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Search for "ruthenium" in Full Text gives 271 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

  • Xiaowei Li,
  • Xiaolin Shi,
  • Xiangqian Li and
  • Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

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  • different catalysts, such as palladium, copper, silver, iron, nickel, ruthenium, cobalt, etc. Palladium catalysis Palladium is a member of the nickel triad in the periodic table, and palladium complexes exist in three oxidation states, Pd(0), Pd(II), and Pd(IV). Straightforward interconversion between
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Published 23 Sep 2019

Click chemistry towards thermally reversible photochromic 4,5-bisthiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles

  • Chenxia Zhang,
  • Kaori Morinaka,
  • Mahmut Kose,
  • Takashi Ubukata and
  • Yasushi Yokoyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2161–2169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.213

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  • electron-withdrawing cyano groups than when they are electron-donating methoxy groups. Keywords: aromatic stabilization energy; diarylethene; ruthenium(I) catalysed Huisgen cyclization; terarylene; thermally reversible photochromism; Introduction Diarylethenes are one of the most widely investigated
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Published 13 Sep 2019

Attempted synthesis of a meta-metalated calix[4]arene

  • Christopher D. Jurisch and
  • Gareth E. Arnott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1996–2002, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.195

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  • potential implications for asymmetric catalysis, due to the inherent chirality of the calix[4]arene, coupled with the point chirality from, for example, a tetrahedral ruthenium center. We therefore decided to apply the methods reported by Albrecht to a calix[4]arene system in order to prove this theory
  • . Results and Discussion Model study An unreported model ruthenium metallocycle was first synthesized, based on the work published by Albrecht and co-workers, in order to gain a better understanding of the metallocycle synthetic challenges. To this end, known 1-bromo-4-propoxybenzene (1) underwent an
  • , followed by metalation of the triazolium salt 4 with silver oxide, which was immediately transmetalated with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2. In our hands, purification using Albrecht’s trituration method was unsuccessful, however, neutral alumina column chromatography produced the desired model ruthenium metallocycle
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Published 22 Aug 2019

A review of the total syntheses of triptolide

  • Xiang Zhang,
  • Zaozao Xiao and
  • Hongtao Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1984–1995, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.194

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  • formal synthesis of triptolide and triptonide (Figure 2, route M) [48]. This synthesis highlights the use of Noyori’s ruthenium-catalyzed enantioselective transfer hydrogenation to introduce the chiral center; the indium(III)-catalyzed cationic polyene cyclization to construct the tricyclic A-, B- and C
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Published 22 Aug 2019

N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

  • Iwona E. Głowacka,
  • Aleksandra Trocha,
  • Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
  • Dorota G. Piotrowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168

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  • and next (R)-118 were formed. The aziridine ring opening in (2S,1'R/S,1''R)-28 gave the acetate (1R/S,2S,1'R)-106 which was transformed into the 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (4S,5R/S,1'R)-121 a precursor to (R)-118. Catalytic ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of (R)-118 followed by hydrolysis gave ᴅ-phenylalanine
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Published 23 Jul 2019

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

  • Gagandeep Kour Reen,
  • Ashok Kumar and
  • Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

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  • alkenes and alkynes [74]. Rh(I)/Rh(II)/Rh(III) catalysts have been used in asymmetric syntheses of chiral heterocycles that have been effectively reviewed by Chen and Xu in 2017 [75]. The role of ruthenium in synthetic chemistry Over the past decade, Ru and its complexes were used as a catalyst in various
  • organic processes and have attracted considerable interest in this regard. Ru has efficiently catalyzed C–H activation reactions for C–C bond formation, aza-Michael reactions and many more MCRs [27][76][77]. During the writing of this review, we came through the fact that ruthenium catalysts were mostly
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Published 19 Jul 2019

Transient and intermediate carbocations in ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of saturated rings

  • Manuel Pedrón,
  • Laura Legnani,
  • Maria-Assunta Chiacchio,
  • Pierluigi Caramella,
  • Tomás Tejero and
  • Pedro Merino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1552–1562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.158

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  • A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli, 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Campus San Francisco, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain 10.3762/bjoc.15.158 Abstract The ruthenium
  • carbocation. In the case of pyrrolidines, the carbocation is completely stabilized as an energy minimum in the form of an iminium ion and the reaction takes place in two steps. Keywords: alkanes; carbocations; DFT; oxidations; ruthenium tetroxide; Introduction Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidations [1][2] and, in
  • particular, those involving ruthenium tetroxide [3][4] occupy a privileged position among the modern oxidation methods due to their versatility regarding functional groups that can be oxidized and formed [5]. Alkane functionalization continues to be a current challenge in organic synthesis [6] and oxidation
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Published 11 Jul 2019

Complexation of a guanidinium-modified calixarene with diverse dyes and investigation of the corresponding photophysical response

  • Yu-Ying Wang,
  • Yong Kong,
  • Zhe Zheng,
  • Wen-Chao Geng,
  • Zi-Yi Zhao,
  • Hongwei Sun and
  • Dong-Sheng Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1394–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.139

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  • intramolecular charge-transfer dyes. Phosphated tetraphenylethylene was involved as the classical aggregation-induced emission dye. Sulfonated acedan representing one example of two-photon fluorescent probes, was also investigated. A ruthenium(II) complex with carboxylated bipyridyl ligands was included as a
  • (EY), rose bengal (RB), tetraphenylporphine sulfonate (TPPS), sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS4), 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (2,6-TNS), 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (1,8-ANS), phosphated tetraphenylethylene (P-TPE), sulfonated acedan (TPS), and a ruthenium(II) complex
  • , higher spacial resolution and reduced photodamage of tissue [59]. The complexation of GC5A with the luminescent transition-metal complex Luminescent transition-metal complexes, especially those with ruthenium (Ru), are of great importance owing to their well-documented chemical stability, abundant
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Published 25 Jun 2019

Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts with an N→Ru coordinate bond in a six-membered ring. Synthesis of stable, industrially scalable, highly efficient ruthenium metathesis catalysts and 2-vinylbenzylamine ligands as their precursors

  • Kirill B. Polyanskii,
  • Kseniia A. Alekseeva,
  • Pavel V. Raspertov,
  • Pavel A. Kumandin,
  • Eugeniya V. Nikitina,
  • Atash V. Gurbanov and
  • Fedor I. Zubkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 769–779, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.73

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  • ; cross metathesis; Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst; olefin metathesis; RCM; ring-closing metathesis; ring-opening cross metathesis; ROCM; ruthenium metathesis catalyst; styrene; 2-vinylbenzylamine; Introduction Ruthenium-catalysed olefin metathesis reactions have been playing an important role in various fields
  • , ring-opening metathesis polymerization – ROMP and acyclic diene metathesis – ADMET. This motivates the investigations into the development of new, efficient, stable, and highly selective catalytic systems based on ruthenium complexes. However, in reality, a limited set of commercially available
  • catalysts is used for the whole range of metathesis reactions most probably due to economical reasons. For example, in 2018, Merck offered more than 20 ruthenium metathesis catalysts. The most popular of them are shown in Figure 1. The framework of these catalysts consists of two main parts that surround
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Published 22 Mar 2019

Synthesis of the aglycon of scorzodihydrostilbenes B and D

  • Katja Weimann and
  • Manfred Braun

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 610–616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.56

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  • Katja Weimann Manfred Braun Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.15.56 Abstract Benzyl- and methyl-protected 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenones are added under ruthenium catalysis to 4-methoxy
  • , among them the aglycon of scorzodihydrostilbenes B and D. Keywords: C–H activation; hydroarylation; phenols; regioselectivity; ruthenium; Introduction Among phytochemicals with strong allelopathic effects, various natural products are found that feature the structural motif of dihydrostilbene with
  • this article, we describe a synthetic approach that takes advantage of a regioselective, ruthenium-catalyzed C–H activation [6] and makes accessible not only the skeleton of dihydrostilbenes with multiple phenolic ether functionality but also the aglycon of scorzodihydrostilbenes B and D (2 and 4, R1
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Published 06 Mar 2019

A chemoenzymatic synthesis of ceramide trafficking inhibitor HPA-12

  • Seema V. Kanojia,
  • Sucheta Chatterjee,
  • Subrata Chattopadhyay and
  • Dibakar Goswami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 490–496, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.42

Graphical Abstract
  • reaction [20], tandem approach from (S)-Wynberg lactone [21], chiral ruthenium-catalyzed N-demethylative rearrangement of 1,2-isoxazolidines [22], gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization of a propargylic N-hydroxylamine [23], from β-sulfinamido ketones derived from chiral sulfinimines [24], and a Kornblum–DeLaMare
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Published 18 Feb 2019

Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications

  • Valerio Sabatino and
  • Thomas R. Ward

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 445–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.39

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  • exploit biocompatible conditions. This review focuses on the progress made in aqueous olefin metatheses and their applications in chemical biology. Keywords: aqueous catalysis; artificial metalloenzymes; chemical biology; green chemistry; olefin metathesis; ruthenium catalysts; stapled peptides
  • ][18][19][20]. Ruthenium-based catalysts are among the most tolerant and stable metathesis catalysts and are widely employed for metatheses in aqueous media [21][22]. There is a growing interest in performing metathesis reactions in water as a greener alternative to chlorinated or aromatic solvents [23
  • decarbonylation of the ruthenium hydride 16. In 2015, Cazin and co-workers showed that the detrimental effect of H2O also occurs with the more innovative catalysts Caz-I, Ind-II and HG-II (Table 1) [32]. The authors performed the RCM of the challenging substrate 17 in toluene at 110 °C, reporting excellent yields
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Published 14 Feb 2019

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

  • Patrycja Żak and
  • Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

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  • the properties and applications of the resulting materials. Vinylsilanes show a specific reactivity towards alkylidene ruthenium complexes because of a strong effect of the silyl group on the properties of the double bond. In general, the substituents at the silicon atom determine the regioselectivity
  • of the process to a certain degree. The reactivity of vinylsilanes with different substituents at silicon towards alkylidene ruthenium complexes is illustrated in Scheme 1 [7]. According to Scheme 1a, as a result of the reaction of trialkoxy-, tris(trimethylsiloxy)-, trichloro- or dichloromethyl
  • undergoes fast decomposition as a result of β-transfer of the silyl group in the appropriate β-(silyl)rutenacyclobutane complex to ruthenium followed by reductive elimination of the corresponding propene derivative (Scheme 1c). The transformation resulted in complexes that do not contain a carbene ligand
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Published 04 Feb 2019

Synthesis of 1,2-divinylcyclopropanes by metal-catalyzed cyclopropanation of 1,3-dienes with cyclopropenes as vinyl carbene precursors

  • Jesús González,
  • Alba de la Fuente,
  • María J. González,
  • Laura Díez de Tejada,
  • Luis A. López and
  • Rubén Vicente

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 285–290, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.25

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  • importantly, with complete endo (syn) selectivity. The use of gold, platinum or ruthenium catalysts showed poorer results with respect to reaction yield and endo/exo (syn/anti) selectivity, as indicated in Scheme 2. Considering these results, the scope of the reaction with unbiased 1,3-dienes was next
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Published 30 Jan 2019

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

  • Dorota G. Piotrowska,
  • Iwona E. Głowacka,
  • Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
  • Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

Graphical Abstract
  • intermediary 4-hydroxypyroglutamic acids would have become available. This can be readily accomplished with ruthenium(IV) oxide. Application of this reagent to the acetate of methyl N-Boc-4-hydroxyprolinate [(2S,4R)-79] gave the protected pyroglutamate 80 which was transformed into dimethyl N-Boc-4
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Published 25 Jan 2019

Olefin metathesis in multiblock copolymer synthesis

  • Maria L. Gringolts,
  • Yulia I. Denisova,
  • Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein and
  • Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 218–235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.21

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  • multiblock copolymers with the possibility to introduce stimuli-responsive functionalities were obtained using a bimetallic ruthenium initiator [74]. The initiator allowed for the single-step fabrication of symmetrically end-functionalized telechelic polymers using ROMP and functional chain terminators
  • (Scheme 7). In more detail, the synthesis included ROMP of NB octyl ester or NB by means of metal coordination using the obtained telechelic polymers methyl triglycol ester in the presence of the bimetallic ruthenium catalyst followed by the addition of an excess of either a Pd-containing chain terminator
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Published 24 Jan 2019

Catalysis of linear alkene metathesis by Grubbs-type ruthenium alkylidene complexes containing hemilabile α,α-diphenyl-(monosubstituted-pyridin-2-yl)methanolato ligands

  • Tegene T. Tole,
  • Johan H. L. Jordaan and
  • Hermanus C. M. Vosloo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 194–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.19

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  • in organic and polymer chemistry [1][2]. The development of metal alkylidene precatalysts based on ruthenium, starting with the so-called Grubbs 1 (1) and 2 (2) metal carbenes, played a major role to extend the versatility of the reaction including the application of these in industrial processes
  • (Figure 1). Of course, the role of the so-called Schrock metal carbenes based on tungsten and molybdenum should not be ignored in the success story of the alkene metathesis reaction but it is not the focus of this article. The large number of ruthenium alkylidene precatalysts that has been developed is
  • based on the design concepts illustrated in Scheme 1 [3]. The design concept C is of interest because of the potential hemilabile nature and latent metathesis activity of these complexes [4]. Of particular interest to us are the ruthenium alkylidene complexes containing the pyridinyl alcoholato
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Published 22 Jan 2019

Ammonium-tagged ruthenium-based catalysts for olefin metathesis in aqueous media under ultrasound and microwave irradiation

  • Łukasz Gułajski,
  • Andrzej Tracz,
  • Katarzyna Urbaniak,
  • Stefan J. Czarnocki,
  • Michał Bieniek and
  • Tomasz K. Olszewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 160–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.16

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  • -heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand were revealed. The presented methodology allows for preparation of a variety of polar and non-polar metathesis products under environmentally friendly conditions. Keywords: catalysis; green chemistry; microwave; N-heterocyclic carbene; olefin metathesis; ruthenium; ultrasound
  • research on synthesis of catalysts for olefin metathesis and to expand the utility of ammonium-tagged ruthenium-based catalysts [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76], herein we present the use of such catalysts for olefin metathesis in aqueous media promoted by microwave and ultrasound irradiation. Results and
  • is in agreement with the known fact that in protic solvents ruthenium hydrides are formed leading to isomerisation byproducts [66]. Finally, we were pleased to see that the use of ultrasound or microwave irradiation were beneficial for the CM of alcohol 8 with methyl acrylate (10, Table 1, entries 5
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Published 17 Jan 2019

Selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclobutenes. Unsymmetrical ladderphane containing polycyclobutene and polynorbornene strands

  • Yuan-Zhen Ke,
  • Shou-Ling Huang,
  • Guoqiao Lai and
  • Tien-Yau Luh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 44–51, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.4

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  • metathesis reaction may involve a fourteen-electron ruthenium species as the active catalyst [38][39][40]. This active species might be stabilized when the reaction is carried out in polar solvent having weak coordination ability such as THF [41][42][43]. As mentioned above, the difference in reactivity
  • norbornene derivatives. Accordingly, intermolecular metathesis reaction between two cyclobutene moieties would be favored over intramolecular ring-closing metathesis between a ruthenium carbene and the norbornene moiety. Polymer 14 was treated with 10 mol % 6 in DCM at rt to give 8 in 95% yield. The 1H NMR
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Published 03 Jan 2019

Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts with monodentate unsymmetrical NHC ligands

  • Veronica Paradiso,
  • Chiara Costabile and
  • Fabia Grisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3122–3149, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.292

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  • Veronica Paradiso Chiara Costabile Fabia Grisi Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.14.292 Abstract An overview on the catalytic properties of ruthenium complexes for olefin metathesis
  • to the current state of research are discussed. Keywords: ligand design; olefin metathesis; ruthenium catalysts; selectivity; unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbenes; Introduction The transition metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis reaction is an indispensable synthetic tool for the construction of new
  • carbon–carbon double bonds in various applications in both organic and polymer chemistry [1][2]. The great popularity of this methodology is mainly related to the development of well-defined ruthenium alkylidene catalysts with high air and moisture stability and functional group tolerance. Among them
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Published 28 Dec 2018

Cross metathesis-mediated synthesis of hydroxamic acid derivatives

  • Shital Kumar Chattopadhyay,
  • Subhankar Ghosh and
  • Suman Sil

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3070–3075, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.285

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  • presence of 2nd generation catalysts. Accordingly, CM between 1-decene (4, R = C7H15) and N-benzyloxyacrylamide 5 (Scheme 1) was attempted with Grubbs’ second generation catalyst [(1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)dichloro(phenylmethylene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium, G-II]. After
  • -isopropoxyphenylmethylene)ruthenium] (HG-II) was used under identical conditions. Hydrogenation of the later in the presence of Pd(OH)2/C proceeded uneventfully resulting in the saturation of the double bond as well as concommitant deprotection of the O-benzyl group. The one-pot CM-hydrogenation sequence using the same
  • ruthenium catalyst has recently found applications [28][29][30]. However, similar attempts in our case, i.e., direct conversion of 4 + 5 → 7 proved to be problematic and conversion to the desired product was not observed under the attempted conditions. An intractable mixture of compounds was the result
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Published 17 Dec 2018

Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region

  • Aude-Héloise Bonardi,
  • Frédéric Dumur,
  • Guillaume Noirbent,
  • Jacques Lalevée and
  • Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3025–3046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.282

Graphical Abstract
  • -based complexes can be used into photoredox catalysis with suitable oxidation or reductive agents [37][38][39]. 2.1.1 The first generation of metal-based PCs: ruthenium and iridium complexes: The first generation of coordination compounds used for the photoredox catalysis comprises ruthenium and iridium
  • probably the most studied Ru-based photoredox catalyst (abbreviation for ruthenium tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) dichloride; depicted in Scheme 2). The photochemical properties of this complex, commercially available, are gathered in Table 2. By irradiation of the ruthenium complex, there is a formation of a
  • cycles can be observed with Ru(bpy)3. Other ruthenium complexes which can be used into photocatalytical cycles have been described in the literature and more particularly with other type of ligands. Modification of the ligands has an influence on the redox potentials and the lifetime of the excited
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Published 12 Dec 2018

A tutorial review of stereoretentive olefin metathesis based on ruthenium dithiolate catalysts

  • Daniel S. Müller,
  • Olivier Baslé and
  • Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2999–3010, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.279

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  • Daniel S. Muller Olivier Basle Marc Mauduit Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France 10.3762/bjoc.14.279 Abstract Stereoretentive olefin metathesis based on ruthenium dithiolate complexes has become a very active field of research
  • within the past years. This unique catalyst class is able to kinetically produce both Z- and E-alkenes in high stereochemical purity (typically >95:5) starting from stereochemically pure Z- or E-alkenes. The aim of this tutorial review is to organize the reported information concerning ruthenium
  • dithiolate catalysts in a logic manner, thus providing an "operators handbook" for chemists who wish to apply this methodology in synthesis. Keywords: catalysis; olefin metathesis; ruthenium; stereoretentive; Review 1 Catalyst discovery and structure optimization from 2013–2018 In stereoretentive
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Published 07 Dec 2018

Ring-closing-metathesis-based synthesis of annellated coumarins from 8-allylcoumarins

  • Christiane Schultze and
  • Bernd Schmidt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2991–2998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.278

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  • metathesis; ruthenium; Introduction Naturally occurring coumarins and synthetic derivatives have attracted considerable attention, because many of these compounds are pharmacologically active [1][2][3][4]. Their activity profiles are quite diverse and range from anticoagulant via anti-infective, anticancer
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Published 05 Dec 2018

The activity of indenylidene derivatives in olefin metathesis catalysts

  • Maria Voccia,
  • Steven P. Nolan,
  • Luigi Cavallo and
  • Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2956–2963, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.275

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  • ] developed well-defined homogeneous catalysts that the area truly blossomed. Using a metal carbene complex as a catalyst, making use of the Chauvin mechanism, olefin metathesis consists of the redistribution of two carbon–carbon double bonds [9]. The metal and its ligand environment in both ruthenium and
  • molybdenum systems appear to confer the right environment that allows a productive alkene metathesis [10][11]. Little productive reactivity has been uncovered using other metals [12][13][14]. Apart from the metal, ruthenium-based olefin metathesis has seen several changes during the last decades, modifying
  • modification of the available catalysts has been performed in order to increase the stability of the catalyst without losing any of its activity [19][20]. Although most of the olefin metathesis catalysts are based on ruthenium [21][22], because these are more stable to oxygen and moisture [23] than their
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Published 30 Nov 2018
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