Hydrogenation of unactivated enamines to tertiary amines: rhodium complexes of fluorinated phosphines give marked improvements in catalytic activity

• Sergey Tin,
• Tamara Fanjul and
• Matthew L. Clarke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 622–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.70

• to the fact that there is a ring strain due to the double bond in a 6-membered ring, which is released after the double bond is hydrogenated. 1a does not get hydrogenated with the catalysts studied. It is likely that this is due to the substrate binding to the catalyst via the pyridine nitrogen and

Total synthesis of the proposed structure of astakolactin

• Takayuki Tonoi,
• Keisuke Mameda,
• Moe Fujishiro,
• Yutaka Yoshinaga and
• Isamu Shiina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2421–2427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.252

• saturated medium-sized lactones, which are generally difficult to construct because of the ring strain and transannular interactions [27][28], can be effectively prepared [29][30]. Therefore, in order to determine the chemical structure and the expected biological activity of compound 1, we executed the

Structure/affinity studies in the bicyclo-DNA series: Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing bc^en-T and iso-tricyclo-T nucleosides

• Branislav Dugovic,
• Michael Wagner and
• Christian J. Leumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1840–1847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.194

• release of ring strain during cyclopropyl rearrangement which contributes to the stabilization of the E1 transition state. Based on these assumptions we changed the oxidant from iodine to t-BuOOH, which has successfully been used in the past in the allyloxycarbonyl base- and phosphate protecting scheme

Visible light mediated intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of cyclopropylanilines with alkynes

• Theresa H. Nguyen,
• Soumitra Maity and
• Nan Zheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 975–980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.96

• ; visible light; Introduction Cyclopropanes have been used as a three-carbon synthon to prepare a diverse array of organic compounds [1][2][3][4]. The unusual reactivity, exhibited by cyclopropanes, is largely due to their inherent ring strain that makes cleavage of the C–C bonds facile [5]. A number of

Advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

• Regina Berg and
• Bernd F. Straub

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2715–2750, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.308

Bidirectional cross metathesis and ring-closing metathesis/ring opening of a C₂-symmetric building block: a strategy for the synthesis of decanolide natural products

• Bernd Schmidt and
• Oliver Kunz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2544–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.289

• the build-up of ring strain. We started this investigation with the simple derivative 33, which was synthesized from 30 [60] via a sequence of three steps. For the macrolactonization of 33 we chose Yamaguchi’s method, but applied significantly more forcing conditions by using increased amounts of

The chemistry of amine radical cations produced by visible light photoredox catalysis

• Jie Hu,
• Jiang Wang,
• Theresa H. Nguyen and
• Nan Zheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1977–2001, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.234

• initialize radical polymerization of HEA. Because of ring strain, cyclopropanes are prone to ring opening via cleavage of one of the three C–C bonds. The resulting reactive intermediates have been shown to participate in a number of synthetic/mechanistic applications [103][104]. One of these applications is

• ring opening to release the ring strain while producing a distonic ion 149 with a primary radical. Distonic ion 149 is added via a Giese-type radical addition to an alkene, yielding a more stable distonic ion 151 with a secondary radical. Intramolecular addition of the secondary radical to the iminium

Gold-catalyzed reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes to produce acrylate derivatives

• Yin-wei Sun,
• Qin Xu and
• Min Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1969–1976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.233

• these previous findings, we envisaged that oxabicyclic alkenes could also react with electron-deficient alkynes in the presence of gold catalysts to generate a new C–C or C–O bond thereby releasing the oxabicyclic alkenes of their ring strain. In this paper, we report the formation of (Z)-acrylate

The chemistry of bisallenes

• Henning Hopf and
• Georgios Markopoulos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1936–1998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.225

The preferred conformation of erythro- and threo-1,2-difluorocyclododecanes

• Yi Wang,
• Peer Kirsch,
• Tomas Lebl,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• David O'Hagan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.143

• NMR study. For the erythro stereoisomer 5a, three conformers I–III were considered. Conformers I and II each have a fluorine pointing into the ring (endo), and thus there is an increase in transannular ring strain, raising the energy of these conformers by 2.81 and 3.72 kcal·mol−1 respectively above

Synthesis of a library of tricyclic azepinoisoindolinones

• Bettina Miller,
• Shuli Mao,
• Kara M. George Rosenker,
• Joshua G. Pierce and
• Peter Wipf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1091–1097, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.120

• instead of 4 under the metathesis conditions could be explained by a ruthenium-catalyzed double-bond isomerization [32]. The release of ring strain, however, can only be partially responsible for this facile isomerization. DFT calculations of the five possible alkene isomers of 4 indicated a decrease in

Control over molecular motion using the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azo group

• Estíbaliz Merino and
• María Ribagorda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1071–1090, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.119

• . The isomers (trans,trans) and (cis,cis) are 28 and 2.6 kcal∙mol−1 more stable than the intermediate isomer, respectively. The large energy difference between (trans,trans) and (trans,cis) isomers indicates the ring strain that exists in the (trans,cis) isomer, and the thermal isomerization from (cis

Expanding the chemical diversity of spirooxindoles via alkylative pyridine dearomatization

• Chunhui Dai,
• Bo Liang and
• Corey R. J. Stephenson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 986–993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.111

• (Table 1, entry 6), in contrast to 5-phenyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (5c), which gave a slightly lower yield (Table 1, entry 7). Interestingly, nonequivalent 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 5d afforded single constitutional isomer (Table 1, entry 8), presumably due to the increased sterics and overall ring strain

High-affinity multivalent wheat germ agglutinin ligands by one-pot click reaction

• Henning S. G. Beckmann,
• Heiko M. Möller and
• Valentin Wittmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 819–826, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.91

• GlcNAc residues kept in their optimal positions. Our molecular modeling studies revealed that the para-disubstituted aromatic linker of C3 cannot adopt a low-energy conformation if the chitobiose residues are kept in their ideal positions in the binding sites of WGA, resulting in significant ring strain

• of the triazole moieties as well as the central phenyl ring. This ring strain can be reduced by slightly pulling the GlcNAc residues directly attached to the linker out of the binding site, but at the expense of a less efficient multivalent binding of the two chitobiose entities. The chitobiose

Alkoxide-induced ring opening of bicyclic 2-vinylcyclobutanones: A convenient synthesis of 2-vinyl-substituted 3-cycloalkene-1-carboxylic acid esters

• Xiufang Ji,
• Zhiming Li,
• Quanrui Wang and
• Andreas Goeke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 650–657, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.72

• the C-3 proton (Figure 1). Taking the high degree of ring strain in substrates 4 into account, an alkoxide-promoted ring opening to vicinally functionalized products 5 or 6 was expected. To validate this proposal, the 7-methyl-7-vinyl substituted bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenone 4a was employed as a model

• hindered base LDA only led to the formation of aldol adduct 7 (Scheme 4). Although the mechanism is not fully understood, a tentative mechanistic rationale is depicted in Scheme 5. Due to the high ring strain of the cyclobutanones, the ring is very sensitive to the influence of nucleophiles. As exemplified

Intramolecular hydroamination of alkynic sulfonamides catalyzed by a gold–triethynylphosphine complex: Construction of azepine frameworks by 7-exo-dig cyclization

• Hideto Ito,
• Tomoya Harada,
• Hirohisa Ohmiya and
• Masaya Sawamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 951–959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.106

• that the reaction of the N-tosylbenzamide 4n afforded exceptionally the exomethylene isomer 6n. One conceivable reason is that the alkene isomerisation was prevented due to a ring strain in the seven-membered ring of 5n, of which six out of seven atoms are sp2-hybridized. Conclusion We demonstrated

When gold can do what iodine cannot do: A critical comparison

• Sara Hummel and
• Stefan F. Kirsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.97

• migration of R3 are strictly limited to compounds that bear a quaternary center (R3 = alkyl, R2 ≠ H). As shown for the gold(I)-catalyzed reaction of 1,5-enyne 53, the formation of the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene 54 is driven by the release of ring strain. Enynes with R3 = H undergo exclusively a hydride shift to

Alkene selenenylation: A comprehensive analysis of relative reactivities, stereochemistry and asymmetric induction, and their comparisons with sulfenylation

• Vadim A. Soloshonok and
• Donna J. Nelson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 744–758, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.85

• directly bonded to the C=C are included in this study to avoid undesirable complicating effects associated with ring strain, polarization, or conjugation [72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. Experimental IEs for alkenes in Table 1 are used as reported in the literature [79]. Alkene ab initio (HF level, 6-31G

Rh-Catalyzed rearrangement of vinylcyclopropane to 1,3-diene units attached to N-heterocycles

• Franca M. Cordero,
• Carolina Vurchio,
• Stefano Cicchi,
• Armin de Meijere and
• Alberto Brandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 298–303, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.39

• group endows many natural and synthetic compounds with a broad spectrum of interesting properties, mainly related to its unusual bonding and inherent ring strain [1][2][3]. This characteristic confers on molecules containing this moiety high reactivity, especially towards ring expansion and ring-opening

Reciprocal polyhedra and the Euler relationship: cage hydrocarbons, C_nH_n and closo-boranes [B_xH_x]²⁻

• Michael J. McGlinchey and
• Henning Hopf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 222–233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.30

• associated with cyclobutadienes, steric interactions between the bulky alkyl groups destabilize the planar system. However, the formation of a molecule containing four cyclopropyl moieties clearly introduces considerable additional ring strain. [3]Prismane, C6H6, 9 Prismane derivatives bearing bulky

• (2,6-diethylphenyl)cyclotristannne, 74, and fully characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography [46][47][48]. The major mitigating factor here is that such elements commonly form structures in which 90° angles are the norm [49], and so ring strain is no longer such a major impediment to

β-Hydroxy carbocation intermediates in solvolyses of di- and tetra-hydronaphthalene substrates

• Jaya S. Kudavalli and
• Rory A. More O'Ferrall

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1035–1042, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.118

• the carbocyclic substrate in this case shows a rate retardation of 80,000 [16]. This value has been considered exceptionally large and an additional rate-retarding effect has been attributed to ring strain induced by the presence of oxygen in the six-membered ring of the bicyclic carbocation

Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors

• Andreas Späth and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32

Ring strain and total syntheses of modified macrocycles of the isoplagiochin type

• Andreas Speicher,
• Timo Backes,
• Kerstin Hesidens and
• Jürgen Kolz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 71, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.71

• macrocycles. Keywords: axially chiral biaryl; isoplagiochin; macrocycle; ring strain; total synthesis; Introduction The cyclic bisbibenzyls isoplagiochin C (1) and D (2) were isolated from the liverworts Plagiochila fruticosa [1], Plagiochila deflexa [2], Herbertus sakuraii [3] and Lepidozia fauriana [4

• conformational analysis and MD investigations clearly confirmed the biaryl axis A to be configurationally stable at room temperature due to the second (more flexible) biaryl axis B, an (even more flexible) helical stilbene unit C and their combination with the ring-strain of the entire molecule. By experimental

• ) or even tolane bridges between the two biaryl units a–b and c–d. These structures should be more rigid with respect to the ring strain enhanced by geometrically fixed two-carbon bridges. But for ring strain considerations, the real cyclization product possessing at least additional phenolic

Mitomycins syntheses: a recent update

• Jean-Christophe Andrez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 33, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.33

• the “normal” 5-substituted isoxazoline is formed. Hence, the nitrodecene 123 gives rise to only the nine-membered carbocycle 125 upon reaction with phenyl isocyanate. The matching HOMO-LUMO interactions for such cycloadditions favour the formation of 126 but ring strain and transannular steric effects

Dimerization of propargyl and homopropargyl 6-azido- 6-deoxy- glycosides upon 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

• Nikolas Pietrzik,
• Daniel Schmollinger and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 30, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.30

• dimers, trimers and tetramers. α-Galactoside 4e did not give any isolable dimer 7e at all (cf. Table 1, entry 5). Similarly, α-glucoside 4c resulted in a lower yield of the corresponding dimer compared to β-glucoside 4a (cf. Table 1, entries 1 and 3). This may be attributed to a significant ring-strain