Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• able to increase the secretion of insulin by the pancreas that modulates blood sugar level when it is high. Sitagliptin was granted FDA approval in October, 2006 [116]. Retagliptin phosphate: Retagliptin phosphate (184) is under investigation as a DPP-4 inhibitor for treating type-2 diabetes. It is an

• synthesis of compound 184 [119][120] (Figure 7). Evogliptin: (R)-2,4,5-Trifluorophenylalanine 38b is required for the synthesis of evogliptin (185, Figure 8), an antidiabetic drug in the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor or "gliptin" class of drugs. The South Korean pharmaceutical company Dong-A ST

• developed evogliptin (185) and it is currently approved for use in South Korea [121][122][123]. LY2497282: Eli Lilly identified LY2497282 (186) as a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor, also for the treatment of type II diabetes. The inhibition of GLP-1 degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) has

Efficient synthesis of piperazinyl amides of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid

• Dong Cai,
• ZhiHua Zhang,
• Yufan Meng,
• KaiLi Zhu,
• LiYi Chen,
• ChangXiang Yu,
• ChangWei Yu,
• ZiYi Fu,
• DianShen Yang and
• YiXia Gong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 798–808, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.73

• instance, the hydroxy group can be converted into an oxime, acyloxyimino, alkoxyimino, alkoxy and 3-oxo group [9]. As a proteasome inhibitor, compound a suppresses the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome in MT4 cells with an IC50 of 0.22 μM, nearly 100-fold more potent than 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid

Design and synthesis of diazine-based panobinostat analogues for HDAC8 inhibition

• Sivaraman Balasubramaniam,
• Sajith Vijayan,
• Liam V. Goldman,
• Xavier A. May,
• Kyra Dodson,
• Sweta Adhikari,
• Fatima Rivas,
• Davita L. Watkins and
• Shana V. Stoddard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 628–637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.59

• [3]. Among these drugs, panobinostat (Farydak, Novartis) an FDA approved drug, has been recognized as a pan-deacetylase inhibitor [9][10]. As a hydroxamic acid pan-HDACi, it is zinc-dependent, capable of binding in a bidentate fashion to the zinc-containing catalytic domain of the HDACs, and

• panobinostat. The reported −log(Kd) values were 8.93, 8.64 and 8.25, respectively, with panobinostat possessing a docking score of 8.47. Considering the effects of structural diversity, TOI3-rev was included in the library and computationally evaluated to determine its potential as an HDAC8 inhibitor. TOI3-rev

• panobinostat against HDAC8 have been shown to be 277 nM [11]. In vivo studies measuring the IC50 values of panobinostat have also been performed, however, since panobinostat is a pan-DAC inhibitor it has been difficult for researchers to specifically correlate its IC50 value for HDAC8 in a physiological system

Opening up connectivity between documents, structures and bioactivity

• Christopher Southan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 596–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.54

• -R indicates C to be a potent inhibitor of P). Compounds: a full range of cheminformatic analysis including 2D or 3D clustering, property prediction and chemical ontology assignments. Proteins: a full range of bioinformatic analysis including gene ontology (GO) assignments, pathway annotation

Synthesis and herbicidal activities of aryloxyacetic acid derivatives as HPPD inhibitors

• Man-Man Wang,
• Hao Huang,
• Lei Shu,
• Jian-Min Liu,
• Jian-Qiu Zhang,
• Yi-Le Yan and
• Da-Yong Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 233–247, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.25

• , compound II4 was safe for weed control in maize fields at a rate of 150 g ai/ha, and was identified as the most potent candidate for a novel HPPD inhibitor herbicide. The compounds described herein may provide useful guidance for the design of new HPPD inhibiting herbicides and their modification

• catalytic mechanism for this process is shown in Scheme 1 [2][3][4][5][6]. The HPPD amino acid sequence homologies in plants and mammals are significantly different [7][8], and this difference affects the binding stability between an inhibitor and HPPD, leading to inhibitor activities that differ among

• of HPPA to HGA is interfered with an HPPD inhibitor [9][10]; consequently, plants become severely damage when exposed to sunlight, ultimately resulting in bleaching symptoms followed by necrosis and death [11][12]. Therefore, HPPD inhibitors play important roles in the herbicide industry. In addition

Synthesis of 3-alkenylindoles through regioselective C–H alkenylation of indoles by a ruthenium nanocatalyst

• Abhijit Paul,
• Debnath Chatterjee,
• Srirupa Banerjee and
• Somnath Yadav

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 140–148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.16

• the core of proposed anticancer compounds like MIPP and MOMIPP [10], fuligocandin B [2], the TDO inhibitor 680C91 [11], and a HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor, which has been proposed as a drug against hepatitis C (Figure 1) [12]. The syntheses of 3-alkenylindoles can generally be classified into the

Potent hemithioindigo-based antimitotics photocontrol the microtubule cytoskeleton in cellulo

• Alexander Sailer,
• Franziska Ermer,
• Yvonne Kraus,
• Rebekkah Bingham,
• Ferdinand H. Lutter,
• Julia Ahlfeld and
• Oliver Thorn-Seshold

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 125–134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.14

• colchicine. It is not the case that colchicine (or any other small-molecule inhibitor) represents an ideal structure that colchicine domain inhibitors (CDIs) should reproduce. Thus, our design focus was to introduce reversible photoresponse to a CDI rather than developing compounds with high similarity to

• is a potent inhibitor of the colchicine binding site (EC50 ≈ 40 nM) with both appropriate solubility and straightforward handling. Self-made low-intensity LED arrays with relatively narrow bandwidth were used for illumination of cells during assays, with a pulsing regime of 75 ms every 15 s to

• photopharmacology. a) The potent tubulin inhibitor colchicine as a lead scaffold led to the development of the HOTub generation of HTI-based antimitotics (e.g., HOTub-31). Changing the lead scaffold to indanocine led to the development of up to ten times more potent HITubs (e.g., HITub-4). b) Straightforward, short

Reversible photoswitching of the DNA-binding properties of styrylquinolizinium derivatives through photochromic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion

• Sarah Kölsch,
• Heiko Ihmels,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Brian O. Patrick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 111–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.13

• deactivation of a stilbene tyrosine kinase inhibitor by a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition [59]. As the quinolizinium ion has been established as a versatile platform for the development of DNA intercalators [60], we identified styryl-substituted quinolizinium derivatives as a promising basis for the search for

Pigmentosins from Gibellula sp. as antibiofilm agents and a new glycosylated asperfuran from Cordyceps javanica

• Soleiman E. Helaly,
• Wilawan Kuephadungphan,
• Patima Phainuphong,
• Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim,
• Kanoksri Tasanathai,
• Suchada Mongkolsamrit,
• Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard,
• Souwalak Phongpaichit,
• Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2968–2981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.293

• leave target microbes vulnerable to antibiotics [6]. A complementary approach of using a combination of an antibiotic with a biofilm inhibitor appears to be a promising solution to control biofilm-associated pathogens, as based on the evidence that traditional antibiotics were more effective when used

Palladium-catalyzed synthesis and nucleotide pyrophosphatase inhibition of benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indoles

• Hoang Huy Do,
• Saif Ullah,
• Alexander Villinger,
• Joanna Lecka,
• Jean Sévigny,
• Peter Ehlers,
• Jamshed Iqbal and
• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2830–2839, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.276

• nucleotide pyrophosphatase enzyme h-NPP-3. In case of 5e, an inhibitory value IC50 ± SEM = 0.26 ± 0.01 µM was observed which, thus, might be considered as potential inhibitor of h-NPP-3. Compound 5c with an inhibitory value for h-NPP-1 of IC50 ± SEM = 1.29 ± 0.07 µM was more active against NPP1 than against

• . However, the zinc–metal interaction was exhibited by the substituted phenyl moiety on the indole ring. The oxygen atom of the furan ring of dual inhibitor 6e showed a single hydrogen bond with Phe548. Asp423 was found to be involved in two π–cation bindings with the indole ring, whereas π–π stacked, π–π T

• -shaped and π–alkyl related bindings were noticed, connecting Ile235, Phe220, Ala546, Trp322 and Ile419. The fluorine atom was perceived interacting with Ile419. Docking studies of h-ENPP3 inhibitors The binding of ENPP3 was studied for selective inhibitor 5e. A dual affinity was observed for 5h and 6e

An improved, scalable synthesis of Notum inhibitor LP-922056 using 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one as a superior electrophilic chlorinating agent

• Nicky J. Willis,
• Elliott D. Bayle,
• George Papageorgiou,
• David Steadman,
• Benjamin N. Atkinson,
• William Mahy and
• Paul V. Fish

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2790–2797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.271

• , Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK 10.3762/bjoc.15.271 Abstract Background: The carboxylesterase Notum has been shown to act as a key negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway by mediating the depalmitoleoylation of Wnt proteins. LP-922056 (1) is an orally active inhibitor of Notum. We are

• 1 (or 17) which combines Notum inhibition with CNS penetration would be a valuable chemical probe for investigating the role of Notum in disease models. Keywords: brain penetration; 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-one; electrophilic chlorination; LP-922056; Notum inhibitor; Introduction The Wnt

• , Figure 1) is an orally active inhibitor of Notum recently reported by Lexicon Pharmaceuticals [5][6]. Their research with 1 has shown that Notum is a potential drug target for stimulating bone formation and treating osteoporosis [7]. However, although 1 demonstrates low plasma clearance, the structure

Skeletocutins M–Q: biologically active compounds from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Skeletocutis sp. collected in Africa

• Tian Cheng,
• Clara Chepkirui,
• Cony Decock,
• Josphat C. Matasyoh and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2782–2789, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.270

• inhibition activity against S. aureus, they showed only weak activity with 20 and 56% inhibition of the biofilm, respectively, at a concentration 256 µg/mL. Tyromycin A (6) was previously reported to be an inhibitor of leucine aminopeptidase in HeLa S3 cells [6]. Accordingly, all compounds 1–5 were tested

Fluorinated maleimide-substituted porphyrins and chlorins: synthesis and characterization

• Valentina A. Ol’shevskaya,
• Elena G. Kononova and
• Andrei V. Zaitsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2704–2709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.263

• . Maleimides are considered as a biologically important scaffold that possess almost all types of biological activities including antibacterial and antifungal activity [24], anticancer activity [25], cox-2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic activity [26] and photodynamic activity [27]. Attaching of

Nanangenines: drimane sesquiterpenoids as the dominant metabolite cohort of a novel Australian fungus, Aspergillus nanangensis

• Heather J. Lacey,
• Cameron L. M. Gilchrist,
• Andrew Crombie,
• John A. Kalaitzis,
• Daniel Vuong,
• Peter J. Rutledge,
• Peter Turner,
• John I. Pitt,
• Ernest Lacey,
• Yit-Heng Chooi and
• Andrew M. Piggott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2631–2643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.256

• activity against human and murine tumour cell lines. This suggests that the regioisomeric lactone moiety could play an important role in the observed cytotoxicity. Interestingly, 3 (SF002-96-1 [4]) was previously shown to inhibit survivin, which is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family and a

α,ß-Didehydrosuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (DDSAHA) as precursor and possible analogue of the anticancer drug SAHA

• Shital K. Chattopadhyay,
• Subhankar Ghosh,
• Sarita Sarkar and
• Kakali Bhadra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2524–2533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.245

• refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) [3]. Moreover, it also shows anticancer activity against a large number of hematological and solid malignancies [4][5]. Its anticancer activity is related to inhibition of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) at nanomolar concentrations (IC50 < 86 nM). Although

• , originally recognized as a pan-inhibitor, recent studies have established that it is unable to inhibit Class IIA lysine deacetylases (HDAC/4/5/79), thus showing some selectivity profile [6][7]. Moreover, pan-inhibition is also a cause of increased concern due to adverse side effects [8]. The closely related

• hydroxamic acid derivative belinostat (2) is also approved for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) [9]. On the other hand, trichostatin A (3), containing an α,ß-unsaturated hydroxamic acid unit is the best known HDAC inhibitor which shows antifungal activities [10][11]. Because of the

Current understanding and biotechnological application of the bacterial diterpene synthase CotB2

• Ronja Driller,
• Daniel Garbe,
• Norbert Mehlmer,
• Monika Fuchs,
• Keren Raz,
• Dan Thomas Major,
• Thomas Brück and
• Bernhard Loll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2355–2368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.228

• -crystallized with AHD, a compound that mimics the diphosphate group of GGDP and acts as a suicide inhibitor. The crystal structure of CotB2wt·Mg2+3·AHD (PDB-ID 6GGJ; [37]) confirmed the active site architecture as observed in the structure of CotB2wt·Mg2+3·F-Dola and more importantly, that the folding of the C

Azologization and repurposing of a hetero-stilbene-based kinase inhibitor: towards the design of photoswitchable sirtuin inhibitors

• Christoph W. Grathwol,
• Nathalie Wössner,
• Sören Swyter,
• Adam C. Smith,
• Enrico Tapavicza,
• Robert K. Hofstetter,
• Anja Bodtke,
• Manfred Jung and
• Andreas Link

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2170–2183, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.214

• bioactivity, allows the probing of pharmacologically relevant systems with spatiotemporal resolution. A hetero-stilbene lead resulting from the screening of a compound that was originally designed as kinase inhibitor served as a starting point for the design of photoswitchable sirtuin inhibitors. Because the

• selective Sirt1 inhibitor, passed phase II clinical trials as a disease-modifying therapeutic for Huntington’s disease (HD) and was acquainted by AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG for phase III trials in 2017 [9][10]. Its structure comprises a carboxamide moiety, which mimics the amide group of the endogenous

• pan-sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide (Figure 1). Likewise Sirt2 inhibition was shown to have beneficial effects in animal and cell models of neurodegenerative diseases like HD and Parkinson’s disease [11][12]. Sirt3 activity recently was found to play an important role in cardiovascular diseases and

Characterization of two new degradation products of atorvastatin calcium formed upon treatment with strong acids

• Jürgen Krauß,
• Monika Klimt,
• Markus Luber,
• Peter Mayer and
• Franz Bracher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2085–2091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.206

• , Germany 10.3762/bjoc.15.206 Abstract Atorvastatin calcium (Lipitor®, Sortis®) is a well-established cholesterol synthesis enzyme (CSE) inhibitor commonly used in the therapy of hypercholesterolemia. This drug is known to be sensitive to acid treatment, but only little data has been published on the

Regioselective Pd-catalyzed direct C1- and C2-arylations of lilolidine for the access to 5,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline derivatives

• Hai-Yun Huang,
• Haoran Li,
• Thierry Roisnel,
• Jean-François Soulé and
• Henri Doucet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2069–2075, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.204

• ; Introduction Lilolidine (Figure 1, left), which is a commercially available compound, contains a 5,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline skeleton found in several bioactive molecules. For example, tivantinib (Figure 1, middle) exhibits MET inhibitor properties [1]; whereas tarazepide (Figure 1, right) is being

Bipolenins K–N: New sesquiterpenoids from the fungal plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana

• Chin-Soon Phan,
• Hang Li,
• Simon Kessler,
• Peter S. Solomon,
• Andrew M. Piggott and
• Yit-Heng Chooi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2020–2028, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.198

• effects on cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus [22][23], induction of aerial mycelium formation in Fusarium culmorum [24], and as an inhibitor of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein, blocking mitochondrial ROS-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 signalling

A review of the total syntheses of triptolide

• Xiang Zhang,
• Zaozao Xiao and
• Hongtao Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1984–1995, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.194

• pathways involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or nitric oxide (NO) [9], histone methyltransferase [10], HSP70 [11], Jak2, Bcl-2/Bax [12], caspase 8 [13], NF-κB [14], X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) [15], MAPK, PI3K [16], and MPK1, ERK-1/2, and JNK-1/2 [17]. The

Archangelolide: A sesquiterpene lactone with immunobiological potential from Laserpitium archangelica

• Silvie Rimpelová,
• Michal Jurášek,
• Lucie Peterková,
• Jiří Bejček,
• Vojtěch Spiwok,
• Miloš Majdl,
• Michal Jirásko,
• Miloš Buděšínský,
• Juraj Harmatha,
• Eva Kmoníčková,
• Pavel Drašar and
• Tomáš Ruml

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1933–1944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.189

• evokes the synthesis of IL-6, INF-γ and TNF-α (see section “Abbreviations” at the end of the text). Furthermore, compound 2 has a very similar structure to the well-described SL thapsigargin, which is the best-known inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase (SERCA) with Ki values in

• reticulum and mitochondrial markers were performed. As it is apparent from Figure 3 and Figure S20 (Supporting Information File 1), compound 5 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is in agreement with the site of localization of another SL, the SERCA inhibitor compound 2 [8]. However, we observed

• that this SL does not act as SERCA inhibitor. Therefore, we proceeded to confirm this hypothesis by a molecular dynamics simulation study. Molecular dynamics simulation of compounds 1 and 2 with SERCA The binding cavity for thapsigargin and compound 2 in the SERCA protein lies in the transmembrane

Installation of -SO₂F groups onto primary amides

• Jing Liu,
• Shi-Meng Wang,
• Njud S. Alharbi and
• Hua-Li Qin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1907–1912, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.186

• binding sites (Figure 1) [20]. The smallest member of this family, methyl sulfonyl fluoride (MSF), is known as a selective and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [21][22]. The sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors NSC 127755 was found for specifically modifying tyrosine-31 of DHFR in chicken

N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Aleksandra Trocha,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Dorota G. Piotrowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168

• )-7 (Scheme 6) which was found to be an effective inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin. The biologically active enantiomer of mexiletine (R)-24 was efficiently synthesized from the alcohol (2R,1'R)-7 (Scheme 7) [45]. When the respective tosylate (2R,1'R)-25 was treated with 2,6-dimethylphenoxide two

• protected diamine (R)-80a. Removal of the chiral auxiliary yielded the diamine (R)-80b which after acylation provided analogues (R)-76. Compound (R)-76 (R = C9H19) appeared inactive as inhibitor of human sphingosine kinases 1 and 2. 1,2-Diamino-3-hydroxy derivatives The interest in sphingoid analogues stems

• from the involvement of sphingolipid metabolites in an array of important cell processes. ᴅ-threo-PDMP (1R,2R)-81 is a ceramide analogue identified as an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) at micromolar concentrations [66][67]. It was efficiently synthesized [68][69] employing the alcohol (2R

Synthesis of 9-O-arylated berberines via copper-catalyzed C_Ar–O coupling reactions

• Qiaoqiao Teng,
• Xinhui Zhu,
• Qianqian Guo,
• Weihua Jiang,
• Jiang Liu and
• Qi Meng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1575–1580, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.161

• elaborate motifs such as heterocycles [10][11][12], glucose [13], nitric oxide [14], and the multidrug-resistance pump inhibitor 5-nitro-2-phenylindole (INF55) [15] have been covalently attached to BBR, further widening its pharmacological spectrum. Aromatic rings are another family of substituents having