Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

• -components that bear an additional alkene, alkyne or azide moiety and can be cyclized via either a deprotection–cyclization strategy, a ring-closing metathesis, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or even via a sequence of multiple multicomponent reactions. The sequential IMCR-cyclization reactions can afford small

• subsequent transformations [19][22][26]. Examples of IMCR orthogonal species or functionalities are alkenes, alkynes and azides which may give the cyclic analogues via subsequent ring closing metathesis (RCM) or 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. In contrast, protected functional groups first require a deprotection

The Flögel-three-component reaction with dicarboxylic acids – an approach to bis(β-alkoxy-β-ketoenamides) for the synthesis of complex pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives

• Mrinal K. Bera,
• Moisés Domínguez,
• Paul Hommes and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 394–404, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.37

• closing metathesis (RCM) [69] with Grubbs-II-catalyst smoothly leading to the structurally interesting macrocyclic compound 34 in 73% yield. Compounds of this type – incorporating a 17-membered ring – have the potential to serve as structurally quite unique ligands for a variety of applications, e.g. in

• sodium borohydride the obtained products could be separated by column chromatography providing the dialcohol 32a in 51% yield over two steps and the monoalcohol 32b in 25% yield, respectively. The subsequent O-allylation of 32a furnished bisallyl ether 33 with 77% yield that was subjected to a ring

Synthesis of the B-seco limonoid core scaffold

• Hanna Bruss,
• Hannah Schuster,
• Rémi Martinez,
• Markus Kaiser,
• Andrey P. Antonchick and
• Herbert Waldmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 194–208, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.15

• directing effect of the β-hydroxy group. Bicyclic system 65 could be obtained by ring-closing metathesis using Grubbs 1st generation catalyst and subsequent selective deprotection of the primary silyl ether. After esterification with 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (25) and protection of the remaining two

• order to allow the synthetic access to further B-seco limonoid analogues, the C14-epi B-seco limonoid scaffold 78 and C14-epi/C9-epi scaffold 79 were accessed (Scheme 11). Starting from diol 74, the C14-epi rearrangement precursor 77 was synthesized employing a sequence of ring-closing metathesis, TBS

• quaternary centers at the ring junction. We decided to start the sequence with known enone 15 [39] and intended to construct the all-carbon quaternary center at C13 by substrate controlled α-functionalization. The second quaternary center at C14 might be established by 1,2-addition and finally, ring-closing

The difluoromethylene (CF₂) group in aliphatic chains: Synthesis and conformational preference of palmitic acids and nonadecane containing CF₂ groups

• Yi Wang,
• Ricardo Callejo,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• David O’Hagan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 18–25, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.4

• that it can accommodate angle strain. For example CF2 compounds display an apparent Thorpe–Ingold effect relative to CH2 in ring closing metathesis reactions (RCM) to cycloheptene [8]. Comparison of the rates of reaction with different substituents at the C-5 position of the diene precursors 1a–d

A unified approach to the important protein kinase inhibitor balanol and a proposed analogue

• Tapan Saha,
• Ratnava Maitra and
• Shital K. Chattopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2910–2915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.327

• developed using an efficient fragment coupling protocol which proceeded in good overall yield. Keywords: azepane; balanol; Garner’s aldehyde; PKC inhibitor; ring-closing metathesis; Introduction Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent kinases that phosphorylate serine and threonine

• yield of 64% over two steps. The undesired anti-isomer 23 could be effectively converted to the desired syn-isomer 22 by a Mitsunobu-type inversion [64]. The major syn-isomer 22 was then acetylated and the resulting diene 24 was subjected to ring-closing metathesis [65] in the presence of Grubbs’ second

Synthesis of indole-based propellane derivatives via Weiss–Cook condensation, Fischer indole cyclization, and ring-closing metathesis as key steps

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Ajay Kumar Chinnam and
• Arti Tiwari

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2709–2714, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.307

• propellane derivatives involves a Weiss–Cook condensation, a Fischer indole cyclization, and a ring-closing metathesis as key steps. Keywords: allylation; indole derivatives; propellanes; ring-closing metathesis; Weiss–Cook condensation; Introduction Propellanes are tricyclic systems conjoined with carbon

• diindole based propellane derivatives involving the Weiss–Cook condensation [36], Fischer indole cyclization [37][38], and ring-closing metathesis as key steps [39][40][41][42] (Figure 3). Here, we report a new synthetic strategy to indole-based propellane derivatives and our approach has several points of

Bidirectional cross metathesis and ring-closing metathesis/ring opening of a C₂-symmetric building block: a strategy for the synthesis of decanolide natural products

• Bernd Schmidt and
• Oliver Kunz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2544–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.289

• -diene-3,4-diol. Key elements of the stagonolide E synthesis are the two-directional functionalization of the enantiopure, C2-symmetrical starting material through cross metathesis and a one-flask ring-closing metathesis/base-induced ring-opening sequence, a Ru–lipase-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution

Enantioselective synthesis of planar chiral ferrocenes via palladium-catalyzed annulation with diarylethynes

• Yan-Chao Shi,
• Rong-Fei Yang,
• De-Wei Gao and
• Shu-Li You

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1891–1896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.222

• and co-workers reported the synthesis of planar chiral ferrocenes by utilizing an external chiral base such as (−)-sparteine [22][23]. Ogasawara and co-workers used the ring closing metathesis reaction to provide a novel and efficient route to synthesize the planar chiral ferrocenes [24][25][26][27

A reductive coupling strategy towards ripostatin A

• Kristin D. Schleicher and
• Timothy F. Jamison

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1533–1550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.175

• Prusov extended their synthetic method to syntheses of 15-deoxyripostatin A, and later ripostatin A itself [9]. All of these approaches to the ripostatins share several key features: use of ring-closing metathesis to form the 14-membered macrocycle, preceded by one or more Stille couplings to generate

The chemistry of bisallenes

• Henning Hopf and
• Georgios Markopoulos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1936–1998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.225

Cyclization of ortho-hydroxycinnamates to coumarins under mild conditions: A nucleophilic organocatalysis approach

• Florian Boeck,
• Max Blazejak,
• Markus R. Anneser and
• Lukas Hintermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1630–1636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.186

• , a lack of regioselectivity [7][8][9][10]. Such problems may be circumvented by using ring-closing metathesis [11][12] or other approaches [13][14][15]. In selective synthetic schemes, the generation of coumarins is typically realized by the cyclization of ortho-hydroxycinnamates (Scheme 1). This

Synthesis of a library of tricyclic azepinoisoindolinones

• Bettina Miller,
• Shuli Mao,
• Kara M. George Rosenker,
• Joshua G. Pierce and
• Peter Wipf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1091–1097, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.120

• , the addition to in situ prepared N-acyliminium species, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) were key steps in the preparation of a tricyclic isoindolinone scaffold. An unusual alkene isomerization process during the RCM was identified and studied in some detail. Chemical diversification for library

• commercially available or easily prepared starting materials and creates many opportunities for further functionalization and chemical library synthesis. For example, a ring-closing metathesis of the alkene addition product affords structurally novel tricyclic isoindolinones with a newly formed seven-membered

• afford diene 2 [19][24]. Ring-closing metathesis of 2 using Grubbs 2nd generation catalyst [25] in the presence of 1 equiv of Ti(OiPr)4 [26][27] at room temperature provided, surprisingly, a modest 45% yield of the alkene-isomerized homoallylic amide 3 instead of the expected allylic amide 4 (Scheme 1

Algicidal lactones from the marine Roseobacter clade bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi

• Ramona Riclea,
• Julia Gleitzmann,
• Hilke Bruns,
• Corina Junker,
• Barbara Schulz and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 941–950, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.106

• , syntheses of reference compounds were carried out (Scheme 1). Methacryloyl chloride (12) was esterified with but-3-en-2-ol (13) in the presence of triethylamine to yield but-3-en-2-yl methacrylate (15). Ring-closing metathesis with Grubbs catalyst of the second generation gave 2-methylpent-2-en-4-olide (11

• methacrylate (16), ring-closing metathesis to 2-methylhex-2-en-4-olide (17), and catalytic hydrogenation. The isomerisation of 9 with KOt-Bu in t-BuOH again provided a mixture of 9 and its diastereomer trans-2-methylhexan-4-olide (10). Comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra of the synthetic material

• ), 990 (w), 930 (m), 810 (w), 657 (w) cm−1; UV–vis: λmax (log ε): 228 (2.83) nm. General procedure for the ring-closing metathesis to butenolides: Grubbs catalyst of the second generation (0.05 equiv) was added to a solution of the ester 15 or 16 (1.0 equiv) in dry dichloromethane (0.05 M). The mixture

Stereoselective, nitro-Mannich/lactamisation cascades for the direct synthesis of heavily decorated 5-nitropiperidin-2-ones and related heterocycles

• Pavol Jakubec,
• Dane M. Cockfield,
• Madeleine Helliwell,
• James Raftery and
• Darren J. Dixon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 567–578, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.64

• ][28][29], reduction of unsaturated heterocycles [30][31][32], ring closure via intramolecular nucleophilic substitution [33][34][35][36][37], cascade reactions of enamines/imines and aldehydes [38][39][40][41], and ring-closing metathesis followed by hydrogenation [42][43][44][45][46][47][48

Branching out at C-2 of septanosides. Synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-C-alkyl/aryl septanosides from a bromo-oxepine

• Supriya Dey and
• Narayanaswamy Jayaraman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 522–527, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.59

• been explored in many instances, for example, (i) hemiacetal or acetal formation from a linear precursor containing aldehyde and an appropriately positioned hydroxyl group [4][5][6][7][8]; (ii) Knoevenagel-type condensation of sugar aldehyde with active methylene compounds [9][10]; (iii) ring-closing

• metathesis reactions of appropriately installed diene derivatives [11][12][13]; (iv) ring expansion of 1,2-cyclopropanated sugars [14][15][16][17]; (v) Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of inositol derivatives [18][19] and (vi) electrophile-induced cyclization [20]. We recently developed a new methodology to prepare

Binding of group 15 and group 16 oxides by a concave host containing an isophthalamide unit

• Jens Eckelmann,
• Vittorio Saggiomo,
• Svenja Fischmann and
• Ulrich Lüning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 11–17, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.2

• double amide formation between an isophthaloyl dichloride and two equivalents of a bis(alkenyloxy)aniline, followed by ring-closing metathesis and hydrogenation. In contrast to many related isophthalamides, the concave host exhibits a better binding for oxides, such as DMSO or pyridine-N-oxide, than for

• 3 gave the open diamide 5. This tetraalkene 5 was then converted to bi-macrocycle 1 by ring-closing metathesis followed by catalytic hydrogenation. Model compound 2 was obtained by reacting isophthaloyl dichloride 3 with 2,6-dimethoxyaniline (6). The two products 1 and 2 were isolated and

Selectivity in C-alkylation of dianions of protected 6-methyluridine

• Ngoc Hoa Nguyen,
• Christophe Len,
• Anne-Sophie Castanet and
• Jacques Mortier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1228–1233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.143

• development of new cyclonucleosides 5 [5][6], we envisioned that the general transformation outlined in Scheme 1 might afford a facile entry to 5 from dialkenyl precursors 4 by ring-closing metathesis [10][11][12]. The strategy relies on the preparation of unknown 6-ω-alkenyluridine key intermediates 3. We

Metathesis access to monocyclic iminocyclitol-based therapeutic agents

• Ileana Dragutan,
• Valerian Dragutan,
• Carmen Mitan,
• Hermanus C.M. Vosloo,
• Lionel Delaude and
• Albert Demonceau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 699–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.81

• et al. [72] based again on the Garner aldehyde 69 derived from D-serine. To construct the chiral 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine core 125, the authors resorted to catalytic ring-closing metathesis induced by the 1st-generation Grubbs catalyst 2, with subsequent stereoselective dihydroxylation (under

Ene–yne cross-metathesis with ruthenium carbene catalysts

• Cédric Fischmeister and
• Christian Bruneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 156–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.22

• type of reaction in a selective manner it is required that the two double bonds have different reactivities with respect to EYCM and that the intramolecular olefin ring closing metathesis is not efficient. Such a reaction has been performed from dienes containing a non-activated double bond and an

• The positive influence of ethylene in metathesis in the presence of ruthenium catalysts was first evidenced by Mori during the intramolecular ring closing metathesis of enynes [83]. The excess of ethylene would favor the formation of ruthenium methylidene intermediates, and thus prevent catalyst

Olefin metathesis in nano-sized systems

• Didier Astruc,
• Abdou K. Diallo,
• Sylvain Gatard,
• Liyuan Liang,
• Cátia Ornelas,
• Victor Martinez,
• Denise Méry and
• Jaime Ruiz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 94–103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.13

• ) or, more usefully, dendrimer encapsulation – ring closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM), enyne metathesis reactions (EYM) – for reactions in water without a co-solvent and (ii) construction and functionalization of dendrimers by CM reactions. Keywords: dendrimer; green chemistry

• the metathesis of polyolefin dendrimers or star compounds from which ring-closing metathesis products were formed. For instance, a third generation Fréchet-type dendrimer containing 24 allyl ether end groups was synthesized by the Zimmerman group, cross-linked using the RCM reaction, and the core

Recent advances in the development of alkyne metathesis catalysts

• Xian Wu and
• Matthias Tamm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 82–93, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.12

• ring-closing metathesis (RORCM) leads to an equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric products and their ratios are determined by their relative stabilities [77]. The catalytic performance of 6a and 6b in RCAM was demonstrated for the substrates m-bis(3-pentynyloxymethyl)benzene (17b) and bis(3

Hoveyda–Grubbs type metathesis catalyst immobilized on mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 and SBA-15

• Hynek Balcar,
• Tushar Shinde,
• Naděžda Žilková and
• Zdeněk Bastl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 22–28, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.4

• found for ring-closing metathesis of 1,7-octadiene in cyclohexane – 0.04% of catalyst Ru content). Results of XPS, UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy showed that at least 76% of the Ru content was bound to the support surface non-covalently and could be removed from the catalyst by washing with THF. Keywords

• metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclooctene, ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of diallylsilanes and several types of cross-metathesis reactions. High stability of catalysts, reusability and low Ru leaching were also reported. However, the mode of attachment of the Ru species on the silica surface was

The cross-metathesis of methyl oleate with cis-2-butene-1,4-diyl diacetate and the influence of protecting groups

• Arno Behr and
• Jessica Pérez Gomes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.1

• has become a routine and competent synthetic method for the formation of carbon–carbon double bonds [1][2][3][4][5]. Among investigations of ring opening metathesis polymerisation [6] and ring closing metathesis [7], the olefin cross-metathesis has demonstrated its great importance in providing access

Highly substituted benzannulated cyclooctanol derivatives by samarium diiodide-induced cyclizations

• Jakub Saadi,
• Irene Brüdgam and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1229–1245, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.141

• ][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Successful approaches include ring-closing metathesis [4], rearrangements [5], and cycloadditions [6], transition metal-catalyzed cyclizations [7][8], nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions [9] as well as ring expansion reactions [10

The allylic chalcogen effect in olefin metathesis

• Yuya A. Lin and
• Benjamin G. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1219–1228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.140

• groups in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was first identified by Hoye and Zhao in 1999 [19]. In this work, the influence of both the steric and electronic character of allylic substituent of linalool and related analogues in RCM was assessed. The free hydroxy group on linalool greatly enhanced RCM

• ]. Ring-closing metathesis on a protein [18]. Expanded substrate scope of cross-metathesis on proteins [38]. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the EPSRC for financial support. BGD is a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award recipient.

• -closing metathesis; ROM = ring-opening metathesis. b) Conventional ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts. The influence of different OR groups on ring size-selectivity [21]. Synthesis of palmerolide A precursors by Nicolaou et al. illustrates enhancement by an allylic hydroxy group in an RCM strategy [22