Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• ). Two sucrose solutions (8 wt % and 24 wt %) formed a density gradient which was capped with 0.5 mL dodecane as a stabilizing agent. The calibration standard was a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) latex in water with a particle size of 483 nm provided by CPS Instruments. The calibration was carried out prior

Optimization of Mo/Cr bilayer back contacts for thin-film solar cells

• Nima Khoshsirat,
• Fawad Ali,
• Vincent Tiing Tiong,
• Mojtaba Amjadipour,
• Hongxia Wang,
• Mahnaz Shafiei and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2700–2707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.252

• regions were acquired with 10 eV pass energy and about 0.4 eV spectral resolution to discriminate the substructure of the spectral lines. Ar+ ion cluster etching was employed for XPS depth profiling and the calibration was carried out using a typical Mo on glass sample with sputtering rate of 15.5 nm/s

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• dissolved in aqua regia using the calibration curve for the standard samples in 0.1–1 mg·mL−1 concentration range. X-ray diffraction patterns were measured from 2θ = 30° to 120° at a scan rate of 0.1° per step and 3 s per point using the X-ray powder diffractometer Rigaku Ultima IV with Co Kα radiation and

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• inclination angles as calibration data. Based on this calibration data, for each deposit edge in the target structure, an appropriate beam displacement velocity is chosen. We use a different approach based on the three-dimensional pitch Π3D, as stated before (see Equation 2). As the 3D deposition speed sF has

• speed sF. This is a computationally intensive task. Here we follow a different approach based on an initial deposition experiment for calibration. First, the target 3D structure is deposited by using the pattern file generated by the code with the height-dependent deposition speed correction deactivated

• calibration experiment at a similar height z3D,i ≈ ζ would compensate for the reduced precursor coverage effect because ne = le/sF. Now we have For the set of values {(hi+1 − hi)/(z3D,i+1 − z3D,i)} vs the heights {z3D,i} obtained from the calibration experiment we perform a polynomial fit and obtain n ≤ 3

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• efficiency in CaP@5-FU NPs The entrapment efficiency of 5-FU in CaP NPs was estimated by UV absorption studies. Initially, a calibration curve of 5-FU dissolved in PBS was determined by a Lasany double-beam L1 2800 UV–visible spectrometer. The standard curve (plotted at 265 nm, 0–50 μg/mL, R = 0.999) was

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• energy of 8.9 eV and a photon flux of 2 × 1012 s−1. The incident angle of the UV beam onto the sample was 50° with respect to the sample surface normal, and excited electrons were collected with an electron analyzer along the normal vector of the sample surface. The energy calibration of the UPS was

Filling nanopipettes with apertures smaller than 50 nm: dynamic microdistillation

• Evelyne Salançon and
• Bernard Tinland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2181–2187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.204

• diameter are usually in the expected range for a given set of parameters. Due to variations in the builder calibration, this set of parameters can change from one puller to another. The very end of each tip is always different and has to be characterized. Here, we determined tip shape and aperture via

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• are the workfunction of the tip and the sample, respectively. In this work, no calibration of the tip workfunction was necessary, as only the Vcpd variations between the materials constituting the photovoltaic blends and their modifications with incoming light were to be measured. These Vcpd

High-throughput synthesis of modified Fresnel zone plate arrays via ion beam lithography

• Kahraman Keskinbora,
• Umut Tunca Sanli,
• Margarita Baluktsian,
• Corinne Grévent,
• Markus Weigand and
• Gisela Schütz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2049–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.194

• were resolved in both x- and y-direction with high sharpness and contrast, revealing the defects in the test object coming from its fabrication process. In order to test the ultimate resolution of the optic, the certified calibration standard BAM L-200 sample was imaged at 1.12 eV. The raw gray-scale

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• context, the optimization of existing characterisation techniques for the measurement of dopant activation at the semiconductor surface (or the development of new ones) is therefore decisive for both the improvement of the fabrication processes and the calibration of the related technology CAD (TCAD

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• and a sample angle of 33°. Spectra were recorded using polychromatic Al Kα excitation (11 kV, 20 mA) and an emission angle of 0°. Calibration of the XPS was carried out by recording spectra with Al Kα X-rays from clean samples of copper, silver and gold at 50 eV and 10 eV pass energy and comparison

Closed polymer containers based on phenylboronic esters of resorcinarenes

• Tatiana Yu. Sergeeva,
• Rezeda K. Mukhitova,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Polina D. Klypina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1594–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.151

• -convolution effect has been minimized by processing the obtained AFM data with the use of WSxM 5.0, Zod 2.0 and MatLAB software [52][53]. The calibration has been performed by using an imaging special calibration grid (STR3-1800P, VLSI Standards Inc.) in the temperature range of 20–60 °C. A Zetasizer Nano

Colorimetric detection of Cu²⁺ based on the formation of peptide–copper complexes on silver nanoparticle surfaces

• Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake,
• Surendra Krishna Shinde,
• Rijuta Ganesh Saratale,
• Avinash Ashok Kadam,
• Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale,
• Asad Syed,
• Fuad Ameen and
• Dae-Young Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1414–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.134

• calibration curve, correlation coefficients (R2), and limit of detection (LOD) were studied using coordination peptides number approach. In all three instances, a linear correlation existed between the absorbance at 520 nm and the Cu2+ concentration over the ranges of 0.08–0.4, 0.08–0.72, and 0.08–1.44 µM Cu2

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• capacitor model to describe the electrostatic actuation. The predicted deflection and amplitudes match experimental results within a few percent. Consequently, target amplitudes can be set by the drive voltage without requiring calibration of optical lever sensitivity. Furthermore, the excitation bandwidth

• , or vacuum environments. Keywords: amplitude calibration; atomic force microscopy; electrostatic excitation; encased cantilevers; liquid AFM; Introduction Dynamic atomic force microscopy requires excitation of the cantilever oscillation. Most commonly, this is achieved using a dither piezo built

• . Table 1 below compares all model-based results with the experimentally found values. Discussion Calibration and validity of model We find that our simple parallel-capacitor model overestimates static actuation by only a few percent. Considering the drastic simplifications of the electrode and tip

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• generated a calibration curve to quantify the released pyrenylmethylamine through HPLC with a variable wavelength detector (HPLC-VWD) (see Supporting Information File 1). First, the Boc protecting group was removed with trifluoroacetic acid/CH2Cl2. Then the two types of nanoparticles (NP@APTES with

• sampling could lead to errors due to the heterogeneity of the mixture. Thus, after 72 h at 37 °C, the mixtures were washed several times with MeOH and the washings were diluted to a precise volume. By comparison with a calibration curve, the sample injected into the HPLC-VWD allowed the liberated μmols of

• by a factor of 20 (thus to 500 μL). The quantitative determination of 1-pyrenylmethylamine was carried out through a calibration curve (see Supporting Information File 1), and resulted in 26 μg/mL = 13.0 μg (56.1 nmol). The percent of pyrenylmethylamine released is thus 7.1%. HPLC conditions. Column

Automated image segmentation-assisted flattening of atomic force microscopy images

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li and
• Huimin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.91

• features for image flattening. Additionally, a standard calibration grating (10 µm-pitch grid, Bruker) with a nominal depth of 180 nm was also applied to demonstrate the role of image flattening on morphological characterization of AFM images. All AFM images used in this study were obtained on a commercial

• . Therefore, image flattening needs to be implemented before analysis. Here we take an AFM image of a standard calibration grating as an example to validate the importance of image flattening in morphological characterization. The raw AFM image of the grating is shown in Figure 9a. The image exhibits a

• direction. The optimized flattening result can be obtained when the drift direction and the fitting direction are perpendicular to each other. Morphological characterization of a standard AFM calibration grating with and without flattening. (a) The raw AFM image of the standard calibration grating. (b

Comparative study of sculptured metallic thin films deposited by oblique angle deposition at different temperatures

• Susann Liedtke,
• Christoph Grüner,
• Jürgen W. Gerlach and
• Bernd Rauschenbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 954–962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.89

• (LN2) through the Cu-block sample holder. The substrate temperature was controlled by two independent K-type thermocouples that were mounted directly on the surface of the LN2-sample holder. Another thermocouple of the same type was directly put into liquid nitrogen to ensure a precise calibration

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• up to 2.5 μm) with a 50× objective lens. The diffraction grating was 2400 lines/mm, and the CCD camera had 1024 × 256 pixels. A standard (100) single crystalline silicon substrate was used for calibration. The analyte droplets (about 1–2 μL) were placed on the substrate and measured within ten

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiO_x and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

• Vladimir N. Popok,
• Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
• Peter Fojan,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Jan Hanuš and
• Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

• not directly discriminate between live and dead cells but a decreasing or a stagnating number of cells mean an increasing amount of dead cells in the medium, because the number of cells should increase exponentially under conventional growth conditions. Thus, this calibration procedure allows to

Heavy-metal detectors based on modified ferrite nanoparticles

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Ewelina Wińska,
• Elżbieta Zambrzycka-Szelewa,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 762–770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.69

• background correction technique with reference was used. The quantitative determination of Pb, Cd, and Cu was carried out by the external calibration graph technique. Synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles doped with Ca2+, Co2+, Mn2+, or Ni2+ To obtain doped ferrite nanoparticles, a modified co-precipitation

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• heating stage. A Perkin Elmer DSC8000 calorimeter was used for calorimetric measurements. The temperature calibration procedure was done based on the onset of the melting point of water and indium. The sample was hermetically sealed in an aluminum pan of 30 μL. The temperature-dependent Fourier transform

Optimisation of purification techniques for the preparation of large-volume aqueous solar nanoparticle inks for organic photovoltaics

• Furqan Almyahi,
• Thomas R. Andersen,
• Nathan A. Cooling,
• Natalie P. Holmes,
• Matthew J. Griffith,
• Krishna Feron,
• Xiaojing Zhou,
• Warwick J. Belcher and
• Paul C. Dastoor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 649–659, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.60

• saturation at high SDS content as the calibration samples (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1B) clearly show detection of SDS at much higher absorbance (lower SDS content) than where the ASNP ink saturate. Thus it is clear the samples reach a fixed SDS content of 0.3–0.35 mg mL−1 beyond which no

• the centrifugal and crossflow ultrafiltration, the filtrates with low dilution factors have lower constant surface tensions, which then increase sharply with increasing dilution factors before plateauing at high dilution factor. Using the calibration curve for absorption vs SDS concentration

• samples consisting of 1 mL of filtrate mixed with 2 mL of a 22.5 µM MB stock solution. The UV–vis spectra of the reference (1 mL of water and 2 mL MB stock solution) and calibration standards (SDS solutions with concentrations 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1,.., 3.5 mg mL−1) are shown in Supporting Information

Sensing behavior of flower-shaped MoS₂ nanoflakes: case study with methanol and xylene

• Maryam Barzegar,
• Masoud Berahman and
• Azam Iraji zad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 608–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.57

• higher than for xylene, as the calibration curve indicated a linear response to increasing concentration. In addition, the simulation results showed that xylene interacts with defect sites while methanol can interact with both the pristine and the defect sites, leading to higher sensitivity, which

• temperature, (b) for 400 ppm at different working temperatures. (a) Calibration curves of flower-shaped MoS2 nanoflakes towards xylene and methanol at 200 °C; (b) the sensitivity of the samples towards 400 ppm of CO, CH4, H2, xylene, and methanol at different working temperatures. The optimized structure of

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• have fundamental resonance frequencies of 168.8 kHz and 46.1 kHz, respectively. The samples used are a z-calibration grating (NT-MDT TGZ3) with periodic height features of approx. 500 nm and a blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyolefin elastomer (LDPE) available from Bruker (PS-LDPE-12M). Due to the

• different elastic moduli of the PS and LPDE regions, the sample is widely used for qualitative imaging the material contrast. Imaging a TGZ3 calibration grating Higher-harmonic amplitude images with the first, second, third, sixth and seventh harmonics were obtained by the MF-LYAP and multiple parallel LIAs

• /LPDE calibration grating Higher-harmonic phase images were obtained for the first five harmonics of a Bruker DMASP cantilever. The frequency response of the cantilever in free air and the power spectrum of its deflection signal during contact are shown in Figure 10. Here, the fundamental resonance

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• ) energy, ε is electron energy and a, d are independent fitting parameters. Calibration of the electron energy has been carried out by measurement of the ionization potential of Ar atoms and calibration to its known value 15.76 eV [56] and with reference to the maximum of the electron attachment resonance

• cylindrical electrostatic analyzer. In the present measurements, electrons pass through an analyzer at the fixed predefined energy, while the potential of the analyzer is varied with respect to the target chamber. An energy calibration was carried out by measuring known argon and xenon ionization potentials