Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• (Figure 1), the dc bias applied to the tip represents the compensation bias of this second loop (it also has its own modulated bias, which is not shown in the schematic). As with pump-probe KPFM, there is no crosstalk between the two modulation/demodulation units because their operating frequency ranges

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• crosstalk [17]. The laser beam deflection system in our AFM employs a laser wavelength of 1310 nm, which is well below the bandgap of our sample; therefore, the parasitic laser absorption, which may interfere with the KPFM measurement, is reduced to negligible levels [13]. Highly doped n+-Si ARROW EFM tips

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• currents and unwanted electrochemical reactions) [9][33][34][35]. OL techniques avoid the limitations and artefacts that can arise when using a feedback loop, for example, bandwidth limitations due to the time constant of the feedback loop [29], increased noise [36][37], and electrical crosstalk [38][39

• should be higher than the topography feedback bandwidth to prevent crosstalk yet low enough that the mixing products are not too far from ωm to take advantage of gains in the SNR. This limits the accessible bandwidth and, therefore, the scanning speed [10]. (3) Higher eigenmodes – by applying the

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• hysteresis for the normal force is not as straightforward to explain. In our experiments, we can exclude the effect of crosstalk due to misalignment of the cantilever since we mounted each cantilever on the same alignment chip on the cantilever holder. We consider it more likely that the hysteresis of the

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• manner such that potential crosstalk between channels was eliminated. Also, electrode count and hardware complexity were minimized by removing the vertical acquisition channel without loss of control commands triggered by vertical EMs [24][25]. The readout electronics could be implemented in a small form

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• ) and the relative permittivity εr (Figure 5c): the lower the topography, the larger the εr. However, we observe a small εr value in the lower topography regions adjacent to the wing slab. Hence, topography crosstalk is small. Chalcopterix rutilans damselfly wings Using the protocol described above, we

Direct observation of the Si(110)-(16×2) surface reconstruction by atomic force microscopy

• Tatsuya Yamamoto,
• Ryo Izumi,
• Kazushi Miki,
• Takahiro Yamasaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1750–1756, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.157

• images [37], these five bright spots can be explained by the dangling bonds of five atoms. Therefore, it was concluded that the five bright spots in pentagonal formation observed for a negative tip bias in STM images correspond to five atoms, that is, they were not due to crosstalk between the topography

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• the system. The signal correlation coefficients contain information about coupling and crosstalk between the channels estimated. Our method can be applied in closed-loop as well as in open-loop mode. Results of both modes are discussed in this paper. Detection Principle The overall frequency shift in

• an increased SNR can be expected from regions where the controller is less confident due to a smaller SNR. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients can be calculated as They contain information about coupling and crosstalk between the different states. If the magnitude of a correlation coefficient

• is close to one, crosstalk between these two channels has to be expected, while a value close to zero means little to no crosstalk. The measurement setup is shown in Figure 2b. The estimator can be applied in both open-loop and closed-loop mode. When using as control signal for the topography

Imaging the surface potential at the steps on the rutile TiO₂(110) surface by Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Huan Fei Wen,
• Quanzhen Zhang,
• Yuuki Adachi,
• Jan Brndiar,
• Ivan Štich,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1228–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.122

• the fAC component of the electrostatic force, providing the CPD value (VCPD). The topography and CPD were measured sequentially using the lift-mode technique to minimize crosstalk [47]. In this scanning mode, the topography (z) is scanned in the first trace using AFM and immediately retraced with a

Transport signatures of an Andreev molecule in a quantum dot–superconductor–quantum dot setup

• Zoltán Scherübl,
• András Pályi and
• Szabolcs Csonka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 363–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.36

• ). This is due to the independence of the QDs: εL has no effect on the transport via QDR. The position and the amplitude of the lines is the same as the ones in the left panel of Figure 3a, at εL = −1.2U. When the non-local couplings are switched on, they induce a crosstalk between the two QDs, resulting

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• saturation magnetization [35] and the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant [40] are Dtail,B = 1.32 μm for the bombarded and Dtail,NB = 1.04 μm for the non-bombarded regions (see Appendix for details), it is evident that for b ≤ 2 μm there is a significant crosstalk between neighboring DWs. However, the

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• contrast purely originates from a crosstalk between the topography and the Vcpd, as indicated by local mismatching between both contrasts (see red lines in Figure 2a and 2b). Moreover, further measurements (see Figure 3) showed that P3HT grafting barely affects the overall morphology but smooths

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• surface potential measurements are crucial for understanding the operation principles of functional nanostructures in these electronic devices. Nevertheless, KPFM is prone to certain imaging artifacts, such as crosstalk from topography or stray electric fields. Here, we compare different amplitude

• mode; AM off resonance; AM second eigenmode; cross section; crosstalk; field effect transistor; FM-KPFM; frequency modulation heterodyne; frequency modulation sideband; quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy; solar cells; Introduction In this study, we compare the most commonly used amplitude

• -KPFM is less affected by AC crosstalk artefacts, as excitation and detection are performed at different frequencies. Other influences that have been investigated were the cantilever orientation with respect to a structured sample [17], the tip–sample distance [17][18][19][20], topographic or capacitive

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• “initialization” light pulse. The data are then calculated from curves that are recorded during subsequent illumination sequences. The different SP and height photoresponses already indicate that the surface photovoltage and photostriction effect probed in our experiment do not result from crosstalk between the z

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• shows a smoother transition from one grain to the other over a distance of about 0.7 µm to 0.8 µm. This finding indicates low crosstalk between the topography of the sample and the ESM amplitude signal. However, it is conceivable that the surface topography influences the observed ESM amplitude signal

• in some way. Topographical features lead to a change in contact area between tip and sample, which is likely to influence the signal formation process and therefore induce crosstalk as a change in contact area influences the contact resonance conditions. In order to investigate this effect in more

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• transcellular crosstalk between stromal cells and breast cancer cells has been studied previously in MSC/MDA-MB-231 co-cultures using the hanging drop method [25]. Pietila et al. demonstrated that cell–cell interaction is required for mortalin-conjugated QD655 transfer from MSCs to cancer cells, whereas no QD

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• nanoscale tip with the surface. So far, electrical and thermal device characterization by scanning probe microscopy has often suffered from low lateral resolution [3][4][5][6], long-distance averaging effects [7][8][9], and topography-induced crosstalk [10][11][12], allowing for a mainly qualitative data

• effects, such as topography crosstalk and long-range averaging in KFM [9][20], or the varying thermal probe–surface resistance [12], are carefully accounted for, or excluded by the measurement technique. Experimental Sample preparation Indium arsenide nanowire devices were fabricated on highly doped (ρ

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• comparison to conventional CMOS technology. Indeed, superconducting microstrip lines are able to transfer picosecond waveforms without distortions with a speed approaching the speed of light, for distances well exceeding typical chip sizes, and with low crosstalk [16]. This is the basis for fast long-range

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• rather limited but beginning to develop rapidly [43]. We contribute to this literature by examining the co-exposure of AuNPs and FeOxNPs. We conclude that at least two uptake pathways are involved and that there is crosstalk between the pathways. The co-exposure setting was able to rescue the cell from

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• induced crosstalk [9]. In a stable and well-aligned instrument, the magnitude of the parasitic signal due to optical crosstalk is greatest when both traps overlap and reduces rapidly with increasing trap separation, oscillating about some mean value. By designing DIG-dsDNA-biotin handles (DHs) of specific

• lengths, one can choose a certain trap separation during experiments that minimizes contributions due to crosstalk. DH lengths of 1000, 3034 and 4056 bp were chosen for the PDHs in this study. Short handles with greater stiffness could be produced quite easily and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR

• streptavidin beads was confirmed in control experiments versus streptavidin spheres, which yielded up to 100% interactions. With the high resolution dual-trap OT (Figure 1e), using small beads (0.84 μm), optical crosstalk is observed between the two orthogonal polarized beams due to polarization scrambling

Kelvin probe force microscopy for local characterisation of active nanoelectronic devices

• Tino Wagner,
• Hannes Beyer,
• Patrick Reissner,
• Philipp Mensch,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2193–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.225

• lateral resolution and pronounced capacitive averaging of the locally measured contact potential difference. Furthermore, local changes in the strength of the electrostatic interaction between tip and surface easily lead to topography crosstalk seen in the surface potential. To take full advantage of the

• superior resolution of FM-KFM while maintaining robust topography feedback and minimal crosstalk, we introduce a novel FM-KFM controller based on a Kalman filter and direct demodulation of sidebands. We discuss the origin of sidebands in FM-KFM irrespective of the cantilever quality factor and how direct

• sideband demodulation enables robust amplitude modulated topography feedback. Finally, we demonstrate our single-scan FM-KFM technique on an active nanoelectronic device consisting of a 70 nm diameter InAs nanowire contacted by a pair of 120 nm thick electrodes. Keywords: capacitive crosstalk; frequency

Nano-contact microscopy of supracrystals

• Adam Sweetman,
• Nicolas Goubet,
• Ioannis Lekkas,
• Marie Paule Pileni and
• Philip Moriarty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1229–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.126

• and tip–sample force maps in parallel, but there are important instrumental artefacts [19][20] and physical effects [21] that can produce crosstalk between the measurement channels and these need to be carefully considered. With this proviso in mind, the DFM-STM combination can be exploited to

• using conventional Δf feedback on the attractive branch. Oscillation amplitudes (A0) between 0.1 and 0.3 nm were typically used for DFM imaging. We reduced any possible electronic crosstalk [19] or so-called “phantom force” [21] effects by ensuring DFM imaging was performed in the absence of a

Graphene on SiC(0001) inspected by dynamic atomic force microscopy at room temperature

• Mykola Telychko,
• Jan Berger,
• Zsolt Majzik,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Martin Švec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 901–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.93

• custom-built quartz-tuning fork sensor was used for the measurements. It had a main resonance frequency of 51294 Hz, a quality factor above 1000 and an estimated stiffness of ≈3800 N·m−1 [22]. The contact to the tungsten tip was made of a thin golden wire in order to avoid crosstalk with the deflection

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• (Invitrogen), and excited with 543 nm laser light and the emission was collected at 565–585 nm. To avoid crosstalk between the channels, emission signals were collected independently in serial mode. Induction of differentiation for hHSCs In vitro differentiation of hHSCs was performed as previously described

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• filter (AHF, Tübingen, Germany). Detailed information on the experimental conditions is given in Table 3. Suitable control experiments were performed to ensure negligible crosstalk between the two channels. Images were quantitatively analyzed using the software ImageJ [51]. The fluorescence intensity of