A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

• striving to deliver cheaper and more environmentally friendly processes. All commercially available products comprised of fragrance ingredients on the market can be traced back to the innovation of fragrance companies as their manufactured products (both of natural and synthetic origin) are sold on to

Heterogeneous photocatalytic cyanomethylarylation of alkenes with acetonitrile: synthesis of diverse nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds

• Guanglong Pan,
• Qian Yang,
• Wentao Wang,
• Yurong Tang and
• Yunfei Cai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1171–1180, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.89

• reaction mixture and reused several times, illustrating the practicability of this heterogeneous photocatalysis protocol. Further applying this sustainable and environmentally friendly CN-K heterogeneous photocatalyst to realize other synthetic useful transformations is undergoing. Evaluation of catalyst

Metal-free glycosylation with glycosyl fluorides in liquid SO₂

• Krista Gulbe,
• Jevgeņija Lugiņina,
• Edijs Jansons,
• Artis Kinens and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 964–976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.78

• and promoter have been developed. Due to the absence of any external additive, the presented method is considered to be an atom efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach. The glycosylation conditions in liquid SO2 have been optimized for both disarmed and armed mannose- and glucose

[2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C₆₀ based on diazo compounds

• Yuliya N. Biglova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 630–670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.55

• solar cells [49][50]. In view of the globalization of energy problems, the issues of switching to alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly relevant. Solar energy, like the majority of renewable energy sources, is environmentally friendly and has almost no negative impact on the environment

• is environmentally friendly (Scheme 14). Researchers obtained various nitrofullerene derivatives, viz, nitrophenylfullerenes 48 and 50, reduction of which gave the corresponding aminophenylfullerenes 49 and 51 (Scheme 15) [98][99]. C60 adducts were doped with tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• selective depolymerisation methods of plastics. Achievements are broken down according to the plastic material, namely polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides. The focus is on recent advancements targeting sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. Biocatalytic or unselective

• alkali bases and chlorinated solvents [176][177], which makes them neither economically competitive nor environmentally friendly [178][179]. A survey of patents related to the chemical recycling of PET up to 2005 can be found in the literature [180]. Hydrogenolysis. In the recent years, hydrogenolysis

Mesoionic tetrazolium-5-aminides: Synthesis, molecular and crystal structures, UV–vis spectra, and DFT calculations

• Vladislav A. Budevich,
• Sergei V. Voitekhovich,
• Alexander V. Zuraev,
• Vadim E. Matulis,
• Vitaly E. Matulis,
• Alexander S. Lyakhov,
• Ludmila S. Ivashkevich and
• Oleg A. Ivashkevich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.34

• attractive as environmentally friendly pyrotechnics [4], insensitive high-energy materials [5][6][7], and promising energetic ionic liquids [8][9][10]. The most interesting and less examined 5-aminotetrazole derivatives are tetrazolium-5-aminides, which can be depicted as 4 by analogy with other mesoionic

Ultrasound-assisted Strecker synthesis of novel 2-(hetero)aryl-2-(arylamino)acetonitrile derivatives

• Emese Gal,
• Luiza Gaina,
• Hermina Petkes,
• Alexandra Pop,
• Castelia Cristea,
• Gabriel Barta,
• Dan Cristian Vodnar and
• Luminiţa Silaghi-Dumitrescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2929–2936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.242

• contributor to green chemistry mainly due to the ability of minimizing the energy consumption required by chemical transformations and allowing the development of environmentally friendly chemical procedures which may be eventually scaled up for industrial applications [1]. For the synthesis of organic

• -(amino)cyanocyclopropane derivatives not contaminated by intermediates or ring-opening byproducts [21], whereas the asymmetric Strecker synthesis induced by chiral amines was successfully conducted by sonication in the presence of silica gel [22]. Pursuing our interest in developing environmentally

• friendly procedures for the synthesis of new phenothiazine and ferrocene derivatives [23][24][25][26][27] and perceiving the importance of α-aminoacetonitrile derivatives as pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates with a great number of α-aminonitrile derivatives which were proved to have remarkable

One-pot multicomponent green Hantzsch synthesis of 1,2-dihydropyridine derivatives with antiproliferative activity

• Giovanna Bosica,
• Kaylie Demanuele,
• José M. Padrón and
• Adrián Puerta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2862–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.235

• reaction; Introduction A multicomponent approach towards the synthesis of the desired product offers a number of advantages over a stepwise method. Such advantages include the development of a design that is: cheaper, simpler, economical, and environmentally friendly [1][2]. Multicomponent reactions are

• libraries and then shifted to obtaining products that are in high demand on an industrial scale at a cheaper and more benign way [4]. Recently, negative human impacts have been greatly witnessed as a result of population growth, so environmentally friendly design has become one of the most important

• addition, further developments were made to the methodology in order to enhance the reaction yield and also to reduce the reaction time. Other recent developments involve reducing the energy and waste that is produced in the reaction for a more environmentally friendly synthesis [13][14][15][16]. The

Dirhamnolipid ester – formation of reverse wormlike micelles in a binary (primerless) system

• David Liese,
• Hans Henning Wenk,
• Xin Lu,
• Jochen Kleinen and
• Gebhard Haberhauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2820–2830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.232

• environmentally friendly biosurfactants because they are 100% biodegradable and are more compatible with water organisms than traditional surfactants. In solution, surfactants self-assemble into micelles with different shapes (spherical, cylindrical, double layer, etc.). In aqueous solution, the surfactant

Conformational preferences of fluorine-containing agrochemicals and their implications for lipophilicity prediction

• Daniela Rodrigues Silva,
• Joyce K. Daré and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2469–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.200

• other variables, recent events have shown signs of recovery [1]. Currently, the agrochemical industry focuses on introducing new efficient and more environmentally friendly products, that attend the new regulation requirements, for replacing those agrochemicals that were banned due to either their

Photosensitized direct C–H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis

• Shahboz Yakubov and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2151–2192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.183

• , light is inexpensive, nontoxic, noncontaminating, ample (or “limitless” in the case of sunlight) and a renewable source of energy for environmentally-friendly and “green” chemical synthesis. As a consequence of comprehending the detrimental impact of human industry on the environment, new methods to

When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis

• Lucas Guillemard and
• Joanna Wencel-Delord

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147

• rapidly expanding domain of organic synthesis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Indeed, this approach tends in rendering the classical metal-catalyzed cross-coupling more environmentally friendly, as simple, non-prefunctionalized substrates could be used in the presence of a metallic

In silico rationalisation of selectivity and reactivity in Pd-catalysed C–H activation reactions

• Liwei Cao,
• Mikhail Kabeshov,
• Steven V. Ley and
• Alexei A. Lapkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1465–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.122

• developing machine learning models for predicting reaction outcomes. C–H activation reactions allow conversion of relatively inexpensive and abundant hydrocarbons into the more sophisticated value-added molecules [11]. With the notion of step-economical and environmentally friendly synthesis, direct

An overview on disulfide-catalyzed and -cocatalyzed photoreactions

• Yeersen Patehebieke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1418–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.118

• gained some interest from researchers, their full potential has not been discovered and released yet. They are environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst that deserve more attention. [3 + 2] cyclization catalyzed by diaryl disulfide. [3 + 2] cycloaddition catalyzed by disulfide. Disulfide-bridged

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aryl and 3-indolyl-substituted 4-methylene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones

• Valeria Nori,
• Antonio Arcadi,
• Armando Carlone,
• Fabio Marinelli and
• Marco Chiarini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1084–1091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.95

• -dioxane/H2O as the reaction medium (Table 1, entry 5). While MeCN, DMF, THF and DMSO as solvents gave worse results (Table 1, entries 6–9), the environmentally friendly EtOH proved to be the most efficient reaction medium (Table 1, entry 10). Further attempts to increase the yield of 4aa by tuning the

• presence of a catalytic amount of the ligand-free PdCl2 in environmentally friendly ethanol, achieve an efficient regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 4-methylene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones 4. It is worth noting that, during the preparation of this paper, a related article focused on the

Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations

• Maria A. Theodoropoulou,
• Nikolaos F. Nikitas and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 833–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.76

• support through the programme “EPISTHMONIKES MELETES 2015” (PhotoOrganocatalysis: Development of new environmentally-friendly methods for the synthesis of compounds for the

Rhodium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides to arylaldehydes with syngas

• Zhenghui Liu,
• Peng Wang,
• Zhenzhong Yan,
• Suqing Chen,
• Dongkun Yu,
• Xinhui Zhao and
• Tiancheng Mu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 645–656, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.61

• environmentally friendly than other frequently used hydrogen sources like hydrosilanes [17], tributyltin hydride (Bu3SnH) (often used in natural product syntheses) [18][19][20] and hydroboranes [21][22][23], since the only byproduct is water. The production, storage and use of H2 received much attention and

• pressure, cheap ligand and low metal dosage could significantly improve the practicability in both chemical researches and industrial applications. Keywords: cost-effective ligand; industrial catalysis; reductive carbonylation; rhodium catalyst; syngas; Introduction The exploration of environmentally

• friendly and highly effective synthetic methods has been a significant goal of research [1][2][3][4][5]. In this aspect, effective catalytic systems and organometallic chemistry are suitable technologies to accomplish these goals. Carbonylation processes are important transformations in the refinement and

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• methodologies. These inorganic supported nanocatalysts have been found to be efficient, environmentally friendly, recyclable, and durable. In addition, one of the vital issues for expanding new, stable, and reusable catalysts is the discovery of unique catalysts. The basis and foundation of this review article

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of new ensembles of diversely functionalized 1,3-thiaselenol-2-ylmethyl selenides by a double rearrangement reaction

• Svetlana V. Amosova,
• Andrey A. Filippov,
• Nataliya A. Makhaeva,
• Alexander I. Albanov and
• Vladimir A. Potapov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 515–523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.47

• activity based on affordable and environmentally friendly materials is another important trend in organoselenium chemistry [17]. Reviews on the biological activity of organoselenium compounds reported examples exhibiting high antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities [12][18][19

Recent developments in photoredox-catalyzed remote ortho and para C–H bond functionalizations

• Rafia Siddiqui and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 248–280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.26

• groundbreaking advancements were accomplished in this wonderful area of research, transforming a specific C–H bond effectively and selectively under favorable conditions (viz, room temperature, without external oxidant, cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly) still remains a highly challenging

• observed a number of interesting facts, viz: (i) the reaction proceeded with environmentally friendly molecular oxygen as oxidant, (ii) water was the only byproduct of the reaction, (iii) no reaction occurred without the involvement of a photocatalyst, (iv) high yields were obtained with electron-donating

• reported the synthesis of coumarin derivatives using photoredox catalyst 12 and CF3SO2Cl as a potent radical source [111]. In comparison to other reported methods, the reaction was carried out under mild as well as environmentally friendly conditions, and the reaction remarkably showed much tolerance for

A green, economical synthesis of β-ketonitriles and trifunctionalized building blocks from esters and lactones

• Daniel P. Pienaar,
• Kamogelo R. Butsi,
• Amanda L. Rousseau and
• Dean Brady

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2930–2935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.287

• hydroxy ester 4 followed by reaction with acetonitrile (CH3CN), a multistep approach would be less economical in industry (Scheme 1). Results and Discussion To date, the most economically appealing conditions from an environmentally friendly perspective entail relatively mild base-promoted (potassium tert

• ether resulted in recovery complications for some of the other compounds (e.g., when this methodology was applied to δ-valerolactone and γ-butyrolactone) and may therefore not be universally beneficial. Conclusion In conclusion, mild, environmentally friendly procedures were developed for the

α-Photooxygenation of chiral aldehydes with singlet oxygen

• Dominika J. Walaszek,
• Magdalena Jawiczuk,
• Jakub Durka,
• Olga Drapała and
• Dorota Gryko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2076–2084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.205

• ], TEMPO [4], or benzoyl peroxide [5][6][7][8]. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly reagents instead is highly desirable. Along this line, singlet oxygen by being easily photochemically generated from triplet oxygen in the presence of organic dyes seems promising. Despite its high reactivity and

Molecular basis for the plasticity of aromatic prenyltransferases in hapalindole biosynthesis

• Takayoshi Awakawa and
• Ikuro Abe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1545–1551, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.157

• useful catalysts that control the regiospecificity in an environmentally friendly manner. The information from their X-ray structures will contribute to future engineering of PTases. Furthermore, the structure of AmbP1 can serve as a model to alter the reaction through creating a metal binding site

Understanding the unexpected effect of frequency on the kinetics of a covalent reaction under ball-milling conditions

• Ana M. Belenguer,
• Adam A. L. Michalchuk,
• Giulio I. Lampronti and
• Jeremy K. M. Sanders

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1226–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.120

• crystals into smaller particles followed by the accumulation of energy in crystal defects. In recent years, manual and ball-mill grinding have become increasingly routine solid-state synthesis tools [1]. Generally referred to as mechanochemistry, these methods are more environmentally friendly and usually

Unexpected polymorphism during a catalyzed mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation

• Sebastian Haferkamp,
• Andrea Paul,
• Adam A. L. Michalchuk and
• Franziska Emmerling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.110

• materials [1]. Interest in these methods stems largely from the fact that they are efficient and more environmentally friendly as compared to traditional approaches [2][3]. Mechanochemistry is a well-established method for the synthesis of coordination polymers, the formation of cocrystals, and in C–C