 30 in solution. Very recently, anomeric phosphorylation via a Mitsunobu

Glycosylation reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine: application to the synthesis of nucleosides and carbohydrates

• Yuichi Yoshimura,
• Hideaki Wakamatsu,
• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Yukako Saito and
• Noriaki Minakawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1595–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.137

• iodine-mediated glycosylation to purine 4’-thionucleosides [46]. However, the reaction of 36 with 6-chloropurine resulted in the formation of a regioisomer reacting at the 4-position without any formation of the desired purine 4’-thionucleoside. The result should relate to the acidity of the α hydrogen

Recent applications of chiral calixarenes in asymmetric catalysis

• Mustafa Durmaz,
• Erkan Halay and
• Selahattin Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1389–1412, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.117

• respectively have been designed by Yilmaz et al. as shown in Figure 9 [65]. A new prolinamide derivative 92 with increased NH acidity has been synthesized from diformylcalixarene derivative 90 as shown in Scheme 24 [66]. Aldol reaction between 21 and 70 in water showed that catalyst 75 provided faster reaction

A selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group from ortho-dithioacetal-substituted diarylmethanols

• Anna Czarnecka,
• Emilia Kowalska,
• Agnieszka Bodzioch,
• Joanna Skalik,
• Marek Koprowski,
• Krzysztof Owsianik and
• Piotr Bałczewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1229–1237, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.105

• , ether cleavage and dehalogenation (I but not Cl and Br) are common, side reactions due to either the high acidity which is necessary to generate carbocationic species or due to the use of strongly reducing reaction conditions [28][29][30][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. In this context, a serious challenge