Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• ]. Another example for using this catch and release strategy would be when the product is trapped on silica due to its polarity prior to its release with a more polar solvent. This case is reported in the synthesis of iloperidone (Scheme 12) [107]. Though limited to applications with highly polar products

Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations – an unperceived organocatalysis field

• Elena R. Lopat’eva,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Dmitry A. Lapshin and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1672–1695, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.179

• thiols by nucleophilic radicals with the formation of electrophilic thiyl radicals ensured the wide application of thiols in so-called polarity reversal catalysis [118][119][120][121]. In a number of works thiyl radicals were used for hydrogen atom abstraction in the arylation of activated CH-reagents

A novel spirocyclic scaffold accessed via tandem Claisen rearrangement/intramolecular oxa-Michael addition

• Anastasia Vepreva,
• Alexander Yanovich,
• Dmitry Dar’in,
• Grigory Kantin,
• Alexander Bunev and
• Mikhail Krasavin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1649–1655, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.177

• room temperature over 1 h (Table 1, entry 5) gave a superior result both in terms of the isolated yield and diastereoselectivity. Increasing the polarity of the solvent appeared to be detrimental to the reaction outcome. With the conditions identified for the Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed insertion into the

Supramolecular approaches to mediate chemical reactivity

• Pablo Ballester,
• Qi-Qiang Wang and
• Carmine Gaeta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1463–1465, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.152

• whose geometry, in low-polarity solvents, is controlled by the 1,2,3-alternate conformation of the calix[6]arene skeleton. These catalysts can tune the selectivity of the catalytic cycloisomerization of 1,6-enynes in response to the relative orientation of the coordinated gold(I) atom with respect to

Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence

• Kaiyue Ye,
• Liyuan Cao,
• Davita M. E. van Raamsdonk,
• Zhijia Wang,
• Jianzhang Zhao,
• Daniel Escudero and
• Denis Jacquemin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1435–1453, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.149

• solvents with higher polarity. This trend is similar to the one previously reported for the NI-N-PTZ analog [20]. We note that the CT emission band of NI-PTZ is slightly red-shifted as compared to that of the previously reported dyad. Upon oxidation of the PTZ moiety, i.e., for NI-PTZ-O, the fluorescence

• quenching in polar solvents is less significant than that of NI-PTZ (Figure 2b), and the CT emission band is blue-shifted as compared to that of NI-N-PTZ [20], a likely consequence of the reduced electron-donating ability of the PTZ moiety. For NI-PTZ2, a solvent polarity-dependent fluorescence band was

• previously reported for the analogous dyad NI-N-PTZ (ΦΔ = 16%) [20]. However, ΦΔ is lower in CHX (ΦΔ = 8%) and negligible in other solvents with higher polarity. In contrast, NI-PTZ-O, NI-PTZ2, NI-Ph-PTZ, and NI-PhMe2-PTZ show much larger ΦΔ values in HEX (20% to ≈50%), respectively. For NI-3Br and NI-Ph-Br

Ionic multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for light emitting electrochemical cells

• Merve Karaman,
• Abhishek Kumar Gupta,
• Subeesh Madayanad Suresh,
• Tomas Matulaitis,
• Lorenzo Mardegan,
• Daniel Tordera,
• Henk J. Bolink,
• Sen Wu,
• Stuart Warriner,
• Ifor D. Samuel and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1311–1321, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.136

• -OBuIm, respectively. The emission spectrum of DiKTa-OBuIm is slightly blue-shifted and narrower than that in MeCN, which is expected due to the higher polarity of the solvent than mCP. Surprisingly, for DiKTa-DPA-OBuIm the emission is red-shifted by 14 nm, and with negligible change in the FWHM. This

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation

• Ashish Kumar Mazumdar,
• Gyana Prakash Nanda,
• Nisha Yadav,
• Upasana Deori,
• Upasha Acharyya,
• Bahadur Sk and
• Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.122

• absorption and emission spectra of BPy-pTC and BPy-p3C were recorded in solvents with varying polarity (Figure 1 and Table 1). BPy-pTC exhibited prominent absorption bands at λabs = 337, 355, and 383 nm. The peaks at λabs = 337 and 335 nm were due to the π–π* and n–π* transitions [29], whereas the broad peak

Synthesis of protected precursors of chitin oligosaccharides by electrochemical polyglycosylation of thioglycosides

• Md Azadur Rahman,
• Kana Kuroda,
• Hirofumi Endo,
• Norihiko Sasaki,
• Tomoaki Hamada,
• Hiraku Sakai and
• Toshiki Nokami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1133–1139, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.117

• , including hydroxy-substituted sugar 9 and trehalose product 10, are shown in Figure 6. These byproducts were obtained as inseparable mixture because of the same molecular weight and similar polarity. Moreover, the trehalose product of longer oligosaccharides has more than two possible structures. For

Radical cation Diels–Alder reactions of arylidene cycloalkanes

• Kaii Nakayama,
• Hidehiro Kamiya and
• Yohei Okada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1100–1106, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.112

• ; spiro ring system; Introduction Single-electron transfer is one of the simplest modes for small molecule activation, employing a polarity inversion to generate radical ions which have proven to be unique reactive intermediates in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. A radical cation Diels–Alder

Introducing a new 7-ring fused diindenone-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene unit as a promising component for organic semiconductor materials

• Valentin H. K. Fell,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Eman J. Hussien and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 944–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.94

• triethylamine to the eluent [44]. Also, using a solvent mixture with a low polarity, which is necessary to receive a good separation from the side products, led to a precipitation of the compound on the column, and many attempts were necessary to find an ideal solvent mixture. Additionally, the reaction was

First series of N-alkylamino peptoid homooligomers: solution phase synthesis and conformational investigation

• Maxime Pypec,
• Laurent Jouffret,
• Claude Taillefumier and
• Olivier Roy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 845–854, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.85

• –6 in various protic and aprotic solvents and of varying polarity indicates that the N-(methylamino)glycine units favor trans-amide bonds in proportions up to 90% in DMSO-d6. Adoption of trans-amide bonds was confirmed in the crystal structure of dimer 2. In addition to the control of the amide bond

Copper-catalyzed multicomponent reactions for the efficient synthesis of diverse spirotetrahydrocarbazoles

• Shao-Cong Zhan,
• Ren-Jie Fang,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 796–808, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.80

• cycloaddition between the indole-based ortho-quinodimethanes (o-QDMs, A) and dienophiles affords the final spiro compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 as major isomers through an endo-transition state. Due to the different polarity, 3-phenacylideneoxindole and isatylidene malononitrile resulted in regioisomeric spiro

Continuous flow synthesis of azobenzenes via Baeyer–Mills reaction

• Jan H. Griwatz,
• Anne Kunz and
• Hermann A. Wegner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 781–787, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.78

• only the geometry is altered from the planar (E)-AB to its twisted (Z)-AB form, but also its properties change (e.g., dipole moment and polarity) [13][14]. Furthermore, the (Z)-AB can be reversibly switched back by visible light or thermally [15]. To synthesize ABs a variety of reactions can be chosen

Tri(n-butyl)phosphine-promoted domino reaction for the efficient construction of spiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-indolines] and spiro[indoline-3,2'-furan-3',3''-indolines]

• Hui Zheng,
• Ying Han,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 669–679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.68

• find that the diastereoselectivity of this reaction was not very good. Because the polarity of the two diastereoisomers were very similar, it was very difficult to isolate them as pure compounds by column chromatography. For convenience, only the pure major diastereoisomers of the spiro compounds 3a–w

Synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles in water via a [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and 1,3-diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-ketoamides

• Md Imran Hossain,
• Md Imdadul H. Khan,
• Seong Jong Kim and
• Hoang V. Le

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 446–458, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.47

• -withdrawing substituents present in the 1,3-diketones would increase the degree of enolization of the 1,3-diketones [30][33], and the polarity of the solvent would have only a little effect on the keto–enol tautomerization of such 1,3-diketones [30]. During our studies, we also observed the effect of solvent

• polarity on the keto–enol equilibrium of the 1,3-diketones, which influences the results of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions under mild basic conditions, via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra of 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (2a) in CDCl3 and in methanol-d4 indicated that the

• enol tautomer of the 1,3-diketone was predominant in CDCl3, while the keto tautomer was predominant in methanol-d4, which is a more polar solvent than CDCl3 (Figure 7). Our observations thus reinforce Meyer’s rule [34][35], which states that the keto tautomer is favored as the solvent polarity

Synthesis of 5-unsubstituted dihydropyrimidinone-4-carboxylates from deep eutectic mixtures

• Sangram Gore,
• Sundarababu Baskaran and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 331–336, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.37

• replacement of organic solvents. The melts are stable against air and have very low vapor pressures resembling the properties of ionic liquids. In addition, the polarity of these melts is very high [33]. Recently, we have explored several organic transformations such as coupling reaction, cycloaddition

Site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers

• Rui Wang and
• Yang Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 309–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.35

• , and factors like steric and electronic effects of the nucleophile and substrate and the polarity of the solvent would influence the product ratio [75]. Here, as illustrated above, the authors introduced the cage host J as the noncovalent protecting group of the internal reactive sites, which directed

Flow synthesis of oxadiazoles coupled with sequential in-line extraction and chromatography

• Kian Donnelly and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 232–239, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.27

• realised by increasing the flow rate of the thiosulphate solution to remove sufficient DMSO in view of satisfactory separation being achieved. Due to the high polarity of the reaction mixture, moderately non-polar chromatographic conditions were required (3% EtOAc, 97% cyclohexane at start), with a

Anomeric 1,2,3-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives show selective inhibition towards a bacterial neuraminidase over a trypanosome trans-sialidase

• Peterson de Andrade,
• Sanaz Ahmadipour and
• Robert A. Field

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 208–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.24

• neuraminidase in relation to the analogues bearing hydrophobic substituents and ca. 5% for more polar substituents. These results suggest that polarity changes are less tolerated by neuraminidase due to the big difference in impact of hydrophobicity upon inhibition, thus indicating a simple approach to

• hydrophobicity is important to inhibition of neuraminidase as the most potent compounds possess hydrophobic aromatic substituents. Conversely, increase in polarity results in weak inhibition (ca. 5%) as noted for compounds bearing substituents with nitrogen or a hydroxy group (3d–g). In fact, the higher polarity

• consensus that may lead to a simple approach to differentiate TcTS and neuraminidase inhibitory activity as a polarity change seems to be less tolerated by the latter. This intriguing result is difficult to explain since all sialidases share a very similar catalytic domain, despite low sequence similarity

Diametric calix[6]arene-based phosphine gold(I) cavitands

• Gabriele Giovanardi,
• Andrea Secchi,
• Arturo Arduini and
• Gianpiero Cera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 190–196, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.21

• polarity solvents, of a novel class of diametric phosphine gold(I) cavitands characterized by a 1,2,3-alternate geometry. Preliminary catalytic studies were performed on a model cycloisomerization of 1,6-enynes as a function of the relative orientation of the bonded gold(I) nuclei with respect to the

• low polarity solvents, is dominated by the 1,2,3-alternate conformation assumed by the DN intermediate, as previously demonstrated in our recent contributions [33][34]. Hence, the most notable features of 1H NMR for A(AuCl)2 are represented by a pattern for the methylene bridging protons in a 1:1:1

• 1,6-enynes. Conclusion We reported the synthesis of a novel family of diametric diphosphine gold(I) complexes whose geometry in low-polarity solvents is controlled by the 1,2,3-alternate conformation of the calix[6]arene precursor. These catalysts are able to tune the selectivity of catalytic

Mechanistic studies of the solvolysis of alkanesulfonyl and arenesulfonyl halides

• Malcolm J. D’Souza and
• Dennis N. Kevill

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 120–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.13

• derivative. It was proposed that these observations constituted good evidence for the incursion of an SN1 pathway. A subsequent study by Vizgert and Savchuk [15] concentrated on the effect of gradually increasing the polarity of the solvent on going from 70% dioxane to 100% H2O. It was proposed that the rate

• of acceleration in aqueous dioxane when hydroxide ion was added. As the polarity of the medium is increased, so also is the solvent ionizing power (Y) and the ionization pathway could become of increasing importance and eventually dominant. Forbes and Maskill, first in a communication [26] and then

Effect of a twin-emitter design strategy on a previously reported thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diode

• Ettore Crovini,
• Zhen Zhang,
• Yu Kusakabe,
• Yongxia Ren,
• Yoshimasa Wada,
• Bilal A. Naqvi,
• Prakhar Sahay,
• Tomas Matulaitis,
• Stefan Diesing,
• Ifor D. W. Samuel,
• Wolfgang Brütting,
• Katsuaki Suzuki,
• Hironori Kaji,
• Stefan Bräse and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2894–2905, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.197

• ). Solvatochromic studies for DICzTRZ show that the PDM of the ground state structure is small and so the absorption spectrum is essentially not affected by changes in polarity, while the excited state shows the characteristic positive solvatochromism associated with an emission from a CT state (λPL going from 462

• incorporating DICzTRZ as the emitter in a solution-processed OLED, we next investigated the photophysical behavior of this compound in solid host matrices. We began with 10 wt % doped film of DICzTRZ in PMMA as the polarity of PMMA emulates well that of toluene [36]. The emission maximum in PMMA is 514 nm

Photophysical, photostability, and ROS generation properties of new trifluoromethylated quinoline-phenol Schiff bases

• Inaiá O. Rocha,
• Yuri G. Kappenberg,
• Wilian C. Rosa,
• Clarissa P. Frizzo,
• Nilo Zanatta,
• Marcos A. P. Martins,
• Isadora Tisoco,
• Bernardo A. Iglesias and
• Helio G. Bonacorso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2799–2811, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.191

• substituent or polarity of the solvent (behavior in CHCl3, MeOH, and DMSO is quite similar). Notably, one can highlight compound 3bb (R = Ph, R1 = 5-NEt2) which transitions vary significantly with the change in polarity of the medium (4–24 nm), and this may be due to the donor diethylamino group attached to

• the 400–550 nm region depending on the solvent polarity (CHCl3, DMSO, and MeOH). Therefore, it is possible to infer that the polarity of the solvents directly influences the electronic transitions in the excited state, with significant changes for the compound in more polar and protic solvents, by

• revealed significant differences, mainly according to the change in solvent polarity, being, for example, higher for compounds in DMSO and MeOH than in chloroform solution. Furthermore, the highest values were found in the presence of electron-donating groups, i.e., in compounds 3bb (R = Ph, R1 = 5-NEt2

Photoredox catalysis in nickel-catalyzed C–H functionalization

• Lusina Mantry,
• Rajaram Maayuri,
• Vikash Kumar and
• Parthasarathy Gandeepan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2209–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.143

• nickel catalysis is also often employed to C(sp3)‒H alkylation transformations. For example, in 2017, MacMillan and co-workers reported a selective C(sp3)–H alkylation protocol via polarity-matched hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) using photoredox and nickel catalysis [85]. This method works through

• vinylation/C‒H arylation of cyclic oxalates. Proposed mechanism for the mpg-CN/nickel photocatalytic C(sp3)–H arylation. Proposed mechanism for photoredox nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H alkylation via polarity-matched HAT. Proposed mechanism for the CzIPN and nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H alkylation of ethers

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

• ideal chemical components for the generation of smart devices. Depending on the polymer structure, including backbone and functional groups [10], their properties can be reversibly influenced by external chemical (e.g., pH value [11][12], ionic strength [13], polarity of solvent [14]), biological (e.g