Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues

• Marco Antônio G. B. Gomes,
• Alicia Bauduin,
• Chloé Le Roux,
• Romain Fouinneteau,
• Wilfried Berthe,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96

Synthesis, α-mannosidase inhibition studies and molecular modeling of 1,4-imino-ᴅ-lyxitols and their C-5-altered N-arylalkyl derivatives

• Martin Kalník,
• Sergej Šesták,
• Juraj Kóňa,
• Maroš Bella and
• Monika Poláková

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 282–293, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.24

• inhibitor:enzyme complexes were analyzed by molecular modeling. Keywords: glycosidase inhibitor; Golgi mannosidase II; iminosugar; inhibition; molecular modeling; Introduction Iminosugars are analogs of monosaccharides in which the endocyclic oxygen atom is replaced with a nitrogen atom [1][2][3][4][5]. These

Highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of racemic codonopsinol B through isoxazolidine-4,5-diol vinylation

• Lukáš Ďurina,
• Anna Ďurinová,
• František Trejtnar,
• Ľuboš Janotka,
• Lucia Messingerová,
• Jana Doháňošová,
• Ján Moncol and
• Róbert Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2781–2786, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.188

• , triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids are responsible for the majority of the activities found in Codonopsis species. Although the polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine alkaloids from C. pilosula possess glycosidase inhibitory activities and they are considered to be anticancer species, their activity against

Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications

• Vineet Verma,
• Jyotirmoy Maity,
• Vipin K. Maikhuri,
• Ritika Sharma,
• Himal K. Ganguly and
• Ashok K. Prasad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1392–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.98

Direct synthesis of anomeric tetrazolyl iminosugars from sugar-derived lactams

• Michał M. Więcław and
• Bartłomiej Furman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 115–123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.12

• iminosugar derivatives may be less obvious. Several pharmaceuticals are based on this scaffold including the glucose-derived nojirimycin, an antibiotic and glycosidase inhibitor [26] and 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, known under the trade name Galafold®, which is utilized for the treatment of the Fabry disease

Tools for generating and analyzing glycan microarray data

• Akul Y. Mehta,
• Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro and
• Richard D. Cummings

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2260–2271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.187

• , all concentration plots, and a model structure. The software was designed to be useful for lectin and enzyme analysis. It has been used to discover fine specificities of lectins (AAL, SNA) and glycosidase enzymes (α1-2-fucosidase and an α2-3,6,8-neuraminidase) [45]. 3. SignalFinder-Microarray: Status

Towards the preparation of synthetic outer membrane vesicle models with micromolar affinity to wheat germ agglutinin using a dialkyl thioglycoside

• Dimitri Fayolle,
• Nathalie Berthet,
• Bastien Doumeche,
• Olivier Renaudet,
• Peter Strazewski and
• Michele Fiore

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 937–946, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.90

• Fisher reaction between pyranoses and fatty alcohols of different lengths [8][9]. Alkyl thioglycosides are known for their properties as co-surfactants [10] and present interesting antimicrobial activities [11], acting as glycosidase inhibitors and being resistant towards glycoside hydrolases [12][13

A simple and effective preparation of quercetin pentamethyl ether from quercetin

• Jin Tatsuzaki,
• Tomohiko Ohwada,
• Yuko Otani,
• Reiko Inagi and
• Tsutomu Ishikawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3112–3121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.291

• ], antithrombotic [26] and α-glycosidase inhibition activities [14]. However, purification of large amounts of PMFs from natural sources for further studies of their bioactivities is difficult because of the presence of many structurally related compounds [2]. Therefore, simple and efficient syntheses are required

Synthesis of α-D-GalpN₃-(1-3)-D-GalpN₃: α- and 3-O-selectivity using 3,4-diol acceptors

• Emil Glibstrup and
• Christian Marcus Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2805–2811, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.258

• Shigella dysenteriae [23], as derivatives of the mucin O-glycan core structures for glycosidase studies [24], for the synthesis of T-antigen analogues [25], for the synthesis of E. coli O-antigens [26][27][28][29], for the development of Burkholderia vaccines [30][31][32], for the synthesis of PS A1

Synthetic and semi-synthetic approaches to unprotected N-glycan oxazolines

• Antony J. Fairbanks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 416–429, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.30

• direct result of their utility as activated donors species for glycosidase-catalysed synthesis [24][25][26][27]. Initially activity centred on the use of oxazolines as donors for chitinase-catalysed glycosylations [28][29][30][31]. However, a turning point occurred when, in a seminal publication in 2001

• sialic acids can be removed by acidic hydrolysis [95], and the amine Fmoc protected. Branch specific exo-glycosidase digestion then allows the production of a wide variety of truncated glycans. Alternatively, by forming 4,6-benzylidenes of the mannose and galactose residues, acetylating all the remaining

Strategies toward protecting group-free glycosylation through selective activation of the anomeric center

• A. Michael Downey and
• Michal Hocek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1239–1279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.123

• brief overview of these two methods is given in this section. 2.1.1 Glycosynthases: Glycosynthases catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond between two saccharide moieties and were evolved from naturally occurring glycosidase enzymes, which, in fact, catalyze the hydrolysis (i.e., the reverse process

Synthesis of polyhydroxylated decalins via two consecutive one-pot reactions: 1,4-addition/aldol reaction followed by RCM/syn-dihydroxylation

• Michał Malik and
• Sławomir Jarosz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2602–2608, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.255

• to their similarity to carbohydrates, these compounds often possess interesting biological properties, e.g., they may act as glycosidase inhibitors [2][3][4]. One of such compounds, acarbose [5][6][7], found an application as a drug and is marketed worldwide. Five- and six-membered cyclitols are a

• possess strong and selective anti-glycosidase activity [16][17][18]. The polyoxygenated bicyclic motif is also found in some members of the nargenicin antibiotics family [19][20][21]. In our group, we have already proposed an approach to the synthesis of polyoxygenated bicyclic systems such as cis

A selective and mild glycosylation method of natural phenolic alcohols

• Mária Mastihubová and
• Monika Poláková

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 524–530, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.51

• -(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol) with cellobiose, lactose and melibiose as donors for the preparation of salidroside and its α- and β-galactoside analogues [31]. However, all transglycosylation reactions required a distinct pair of the disaccharide donor and the glycosidase for which the reaction conditions

Exploring architectures displaying multimeric presentations of a trihydroxypiperidine iminosugar

• Camilla Matassini,
• Stefania Mirabella,
• Andrea Goti,
• Inmaculada Robina,
• Antonio J. Moreno-Vargas and
• Francesca Cardona

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2631–2640, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.282

• glycosidases. Keywords: dendrimers; glycosidase inhibitors; iminosugars; multivalency; piperidine alkaloids; Introduction Iminosugars are well-known naturally occurring glycomimetics with a nitrogen atom replacing the endocyclic oxygen, mainly recognized as inhibitors of carbohydrate-processing enzymes

• (glycosidases) [1][2]. In quite sharp contrast the multivalent effect, widely investigated in the field of carbohydrate–lectin interactions [3], has remained essentially unexplored concerning glycosidase inhibition up to 2010. Indeed, the first examples of multivalent iminosugars gave disappointing results in

• terms of inhibition and therefore were not encouraging [4][5][6]. However, following the first promising affinity enhancements reported towards jack-bean α-mannosidase for a trivalent derivative of 1-deoxynojirimycin [7], over the past six years the multivalent effect in glycosidase inhibition has

Design, synthesis and photochemical properties of the first examples of iminosugar clusters based on fluorescent cores

• Mathieu L. Lepage,
• Antoine Mirloup,
• Manon Ripoll,
• Fabien Stauffert,
• Anne Bodlenner,
• Raymond Ziessel and
• Philippe Compain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 659–667, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.74

• ][10]. From 2010, the field has however experienced a major take-off with the discovery of the first strong multivalent effects in glycosidase inhibition observed with DNJ clusters based on β-cyclodextrin or C60 cores showing strong affinity enhancements over the corresponding monomers (up to 610-fold

• per DNJ unit) [11][12]. In the following years, an impressive ever-growing number of multivalent iminosugars based on various scaffolds, ligands and linkers have been synthesized to further investigate the impact of multivalency on glycosidase inhibition [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20

Novel stereocontrolled syntheses of tashiromine and epitashiromine

• Loránd Kiss,
• Enikő Forró and
• Ferenc Fülöp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 596–603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.66

• valuable physiological properties. A number of representatives of this class exhibit glycosidase inhibitory activity or antimetastatic, anticancer, antitumour or anti-HIV properties [1][2][3]. A large number of natural products contain an indolizidine framework, among them (−)-δ-coniceine, (−)-swainsonine

Enantioselective synthesis of polyhydroxyindolizidinone and quinolizidinone derivatives from a common precursor

• Nemai Saha and
• Shital K. Chattopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3104–3110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.327

• interest from both organic and medicinal chemists owing to their powerful biological activities [1][2][3]. For example, swainsonine (1, Figure 1) [4] and castanospermine (2) [5] obtained from natural sources have potent inhibitory effects towards various glycosidase enzymes and also exhibit anti-HIV

Synthesis of the first examples of iminosugar clusters based on cyclopeptoid cores

• Mathieu L. Lepage,
• Alessandra Meli,
• Anne Bodlenner,
• Céline Tarnus,
• Francesco De Riccardis,
• Irene Izzo and
• Philippe Compain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1406–1412, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.144

• . Keywords: cyclopeptoids; glycosidases; iminosugars; inhibitors; multivalency; mutivalent glycosystems; Introduction Within a few years, the field of multivalent glycosidase inhibitors has witnessed tremendous advancement. Since the report in 2009 of the first quantifiable multivalent effect in glycosidase

• glycosidase inhibitor clusters published in the literature are based on these binding motifs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][11][43] providing thus the opportunity to assess the relevance of cyclopeptoid cores by comparison with the other platforms already described. Scaffold synthesis The linear precursors of cyclic

• yields without affecting the potentially labile amide bond. As indicated in the introduction, the best multivalent effects in glycosidase inhibition observed so far were obtained with jack bean α-mannosidase [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][11][12]. Accordingly, in order to complete these compelling investigations

Stereoselectively fluorinated N-heterocycles: a brief survey

• Xiang-Guo Hu and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2696–2708, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.306

• as polyhydroxylated alkaloids or azasugars, are sugar mimics in which a nitrogen atom replaces the ring oxygen of the corresponding monosaccharide (Figure 8) [31][32][33][34][35][36]. Iminosugars can competitively bind to glycosidase enzymes because of their structural resemblance to the terminal

• 28 is a potent inhibitor of yeast α-glycosidase (Figure 9), and the fluorinated analogues 32–34 suggest that the C2 and C4 hydroxy groups of 28 act as H-bond donors when binding to the enzyme, while the C6 hydroxy of 28 does not [44][45]. Miglitol (30, Figure 10) is an orally-available drug used for

• the treatment of type II diabetes. It was first marketed by Merck in 1996. The biological activity of the fluorinated analogues 35–37 (Figure 10) suggest that the C6 hydroxy group of 30 acts as a hydrogen bond donor in its binding to yeast α-glycosidase, while the C2' and C2 hydroxy groups of 30 do

A new approach toward the total synthesis of (+)-batzellaside B

• Jolanta Wierzejska,
• Shin-ichi Motogoe,
• Yuto Makino,
• Tetsuya Sengoku,
• Masaki Takahashi and
• Hidemi Yoda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1831–1838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.210

• ; L-pyroglutamic acid; total synthesis; Introduction Iminosugars, monosaccharide analogues in which the endocyclic oxygen has been replaced by nitrogen, display beneficial therapeutic activity as sugar-mimicking glycosidase inhibitors [1][2][3][4]. Since the discovery of nojirimycin (Figure 1), which

Low-generation dendrimers with a calixarene core and based on a chiral C₂-symmetric pyrrolidine as iminosugar mimics

• Marco Marradi,
• Stefano Cicchi,
• Francesco Sansone,
• Alessandro Casnati and
• Andrea Goti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 951–957, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.107

• for a significant multivalent effect in glycosidase inhibition. These results highlight the interest in synthesizing multivalent iminosugar-conjugates with well-defined structures. In this context, we aimed at studying the feasibility of combining the supramolecular properties of multivalent scaffolds

Carbohydrate-auxiliary assisted preparation of enantiopure 1,2-oxazine derivatives and aminopolyols

• Marcin Jasiński,
• Dieter Lentz and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 662–674, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.74

• as well as additional spots seen on TLC of the crude reaction mixtures support this assumption, but none of these possible by-products could be isolated. With respect to the enormous importance of polyhydroxylated N-heterocycles as carbohydrate-mimicking glycosidase inhibitors [41][42][43][44][45

Synthesis and biological evaluation of nojirimycin- and pyrrolidine-based trehalase inhibitors

• Davide Bini,
• Francesca Cardona,
• Matilde Forcella,
• Camilla Parmeggiani,
• Paolo Parenti,
• Francesco Nicotra and
• Laura Cipolla

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.58

• the insect glycosidase, while compounds 10, 14 and 16 behaved as inhibitors only of insect trehalase. Despite the fact that the activity was found in the micromolar range, these findings may help in elucidating the structural features of this class of enzymes of different origin, which are still

• scarcely characterised. Keywords: glycosidases inhibitors; iminosugars; nojirimycins; pyrrolidines; trehalases; Introduction Trehalase (EC3.2.1.28) is a glycosidase that catalyses trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 1, Figure 1) [1][2][3] hydrolysis. It was found initially at the end of the

• elucidated yet (trehalose is absent in blood), in the intestine it hydrolyses ingested trehalose [8]. However, trehalose hydrolysis is fundamental for insect flight [9], growth resumption of resting cells, and spore germination in fungi. Trehalase is an inverting glycosidase [10], belonging to the GH37

Facile synthesis of nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranosides from ManNAc-oxazoline

• Karel Křenek,
• Petr Šimon,
• Lenka Weignerová,
• Barbora Fliedrová,
• Marek Kuzma and
• Vladimír Křen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 428–432, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.48

• yielding a separable mixture of the o- and p-nitrophenyl derivative in a 2:3 ratio. Keywords: α-ManNAc; glycosidase; glycosylation; nitrophenyl; oxazoline; Introduction Hexosamines are fundamental structural elements and precursors of the peptidoglycan and membrane lipopolysaccharide layer as well as of

Amine-linked diglycosides: Synthesis facilitated by the enhanced reactivity of allylic electrophiles, and glycosidase inhibition assays

• Ian Cumpstey,
• Jens Frigell,
• Elias Pershagen,
• Tashfeen Akhtar,
• Elena Moreno-Clavijo,
• Inmaculada Robina,
• Dominic S. Alonzi and
• Terry D. Butters

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1115–1123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.128

• glycosidase inhibitory activity. Keywords: amination; glycomimetics; glycosidases; Mitsunobu; pseudodisaccharides; Introduction We have been interested in synthesising molecules consisting of two monosaccharides linked by formal condensation without using the anomeric position [1]. Such molecules, termed

• nitrogen atom bind more strongly to glycosidases than do the corresponding ether or thioether derivatives [5]. It follows that amine-linked diglycose derivatives may act as glycosidase inhibitors. We set about the synthesis of some compounds of this type to test this hypothesis. In our initial

• , possibly due to their presence in natural products and well known biological activities as glycosidase inhibitors [13]; second, electrophiles that are either lacking a bulky and electron-withdrawing substituent at one beta position [14] (making them less carbohydrate-like), or that are allylic [15], would