Comparative ligand structural analytics illustrated on variably glycosylated MUC1 antigen–antibody binding

• Christopher B. Barnett,
• Tharindu Senapathi and
• Kevin J. Naidoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2540–2550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.206

• Africa 10.3762/bjoc.16.206 Abstract When faced with the investigation of the preferential binding of a series of ligands against a known target, the solution is not always evident from single structure analysis. An ensemble of structures generated from computer simulations is valuable; however, visual

NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces

• Peter Bayer,
• Anja Matena and
• Christine Beuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203

• interaction of proteins with their interaction partners, both biomolecules and synthetic ligands. In recent years, the focus in chemistry has kept expanding from targeting small binding pockets in proteins to recognizing patches on protein surfaces, mostly via supramolecular chemistry, with the goal to

• for improved selectivity and affinity. Examples for supramolecular ligands designed to recognize protein surfaces include tweezers [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], calixarenes [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40

• ], guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole (GCP) ligands [41][42][43][44][45][46], cucurbiturils [47][48][49][50][51], porphyrins [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60], metal complexes [61][62][63], foldamers [64][65][66][67], nanoparticles [34][68], imprinted polymers [69][70][71][72], and dendrimers [73][74]. In this review, we focus

Catalytic trifluoromethylation of iodoarenes by use of 2-trifluoromethylated benzimidazoline as trifluoromethylating reagent

• Tatsuhiro Uchikura,
• Nanami Kamiyama,
• Taisuke Ishikawa and
• Takahiko Akiyama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2442–2447, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.198

• ’-bipyridyl as ligand. We next screened for 2,2’-bipyridyl ligands to be used with CuI (Table 2). 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridyl (4b) gave product 3a in a higher yield than 2,2’-bipyridyl (4a), whereas 5,5’- and 6,6’-dimethylbipyridyl (4c and 4d) were not effective. From these results, the substituents at 4,4

• ’-positions were expected to be beneficial for the reaction, and other 4,4’-substituted bipyridyl ligands were investigated. We found that 4,4’-di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridyl (4e) afforded the best result (91% yield). On the other hand, 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands bearing electron-donating (–OMe, 4f) and

• -withdrawing (–CF3, 4g) groups furnished 3a in low yields. Moreover, other electron-withdrawing ligands, i.e., phenanthroline derivatives (4h and 4i), and electron-donating ligands such as 2,2’-biimidazole (4j) and tetramethylethylenediamine (4k) gave inferior results. We next screened for the generality of

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• ligands L1, an initial RCA occurs to generate α-carbonyl radical 272•, followed by cyclisation with the enolate to give ketyl radical 273•. Radical 273• can then reduce another molecule of 271 to propagate the chain reaction and generate the desired formal photocycloaddition products 274 in good yields

• -established benzoxazole and benzothiazole ligands. Such complexes have then been used for α-functionalisations [117], RCAs [118], and cycloaddition reactions [119]. As much of Meggers work has been summarised previously [120], here we will include only recent examples from each reaction class. If an

Hierarchically assembled helicates as reaction platform – from stoichiometric Diels–Alder reactions to enamine catalysis

• David Van Craen,
• Jenny Begall,
• Johannes Großkurth,
• Leonard Himmel,
• Oliver Linnenberg,
• Elisabeth Isaak and
• Markus Albrecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.195

• periphery of hierarchically assembled titanium(IV) helicates formed from mixtures of achiral, reactive and chiral, unreactive ligands was investigated in detail. Following the pathway of the chiral induction, the chiral ligands, solvents as well as substituents at the dienophile were carefully varied. Based

• ]. Catechol ligands L-H2 with an ester functionality in the 3-position were prepared via conversion of the acid chloride of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid to the corresponding esters. These ligands underwent a complexation with titanoyl(IV) bisacetylacetonate and lithium carbonate initially forming a mononuclear

• ][17][18][19][20]. Enantioselectivities up to 25% ee at elevated temperature (32% ee at 0 °C) depending on the substrate were achieved in a Diels–Alder reaction by introducing two different substituted catechol ester ligands during the complex formation: (1) A diene-substituted ligand 1-H2 for the

Chan–Evans–Lam N1-(het)arylation and N1-alkеnylation of 4-fluoroalkylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones

• Viktor M. Tkachuk,
• Oleh O. Lukianov,
• Mykhailo V. Vovk,
• Isabelle Gillaizeau and
• Volodymyr A. Sukach

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2304–2313, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.191

• replacement of pyridine by other organic bases/ligands (4-DMAP, 2,2’-bipy, Et3N, TMEDA, 8-hydroxyquinoline) resulted in poorer yields of the target product in all cases (Table 1, entries 6–10). The use of copper(II) fluoride (in contrast to triflate) instead of acetate had practically no effect on the

Tools for generating and analyzing glycan microarray data

• Akul Y. Mehta,
• Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro and
• Richard D. Cummings

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2260–2271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.187

• utilizes a different mechanism of binding the ligands to the surface. Choosing an appropriate surface often depends on the type of glycoconjugates to be printed, as well as the GBP and detection wavelengths used. For example, a nitrocellulose surface has an intrinsic high background when scanned at 488 nm

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

• ][22][23]. On the other hands, further extension of these molecules leads to homochiral carbon nanotubes which can produce innovative perception in chiral sensing, chiral catalysis, separation techniques and chiral ligands for organocatalysis [24]. Additionally, control on the bowl-to-bowl inversion

Naphthalene diimide bis-guanidinio-carbonyl-pyrrole as a pH-switchable threading DNA intercalator

• Poulami Jana,
• Filip Šupljika,
• Carsten Schmuck and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2201–2211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.185

• absorbance of the ligands was subtracted from every curve and the absorbance scale was normalized. Tm values are the midpoints of the transition curves determined from the maximum of the first derivative and checked graphically by the tangent method [36]. The ΔTm values were calculated by subtracting Tm of

Azo-dimethylaminopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrin as a photoswitchable nucleophilic catalyst

• Jannis Ludwig,
• Julian Helberg,
• Hendrik Zipse and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2119–2126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.179

• by coordination/decoordination to the Ni2+ ion in a Ni-porphyrin. So-called record player molecules, including a Ni(II)-porphyrin as the square planar base complex and azopyridines as photoswitchable axial ligands, were previously investigated for spin switching applications [13][14][15][16][17][18

• photodissociable ligands. These ligands coordinate in their trans form and decoordinate in the cis configuration driven by steric hindrance [14][34][35]. Basicity and nucleophilicity switching of the 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine “record player” molecule 1. Composition of the different states of porphyrin 1 (1 mM

Efficient [(NHC)Au(NTf₂)]-catalyzed hydrohydrazidation of terminal and internal alkynes

• Maximillian Heidrich and
• Herbert Plenio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2080–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.175

• activity of gold complexes in such reactions tends to be higher, when using sterically demanding ligands (NHC, phosphine) [41]. Recently, the hydrohydrazidation of substituted phenylacetylenes using [(Ph3P)Au(NTf2)] as the catalyst was reported by Rassadin, Kukushkin et al. [42]. Catalyst loadings of 6 mol

• catalysts with such ligands also display high activities in other gold-catalyzed reactions. Results and Discussion Catalyst screening: Five different [(NHC)Au(NTf2)] complexes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 with bulky NHC ligands were tested in the hydrohydrazidation of phenylacetylene with benzohydrazide (Scheme 2; T

• . In this group of gold complexes with sterically demanding NHC ligands, the NHC ligands with intermediate bulk provided the best catalytic performance. The use of the bulkiest complex 2 [46], resulted only in modest substrate conversion. Nonetheless, all of the tested complexes performed much better

Reactions of 3-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-yn-1-iminium salts with 1,3-dienes and styrenes

• Thomas Schneider,
• Michael Keim,
• Bianca Seitz and
• Gerhard Maas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2064–2072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.173

• years, a trifluoromethyl substituent has been included quite often in the design of compounds which were developed for applications in various fields, such as biological and medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals, transition metal ligands, and materials science [1][2][3][4][5]. The particular

Isolation and structure determination of a tetrameric sulfonyl dilithio methandiide in solution based on crystal structure analysis and ⁶Li/¹³C NMR spectroscopic data

• Jürgen Vollhardt,
• Hans Jörg Lindner and
• Hans-Joachim Gais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2057–2063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.172

• . Their anion is stabilized by electrostatic interaction, polarization, and negative nC-σ*SR hyperconjugation, with electrostatic interaction as dominating mechanism [56][58]. The lithio methanides 1 are monomeric or dimeric in THF solution and the solid state, depending on Lewis basic ligands of the

Naphthalene diimide–amino acid conjugates as novel fluorimetric and CD probes for differentiation between ds-DNA and ds-RNA

• Annike Weißenstein,
• Myroslav O. Vysotsky,
• Ivo Piantanida and
• Frank Würthner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2032–2045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.170

• function of temperature. Absorbance of the ligands was subtracted from every curve and the absorbance scale was normalized. The Tm values are the midpoints of the transition curves determined from the maximum of the first derivative and checked graphically by the tangent method [59]. The ΔTm values were

Metal-free synthesis of phosphinoylchroman-4-ones via a radical phosphinoylation–cyclization cascade mediated by K₂S₂O₈

• Qiang Liu,
• Weibang Lu,
• Guanqun Xie and
• Xiaoxia Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1974–1982, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.164

• well-known for their medicinal, biological, or specific material-related properties and have found wide applications in pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science [21][22][23][24][25][26]. They represent also excellent ligands for many metals and have been used in catalytic systems

Controlling the stereochemistry in 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts through the cinchona alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination

• Yuqing Wang,
• Gaigai Wang,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Ruwei Yao,
• Muhammad Hasan,
• Manzoor Zaman,
• Chao Liu,
• Stepan Kashtanov,
• Olga P. Pereshivko and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1963–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.163

• stereocontrol was achieved with the aid of different Lewis acid promoters bearing chiral ligands, while the most recent and at the same time the most general procedure developed by Liu, Tan and co-workers relied on the stereoinduction by a chiral phosphoric acid (Table 1) [40]. In the standard Ugi four

Synergy between supported ionic liquid-like phases and immobilized palladium N-heterocyclic carbene–phosphine complexes for the Negishi reaction under flow conditions

• Edgar Peris,
• Raúl Porcar,
• María Macia,
• Jesús Alcázar,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1924–1935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.159

• cross-coupling; NHC complex; palladium; supported ionic liquid; Introduction N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are known as efficient coordination ligands for different types of metals. The main feature of NHC complexes is their structural tunability [1]. Thus, their catalytic efficiency can be easily

• after 120 min (Figure 1). In order to improve the catalytic performance of these systems, the cooperative effect of an additional ligand was evaluated. Organ and co-workers have demonstrated that the introduction of pyridine ligands can be used to enhance the activity of such NHC complexes (pyridine

• enhanced precatalyst preparation, stabilization and initiation, PEPPSI) [23][24]. In addition to pyridine ligands, other compounds with coordinating atoms such as C, N or P have been reported to tune the catalytic activity of the NHC–Pd complexes [25][26][27][28]. Thus, a ligand containing P as the

On the hydrolysis of diethyl 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonate

• Ilya V. Taydakov and
• Mikhail A. Kiskin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1863–1868, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.153

• ., pharmacologically active substances [1][2][3][4][5], in asymmetric synthesis and catalysis [6][7][8], as precursors of heterocyclic compounds [9][10][11], as ligands in coordination chemistry [12][13][14][15][16] and for other applications [17][18]. Incorporation of fluorine atoms into an organic molecule is known

When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis

• Lucas Guillemard and
• Joanna Wencel-Delord

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147

• azoles. His research group discovered that the abundant and inexpensive CuI catalyst allowed the direct arylation of benzoxazoles under UV-photoactivation (Figure 46) [106]. Remarkably, this totally site-selective photoinduced C–H arylation took place at room temperature and the use of amino acid ligands

Et₃N/DMSO-supported one-pot synthesis of highly fluorescent β-carboline-linked benzothiophenones via sulfur insertion and estimation of the photophysical properties

• Dharmender Singh,
• Vipin Kumar and
• Virender Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1740–1753, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.146

• abecarnil, tadalafil, cipargamin, yohimbine, etc. which are used in the treatment of various ailments [14][15]. Apart from their pharmaceutical properties, β-carboline derivatives also found various applications in fields such as organocatalysts, as ligands, and fluorescent probes [16][17][18]. Importantly

• chemosensors, ligands, and fluorescent probes. In order to investigate the fluorescence properties, compound 2bA was chosen as the model substrate for optimization of various parameters like time, concentration, and solvent. In order to obtain the maximum emission, various solvents were screened. The

Microwave-assisted efficient one-pot synthesis of N²-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines

• Moustafa Sherief Moustafa,
• Ramadan Ahmed Mekheimer,
• Saleh Mohammed Al-Mousawi,
• Mohamed Abd-Elmonem,
• Hesham El-Zorba,
• Afaf Mohamed Abdel Hameed,
• Tahany Mahmoud Mohamed and
• Kamal Usef Sadek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1706–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.142

• ]. Tetrazole derivatives are a potent class of heterocyclic compounds with a wide range of biological activities owing to their unique structure. They play an important role not only as a bioisostere of the carboxylic acid group but also as flexible ligands which easily adopt to different binding modes [12][13

Pauson–Khand reaction of fluorinated compounds

• Jorge Escorihuela,
• Daniel M. Sedgwick,
• Alberto Llobat,
• Mercedes Medio-Simón,
• Pablo Barrio and
• Santos Fustero

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1662–1682, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.138

• extrusion of two carbon monoxide ligands from the starting cobalt species, allowing the alkyne group to bind to the cobalt metal centers. The subsequent coordination of the olefin counterpart requires the extrusion of a third carbon monoxide ligand, leading to pentacarbonyl complex II. This highly

• endotermic process is the rate-limiting step and long reaction times are generally associated to this. However, the reaction can be accelerated in conditions that facilitate the dissociation of CO ligands such as heating, microwave irradiation [37][38], visible light, or ultrasonication [39]. Alternatively

• , mild oxidizing additives such as amine oxides, aminophosphines, phosphine oxides, and sulfoxides may be used as promoters to facilitate the dissociation step, by oxidatively removing one of the CO ligands in form of CO2 [40]. The most common oxidants are N-morpholine N-oxide (NMO), trimethylamine N

Models of necessity

• Timothy Clark and
• Martin G. Hicks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1649–1661, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.137

• is always based on bonds, functional groups, atomic centers and ligands, none of which appear in Figure 1. It is important here to distinguish between what are essentially three different languages, or ontologies, of chemistry. The first and best known is the mixture of different bonding and orbital

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• organic ligands (struts) that connect the nodes, and (iii) as a solid support for other HPCat materials immobilised in the void spaces of the porous material [1][176][177][178][179][180]. Each material has its own subtle differences but generally adheres to the fundamental principles discussed in Sections

Distinctive reactivity of N-benzylidene-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-amines under photoredox conditions

• Shrikant D. Tambe,
• Kwan Hong Min,
• Naeem Iqbal and
• Eun Jin Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1335–1342, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.114

• . The developed method can be employed for the synthesis of various bulky vicinal diamines, which are potential ligands in stereoselective synthesis. Keywords: 1,2-diamine; diversity; imine; photocatalysis; visible light; Introduction The selective formation of distinct valuable compounds from the

• applications as core structures in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals [34][35][36][37][38] and are valuable ligands [39][40] in stereoselective organic synthesis. Despite the availability of a plethora of synthetic methods for 1,2-diamines [41][42][43][44][45], the reported

• substituted (E)-N-benzylidene-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-amines were studied in CH3OH (Scheme 3) [51][52][53][54][55][56]. It is noteworthy that the resulting symmetrical 1,2-diamine compounds are potential ligands for a variety of organic transformations. The dimerization reactions proceeded well, regardless of the