Formal total synthesis of macarpine via a Au(I)-catalyzed 6-endo-dig cycloisomerization strategy

• Jiayue Fu,
• Bingbing Li,
• Zefang Zhou,
• Maosheng Cheng,
• Lu Yang and
• Yongxiang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.169

• deprotection of the silyl group was accomplished in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and methanol to provide the terminal alkyne 5 in 96% yield in two steps. The iodoarene 8 [12][16] was facilely synthesized from sesamol (6) via methylation and iodination in an overall yield of 67%. With the

• the electron-donating phenyl ring enabled the coordination of the alkyne with the Au+ complex in the α-position, which promoted the silyl ether to attack the β-position of the alkyne to promote a 6-endo-dig cyclization. Next, compound 11 was subjected to a solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF

Preparation of an advanced intermediate for the synthesis of leustroducsins and phoslactomycins by heterocycloaddition

• Anaïs Rousseau,
• Guillaume Vincent and
• Cyrille Kouklovsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1385–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.143

• (Scheme 6); iodination with NIS, as previously described [29], gave lower yields. We first attempted the coupling with the terminal alkyne 19, anticipating the possibility of reducing the triple bond after coupling reaction. In agreement with literature precedents, we chose LiHMDS for deprotonation of 19

• a fast reaction in order to avoid degradation. The optimal amount of base was found to be 1.6 equivalents (Table 1, entry 4). Higher amounts lowered the yields (Table 1, entry 3), probably due to competitive enolization of the cyclic ketone. Excess alkyne was also necessary, as low yields were

• obtained when using equimolar amounts of both 19 and 11b (Table 1, entries 1 and 2). These disappointing results with alkyne 19 prompted us to investigate the coupling with an organometallic reagent derived from vinyl iodide 20. This reagent was already synthesized and coupled with acyclic ketones in

Scope of tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalines in CuAAC reactions for the synthesis of triazoloquinoxalines, imidazoloquinoxalines, and rhenium complexes thereof

• Laura Holzhauer,
• Chloé Liagre,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Nicole Jung and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1088–1099, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.111

• investigated and the denitrogenative annulation towards imidazoloquinoxalines could be observed as a competing reaction depending on the alkyne concentration and the substitutions at the quinoxaline. Keywords: click reaction; CuAAC; denitrogenative annulation; imidazole; metal complexes; quinoxaline

• nitrogen-enriched quinoxaline-based structures. Literature-known procedures for such a quinoxaline modification starting from tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 1 are the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoloquinoxalines 3 via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) [10] and the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a

• 1,2,3-triazoloquinoxalines 3 and imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalines 2 under conditions known for copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) [10]. The currently published porphyrin-catalyzed process requires glovebox conditions and the use of an expensive catalyst [11]. We intend to elucidate the

New azodyrecins identified by a genome mining-directed reactivity-based screening

• Atina Rizkiya Choirunnisa,
• Kuga Arima,
• Yo Abe,
• Noritaka Kagaya,
• Kei Kudo,
• Hikaru Suenaga,
• Junko Hashimoto,
• Manabu Fujie,
• Noriyuki Satoh,
• Kazuo Shin-ya,
• Kenichi Matsuda and
• Toshiyuki Wakimoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1017–1025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.102

• facilitate the subsequent isolation process of the target molecules. This strategy has been successfully applied for detecting a range of peculiar functional groups, such as ureido [7], isocyanide [8], and alkyne [9][10]. A combination of reactivity-based screening and genome-based prioritization would allow

Molecular diversity of the base-promoted reaction of phenacylmalononitriles with dialkyl but-2-ynedioates

• Hui Zheng,
• Ying Han,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 991–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.99

• multifunctionalized carboxamide-bridged dicyclopentenes in moderate to good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Keywords: carboxamide; cycloaddition; cyclopentene; electron-deficient alkyne; phenacylmalononitrile; Introduction Phenacylmalononitrile is one of the privileged functionalized compounds [1][2][3

• -deficient alkyne resulted in adduct B. Thirdly, the intramolecular addition of the carbanion to the carbonyl group afforded species C, which in turn converted to the final product 3 by the protonation of the species C. The protonated species 5 could be successfully isolated in 12% yield after six hours when

Synthesis of novel alkynyl imidazopyridinyl selenides: copper-catalyzed tandem selenation of selenium with 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and terminal alkynes

• Mio Matsumura,
• Kaho Tsukada,
• Kiwa Sugimoto,
• Yuki Murata and
• Shuji Yasuike

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.87

• reagents and 1,3-dipolar azide–alkyne cycloaddition based on the alkyne moiety. Keywords: alkynyl imidazopyridinyl selenide; copper catalyst; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; selenium; tandem reaction; terminal alkyne; Introduction Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are important heterocycles that serve as key functional

• limited to C(sp2)–Se–C(sp2) or C(sp2)–Se–C(sp3) bond-formation reactions. However, C(sp2)–Se–C(sp) bond formation reactions using the imidazopyridines and alkyne derivatives have not been reported to date. Based on previous reports and our ongoing investigation of the synthesis of unsymmetrical selenides

• -pot reaction, both selanyl groups from the diselenide transferred to the product 4aa. When no base was added or the amount of the base was reduced, the yield of 4aa decreased significantly (Table 1, entries 9 and 10). Moreover, increasing the amount of the alkyne 1a or Na2CO3 did not affect the

Synthesis of odorants in flow and their applications in perfumery

• Merlin Kleoff,
• Paul Kiler and
• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 754–768, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.76

• -nonadien-1-al are nearly ubiquitous in modern perfumery for both women and men, even appearing in dark or woody fragrances such as Hugo Boss: Soul. In 2012, Barbaro and co-workers developed a synthesis for alkene 32 by selective hydrogenation of the corresponding alkyne (Scheme 7) [37]. Instead of using a

• Lindlar catalyst containing toxic lead salts, selectivity is achieved by the improved reaction control in flow. A solution of alkyne 31 in methanol is mixed with a stream of hydrogen and pumped at room temperature and 2.5 bar through a tubular glass column containing a Dowex-supported palladium catalyst

• . Optimization of process parameters revealed that at a conversion of 75% a good selectivity of 89% for hydrogenation of alkyne 31 to alkene 32 is achieved affording a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-isomers in a ratio of 80:20 [37]. Floral odorants Floral notes, such as rose, jasmine, orange blossom, or lavender, are

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• an aldehyde 5, a secondary amine 6, and a terminal alkyne 7, afforded arylpropargylamines 8 in up to 84% yield under flow conditions (Scheme 7, reaction 2). Microwave irradiation interacted with a thin foil of Cu or Au that served as catalyst inside the glass capillary. The work must be highlighted

Cholyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid compounds: design, synthesis and antimicrobial assessment

• Anas J. Rasras,
• Mohamed El-Naggar,
• Nesreen A. Safwat and
• Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 631–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.63

• of 22 diverse compounds. Briefly, the alkyne 3 was treated with formaldehyde, a secondary amine, and CuI as catalyst in DMSO (Scheme 3). The three components were stirred at room temperature for 3 h to furnish the desired compounds 4a–v in moderate to excellent yields [14][34]. By this route, diverse

• spectra of the synthesized compounds resonating at around δ = 68.0, 72.0, and 73.0 ppm. All aromatic compounds showed clear and correct carbon signals in the aromatic region. The two alkyne carbon atoms can be recognized for most of the compounds, while the other compounds had week signals. The two

Heteroleptic metallosupramolecular aggregates/complexation for supramolecular catalysis

• Prodip Howlader and
• Michael Schmittel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 597–630, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.62

• cooperative effect resulting from an additional η2-binding of the second copper(I) at the acetylene unit at which the second click reaction would take place. In case of distance mismatch, it is the formation of this copper–alkyne η2-complex that compensates for the build-up of strain as demonstrated by DFT

Synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles in water via a [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and 1,3-diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-ketoamides

• Md Imran Hossain,
• Md Imdadul H. Khan,
• Seong Jong Kim and
• Hoang V. Le

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 446–458, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.47

• -trisubstituted isoxazoles (Figure 1) [21][22]. Similarly, palladium catalysts were used for the electrophilic intramolecular cyclization of alkynes and aldoximes to produce 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles, but the scope of the substrates of the method was limited as the substituted 2-alkyne-1-one O-methyl oximes

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• reaction between an aryl/vinyl halide (Cl, Br, I, OTf) and a terminal alkyne in the presence of a Cu(I) co-catalyst under basic conditions to form a Csp2–Csp bond generating an arylalkyne is known as the Sonogashira (Sonogashira–Hagihara) coupling [1] and has become an important C–C bond-forming reaction

• products. Both, asymmetric and symmetric alkynes were synthesized by this one pot method without the use of any organic solvent. For a better yield of the coupled alkyne product, Zn powder was used as a reductant. Lower yields were obtained by the use of ortho-substituted arylynols as the substrate due to

• with XPhoS provided only 12% of the product. Both, Fe and Pd are essentially required for the successive coupling in nanocomposites, and hence iron composition plays a major role in the activity of the nanoparticles. Selective reaction between an aryl iodide/bromide with the terminal alkyne was facile

Iridium-catalyzed hydroacylation reactions of C1-substituted oxabenzonorbornadienes with salicylaldehyde: an experimental and computational study

• Angel Ho,
• Austin Pounder,
• Krish Valluru,
• Leanne D. Chen and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.30

• explanation towards the sole production of the experimentally observed anti-acylated product 15. Although Weller and co-workers have elegantly demonstrated hydride migration, rather than the alternative carbometalation, occurs during rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular alkyne hydroacylation [78], no such

Anomeric 1,2,3-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives show selective inhibition towards a bacterial neuraminidase over a trypanosome trans-sialidase

• Peterson de Andrade,
• Sanaz Ahmadipour and
• Robert A. Field

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 208–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.24

• sialic acid derivatives in good yields and high purity via copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, click chemistry) and evaluated their activity towards TcTS and neuraminidase. Surprisingly, the compounds showed practically no TcTS inhibition, whereas ca. 70% inhibition was observed for

• ) has also been introduced at C-2 of α-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives modified at C-9 as ligands for the transmembrane glycoprotein CD22 [21]. In this sense, we have synthesised a small series of 1,2,3-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives via copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

• steps from N-acetylneuraminic acid [26] – and terminal alkyne (72 µmol) in DMF/H2O 4:1 (1 mL) in a glass vial. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at 60 °C [33] and solvents were evaporated under vacuum with addition of toluene (3 × 5 mL). EtOAc (10 mL) was added to the crude and washed with H2O (3 × 5 mL

Earth-abundant 3d transition metals on the rise in catalysis

• Nikolaos Kaplaneris and
• Lutz Ackermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 86–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.8

• syntheses, crop protection or medicinal chemistry. Particularly, cross-coupling reactions [1], as well as alkene and alkyne metathesis [2][3], have considerably changed the art of molecular synthesis, with a major impact on neighboring disciplines, such as molecular biology or materials sciences. Despite of

Iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems

• Austin Pounder and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2848–2893, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.196

Electrocatalytic C(sp³)–H/C(sp)–H cross-coupling in continuous flow through TEMPO/copper relay catalysis

• Bin Guo and
• Hai-Chao Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2650–2656, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.178

• electrosynthesis was conducted in a microreactor equipped with two Pt electrodes as the anode and cathode and operated with a constant current (Table 1). Under the optimized conditions, a solution of tetrahydroisoquinoline 1a (1 equiv), alkyne 2 (1.5 equiv), Cu(OTf)2 (10 mol %), TEMPO (20 mol %), n-Bu4NPF6 (0.2

• electrosynthesis was investigated by varying the substituents of the tetrahydroisoquinoline and the alkyne (Scheme 2). The N-phenyl ring of the tetrahydroisoquinoline could be substituted with groups such as OMe (4, 5), Me (6), Et (7), t-Bu (8), F (9), and Cl (10). An N-2-naphthalenyl-substituted

• tetrahydroisoquinoline bearing two OMe groups at 6,7-positions (11) also reacted successfully. The alkyne coupling partner also tolerated variation. The reactions were found to be compatible with arylalkynes such as phenylacetylenes bearing at the para position a H (12), Me (13), t-Bu (14, 16), or Br (15), 2

Visible-light-mediated copper photocatalysis for organic syntheses

• Yajing Zhang,
• Qian Wang,
• Zongsheng Yan,
• Donglai Ma and
• Yuguang Zheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2520–2542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.169

• complexes to photocatalysis are reported. Copper-photocatalyzed reactions, including alkene and alkyne functionalization, organic halide functionalization, and alkyl C–H functionalization that have been reported over the past 5 years, are included. Keywords: copper-photocatalyzed reactions; green chemistry

• ruthenium-based catalysts and copper-based catalysts are discussed, and the strong reduction ability of copper complexes is explained. Subsequently, mechanisms of the photoredox catalysis by CuI and CuII are summarized, and the copper-catalyzed reactions, including alkene functionalization, alkyne

• bonds and can be applied to radical chemistry. This review discusses copper-catalyzed reactions including alkene and alkyne, organic halide, and alkyl C–H functionalization. 3. Visible-light-mediated copper-catalyzed alkene and alkyne functionalization 3.1 Olefinic C–H functionalization and allylic

Copper-catalyzed monoselective C–H amination of ferrocenes with alkylamines

• Zhen-Sheng Jia,
• Qiang Yue,
• Ya Li,
• Xue-Tao Xu,
• Kun Zhang and
• Bing-Feng Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2488–2495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.165

• derivatives were also developed by the groups of You [30], Ackermann [31] and Shi [32][33] with 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones as versatile amidating reagents. In 2019, the alkynylated ferrocenes were isolated in the formation of alkyne-Cu(I) π-complexes by the Tan group via Cu-mediated C–H alkynylations [34]. Later

Exfoliated black phosphorous-mediated CuAAC chemistry for organic and macromolecular synthesis under white LED and near-IR irradiation

• Azra Kocaarslan,
• Zafer Eroglu,
• Önder Metin and
• Yusuf Yagci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2477–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.164

• , Turkey King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjoc.17.164 Abstract The development of long-wavelength photoinduced copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne click (CuAAC) reaction routes is attractive for organic and polymer chemistry. In this study

• its conduction (CB) and valence band (VB), respectively. The excited electrons thus formed were then transferred to the CuII ions to produce active CuI catalysts. The ability of BPNs to initiate the CuAAC reaction was investigated by studying the reaction between various low molar mass alkyne and

• [40]. BPNs were tested as NIR photoinitiator for the CuAAC reactions of low molar mass compounds and polymers possessing antagonist azide and alkyne functionalities (Figure 1). The optical absorption spectra of BPNs, copper(I) chloride (CuICl, 0.05 mmol) and copper(II) chloride (CuIICl2, 0.05 mmol

Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

• Yi Liu,
• Puying Luo,
• Yang Fu,
• Tianxin Hao,
• Xuan Liu,
• Qiuping Ding and
• Yiyuan Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2462–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.163

• -annulation reaction may undergo a free-radical addition pathway. Firstly, NFSI oxidizes Cu(I) to form bissulfonylamidyl radical 10. Secondly, intermolecular nitrogen free-radical addition to the alkyne provides the vinyl radical 11. Then, there may be two possible pathways. Path a: vinyl radical 11 is

• be carried out at 90 °C in 8 h to provide the 5-sulfenyl-substituted nicotinates 19 efficiently. Based on previous literature and control experiments, the possible mechanism is outlined in Scheme 8. First, the Cu-complex-polarized X−X bond can promote the electrophilic addition onto the alkyne to

• esterified pyridines 29 in moderate to high yield. It is worth noting that 1,3-enynes 28 bearing internal alkyne moieties were not tolerated as substrates. In 2016, Aïssa and co-workers reported a nickel-catalyzed [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of 3-azetidinones 30 with 1,3-enynes 31 for the synthesis of 3‑hydroxy

Strategies for the synthesis of brevipolides

• Yudhi D. Kurniawan and
• A'liyatur Rosyidah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2399–2416, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.157

• esterification step. In the retrosynthesis, compound 107 is conceived as the branching intermediate to access both brevipolides M and N (Scheme 13). The 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrone moiety can be derived from alkyne 108 via the sequential deprotection, Lindlar reduction, and oxidation. The propargylic alcohol moiety is

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 1H-1,2,3-triazole and carboxylate analogues of metronidazole

• Satya Kumar Avula,
• Syed Raza Shah,
• Khdija Al-Hosni,
• Muhammad U. Anwar,
• Rene Csuk,
• Biswanath Das and
• Ahmed Al-Harrasi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2377–2384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.154

• . The structure of metronidazide 3 was unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis (Figure 3). The next step was carried out by using “click” chemistry involving the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between metronidazide 3 and alkyne derivative 4a in the presence of CuI and Hünig’s base

• , analogues 5b–i were obtained in 86–94% yield using the different alkyne derivatives 4b–i. The synthesis of the new 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of metronidazole is summarized in Scheme 1 and Table 1. Their chemical structures (5a–i) were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and HRMS. The

• compounds 5a–i and 7a–e. Reagents and conditions: (a) TsCl, Et3N, dry DCM, DMAP, 0 °C to room temperature, 5 h, 96%; (b) NaN3, DMF, 70 °C, 3 h, 88%; (c) alkyne derivative (4a–i), CuI, Et3N, CH3CN, room temperature, 3 h, (5a–i) 85–94%. Reagents and conditions: (a) acid chlorides 6a–e, pyridine, dry DCM, DMAP

Advances in mercury(II)-salt-mediated cyclization reactions of unsaturated bonds

• Sumana Mandal,
• Raju D. Chaudhari and
• Goutam Biswas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2348–2376, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.153

• the alkyne may be influenced by diastereomers; in the case of cis-isomer 82 exocyclic enol ether 83 was formed while for trans-isomer 84 the reaction takes place with a much slower rate yielding endocyclic enol ether 85 as the only product (Scheme 27) [79]. trans-Acetylenic alcohol 86 on treatment

• arylacetylenes 93, 95, and 97 yielded benzofurans 94, benzothiophenes 96, and indoles 98, respectively. When the carbonyl group was introduced between an aryl and a methoxy group (99) then six-membered isocoumarin ring 100 was formed, and when a carbonyl group was introduced in between an aryl and an alkyne

• HgCl2-mediated cyclization reaction of tethered alkynedithioacetals 110 to provide six- and five-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic derivatives 111 and 112, respectively. They had observed that the formation of five-membered rings (112a–c) was preferred when substitutents were present at the alkyne

Synthesis of phenanthridines via a novel photochemically-mediated cyclization and application to the synthesis of triphaeridine

• Songeziwe Ntsimango,
• Kennedy J. Ngwira,
• Moira L. Bode and
• Charles B. de Koning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2340–2347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.152

• ], rhodium-mediated alkyne [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions [3], and the palladium-catalysed aerobic domino Suzuki coupling/Michael addition reaction [4]. The most attractive and common strategies to phenanthridines rely on intramolecular cyclizations of various ortho-functionalized biaryl precursors