A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Joseane A. Mendes,
• Paulo R. R. Costa,
• Miguel Yus,
• Francisco Foubelo and
• Camilla D. Buarque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86

• -containing heterocycles; N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines; Intoduction Chiral imines derived from tert-butanesulfinamide have been extensively used as electrophiles in a wide range of reactions. The presence of the chiral electron-withdrawing sulfinyl group facilitates the nucleophilic addition of

Recent advances in palladium-catalysed asymmetric 1,4–additions of arylboronic acids to conjugated enones and chromones

• Jan Bartáček,
• Jan Svoboda,
• Martin Kocúrik,
• Jaroslav Pochobradský,
• Alexander Čegan,
• Miloš Sedlák and
• Jiří Váňa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1048–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.84

• the conclusion that in this catalytic system, much better results were obtained when aryltrifluoroborates are used. The system also worked well for linear enone electrophiles (entries 12–20, Table 1). The main disadvantage of this approach is the necessity of sub-zero temperatures [32][33]. A follow

Synthesis of N-perfluoroalkyl-3,4-disubstituted pyrroles by rhodium-catalyzed transannulation of N-fluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles with terminal alkynes

• Olga Bakhanovich,
• Viktor Khutorianskyi,
• Vladimir Motornov and
• Petr Beier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 504–510, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.44

• of pyrroles to the 3,4-disubstituted derivatives is challenging because an electrophilic aromatic substitution of pyrroles or the metalation of N-substituted pyrroles and the subsequent reaction with electrophiles take place in position two of the ring [6][7]. Recently, N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles

CF₃-substituted carbocations: underexploited intermediates with great potential in modern synthetic chemistry

• Anthony J. Fernandes,
• Armen Panossian,
• Bastien Michelet,
• Agnès Martin-Mingot,
• Frédéric R. Leroux and
• Sébastien Thibaudeau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 343–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.32

• electrophiles [101]) generated in superacid media [102]. Hence, when trifluoroacetyl pyridine 156 was treated with benzene in triflic acid, alcohol derivative 157 was obtained. In a superacid, 156 generates a dication 158 in which the electrophilicity is enhanced through a strong charge repulsion (Scheme 39

A sustainable strategy for the straightforward preparation of 2H-azirines and highly functionalized NH-aziridines from vinyl azides using a single solvent flow-batch approach

• Michael Andresini,
• Leonardo Degannaro and
• Renzo Luisi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.20

• olefins [13][14]. Aziridines are otherwise accessible from a variety of acyclic precursors [15][16][17], even stereoselectively [18][19][20], and through derivatization of 2H-azirines. The reactions using 2H-azirines as electrophiles proceed with several nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles, enabling

Metal-free nucleophilic trifluoromethylselenolation via an iodide-mediated umpolung reactivity of trifluoromethylselenotoluenesulfonate

• Kevin Grollier,
• Alexis Taponard,
• Arnaud De Zordo-Banliat,
• Emmanuel Magnier and
• Thierry Billard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3032–3037, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.252

• , entry 9). With the optimal conditions in hand, the reaction was exemplified with various other electrophiles (Scheme 2). The reaction gave generally good results with reactive electrophiles such as benzylic, allylic or propargylic ones (3a–k). Noteworthy, in the reaction with 2-(bromomethyl)pyridine (2g

• ). Consequently, the nucleophilic substitution is in competition with this relatively fast oxidation. By adding an excess of the electrophile 2, the substitution is favored detrimentally to the oxidation. Nevertheless, with weaker or hindered electrophiles, the oxidation reaction is favored compared to the slower

Easy access to a carbohydrate-based template for stimuli-responsive surfactants

• Thomas Holmstrøm,
• Daniel Raydan and
• Christian Marcus Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2788–2794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.229

• recrystallization, it was possible to isolate the β-anomer (5β) of the compound 5 as this anomer formed crystals in dichloromethane. Next, the diazide 5β was treated with different electrophiles (iodomethane, 1-bromopropane or 1-bromododecane) under basic conditions in DMF. By this synthesis, the three new methyl

Isolation and structure determination of a tetrameric sulfonyl dilithio methandiide in solution based on crystal structure analysis and ⁶Li/¹³C NMR spectroscopic data

• Jürgen Vollhardt,
• Hans Jörg Lindner and
• Hans-Joachim Gais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2057–2063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.172

• of 2 with carbon and metal-based electrophiles revealed a high synthetic potential, allowing, for example, the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles [4][6], and transition-metal carbene complexes [1][2], carrying the synthetically versatile sulfonyl group [7][8]. Dilithio methandiides 2 are accessible

Controlling the stereochemistry in 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts through the cinchona alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination

• Yuqing Wang,
• Gaigai Wang,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Ruwei Yao,
• Muhammad Hasan,
• Manzoor Zaman,
• Chao Liu,
• Stepan Kashtanov,
• Olga P. Pereshivko and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1963–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.163

• -aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts 8 with suitable electrophiles in the presence of chiral catalyst or promotor. In this way, the peptidyl position of 8 could be simultaneously functionalized and stereodefined leading to the formation of enantioenriched products 12 (Scheme 1). Towards this goal, we have

• bearing fluorine and nitrogen atoms involves the asymmetric addition of α-fluoro-β-ketoesters or α-fluoro-α-nitro esters to appropriate electrophiles [84][85][86][87][88][89]. Results and Discussion Initially, we prepared a series of Ugi adducts 8 by varying acid, 2-oxo-aldehyde, amine, and isocyanide

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• thiiranes was used for the synthesis of thietanes. Isocyanoalkanes 415 can be considered as nucleophiles. However, after the nucleophilic addition, they could become electrophiles. Thus, they can be applied in the nucleophilic ring expansion of thiiranes 416, in which the generated thiolates 417 as

Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis

• Igor B. Krylov,
• Stanislav A. Paveliev,
• Alexander S. Budnikov and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1234–1276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.107

• oximes can be achieved through different ways including addition of electrophiles to the C=C double bond of the unsaturated oxime followed by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the oxime group [97][98][99][100], metal-catalyzed cyclization [98][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108], cyclization

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• strong electrophiles and undergo nucleophilic additions with two-electron donors (Scheme 21a) [93][94]. In contrast, radical anions can act as very strong single-electron nucleophiles and are often subject to fragmentation to give a neutral free radical and a charged species (Scheme 21b) [77][95]. When a

• radicals Thiyl (sulfenyl) radicals Thiyl radicals are common, versatile, strong nucleophilic radicals. They are efficient at performing atom abstractions, in particular with H-atoms, adding to π-systems and electrophiles, such as carbonyl compounds [166]. They can be generated from the UV irradiation of

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aryl and 3-indolyl-substituted 4-methylene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones

• Valeria Nori,
• Antonio Arcadi,
• Armando Carlone,
• Fabio Marinelli and
• Marco Chiarini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1084–1091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.95

• -alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides. In all these procedures, the activation of the triple bond was achieved by means of a σ-organyl palladium complex, in turn generated in situ by oxidative addition of a Pd(0) species to suitable organic electrophiles (aryl and vinyl halides or triflates [35][36], alkyl halides [37], alkynyl

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• 53a,b and 81 were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of methyl isocyanoacetate (79) and the corresponding fluorinated benzaldehyde derivatives 50a,b, and m-fluorobenzaldehyde (78) as electrophiles in the presence of catalytic amounts of Cu(I) and base. The cinnamate derivatives 80a–c obtained

Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations

• Maria A. Theodoropoulou,
• Nikolaos F. Nikitas and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 833–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.76

• aliphatic acids and the coupling of the residual chain with various electrophiles. Metal-based catalysts are common in reactions that require a high redox potential for a single electron transfer (SET) procedure to take place. On the other hand, even if organocatalysts have lower redox potentials, they are

Reaction of indoles with aromatic fluoromethyl ketones: an efficient synthesis of trifluoromethyl(indolyl)phenylmethanols using K₂CO₃/n-Bu₄PBr in water

• Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar,
• Masoud Sedaghati and
• Gregor Schnakenburg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 778–790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.71

• advantages of this protocol. Keywords: C–C-bond formation; C3-funtionalization of indole; diindolylmethane; Friedel–Crafts reaction; indole; indole-3-carbinol; large-scale synthesis; recyclability; Introduction (1H-Indol-3-yl)methanols have emerged as versatile pre-electrophiles for C–C functionalization

• cycle. 3-Indolylmethanols are versatile pre-electrophiles for C–C functionalization at the 3-position of indoles. Particularly, the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 3-indolylmethanols with indoles has become a useful method for the preparation of 3,3'-, and 3,6'-DIMs, which are known to possess a wide

• protocol for the preparation of trifluoromethyl(indolyl)phenylmethanols, which are of significant interest serving as pre-electrophiles for C–C functionalization at the 3-position of indoles. Particularly, the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 3-indolylmethanols with indoles has become a useful method for the

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• silyl ethers 89–92 (Scheme 18), thus showcasing the synergistic relationship between Pd and Cu catalysis [43]. Driven by the success of earlier results, the authors utilized 78 for reductive couplings between ketones 93 and imines 97 as electrophiles to form unsymmetrical 1,2-diols 94–96 and 1,2-amino

• 122. Moreover, the intermediates could be trapped in the presence of electrophiles, such as aldehydes or alkyl halides to afford interesting α-substituted products 124 and 125. This phenomenon was further studied in detail on different dienones [58]. In 2013, Procter and co-workers [59] extended the

• enantioselectivity was reported by Hartwig et al. in 2016 [99]. The newly formed C–B bond reacted with a range of electrophiles to deliver products containing C–C, C–N, and C–X (X = Br, Cl) bonds (e.g., 349, 350). Efforts to explore the mechanism revealed a decrease in regioselectivity when the C=C bond is further

Direct borylation of terrylene and quaterrylene

• Haruka Kano,
• Keiji Uehara,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Hironobu Hayashi,
• Hiroko Yamada and
• Naoki Aratani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 621–627, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.58

• quite limited because they must suffer the harsh conditions of the rylene skeleton preparation. Basic reactivity of rylenes with electrophiles is predicted from perylene in which the most reactive sites are the 3,4,9,10-positions [21]. On the other hand, the regioselectivity of the iridium (Ir

Regioselectively α- and β-alkynylated BODIPY dyes via gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization and their photophysical properties

• Takahide Shimada,
• Shigeki Mori,
• Masatoshi Ishida and
• Hiroyuki Furuta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.53

• nature of BODIPY, the reactivity of the 2,6-positions is intrinsically low toward electrophiles, which hampers the β-selective functionalization. We, therefore, tested the corresponding reaction using tetramethyl-substituted BODIPY 1b that is expected to have an enhanced electron density of the BODIPY

Controlling alkyne reactivity by means of a copper-catalyzed radical reaction system for the synthesis of functionalized quaternary carbons

• Goki Hirata,
• Yu Yamane,
• Naoya Tsubaki,
• Reina Hara and
• Takashi Nishikata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 502–508, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.45

• related coupling reactions [2][3][4]. Although there are many reports on alkyne transformations, one recent development in this area has been the reaction of alkynes with tertiary alkyl electrophiles to produce functionalized quaternary carbon atoms via addition [5][6][7][8][9][10] or coupling [11][12][13

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors

• Delphine Pichon,
• Jennifer Morvan,
• Christophe Crévisy and
• Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 212–232, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.24

• vinyl sulfones as electrophiles (Scheme 3). Of note, both the anti- and the syn-product could be predominantly formed (with a anti:syn ratio from 83:17 to 15:85), and no diastereocontrol occurred in the absence of the organocatalyst. Interestingly, this simple protocol was successfully applied to the

• enantioselective synthesis of valnoctamide, a commercialized mild tranquilizer. Finally, this methodology was extended to the sequential Michael/halogenation reaction using NFSI or NCS as electrophiles, with similar efficiency. Similarly, a cocatalyzed enantioselective β-functionalization of enals was developed by

Regioselectivity of glycosylation reactions of galactose acceptors: an experimental and theoretical study

• Enrique A. Del Vigo,
• Carlos A. Stortz and
• Carla Marino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2982–2989, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.294

• functions describe better soft–soft interactions between nucleophiles and electrophiles [8][37][38]. The charge density was calculated for both methods using the Merz–Singh–Kollman scheme (MK) [39][40]. For the calculation of Fukui functions, besides the known computation of differences in atomic charges

1,5-Phosphonium betaines from N-triflylpropiolamides, triphenylphosphane, and active methylene compounds

• Vito A. Fiore,
• Chiara Freisler and
• Gerhard Maas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2603–2611, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.253

• vinylphosphonium ion, and a proton transfer finally yields the 1,4-betaine. A kinetic study of the PPh3/DMAD/Meldrum’s acid reaction by spectrophotometric and stopped-flow methods has been published [14]. The initial 1,3-betaine has also been trapped with other electrophiles. The stable 1,4-betaines betaines III

A new approach to silicon rhodamines by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling – scope and limitations

• Thines Kanagasundaram,
• Antje Timmermann,
• Carsten S. Kramer and
• Klaus Kopka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2569–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.250

• added the double Grignard reagent 4 to methyl esters 5 [26]. A similar approach was established by Lavis, herein electrophiles (anhydrides or esters) were added to lithium or magnesium organyls 4 [27]. Johnsson and co-workers could establish dye formation by addition of aryllithium 7 to the silicon