Construction of diazepine-containing spiroindolines via annulation reaction of α-halogenated N-acylhydrazones and isatin-derived MBH carbonates

• Xing Liu,
• Wenjing Shi,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.143

• spirooxindoles [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. In the presence of Lewis bases, isatin-derived MBH carbonates usually undergo [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] cycloaddition reactions with a broad range of active C–C and C–N double bonds and 1,3-dipolarpohiles to give various five- or six-membered cyclic spirooxindoles [44

• )benzenesulfonamides to give chiral azepane spirooxindoles with excellent stereoselectivity (reaction 2 in Scheme 1) [55][56]. Du and co-workers reported a DABCO-mediated [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction between o-quinone methides and isatin-derived MBH carbonates to give functionalized benzo[b]oxepine derivatives in

• (reaction 4 in Scheme 1) [58]. Inspired by these elegant synthetic protocols and in continuation of our aim to provide efficient synthetic protocols for diverse spirooxindoles [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67], we herein wish to report the base-mediated formal [4 + 3] annulation reaction of isatin

Selective construction of dispiro[indoline-3,2'-quinoline-3',3''-indoline] and dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrole-3',3''-indoline] via three-component reaction

• Ziying Xiao,
• Fengshun Xu,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1234–1242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.91

• substituent. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the different spirooxindoles. Keywords: cascade reaction; dimedone; isatin; 3-methyleneoxindole; multicomponent reaction; spirooxindole; Introduction Spirooxindole is one important privileged structural skeleton and is found

• in many bioactive natural and synthetic compounds [1][2][3]. It is known that many spirooxindole derivatives show important biological activities [4][5][6]. On the other hand, a wide range of differently substituted spirooxindoles exist [7][8][9]. Therefore, the development of efficient synthetic

• methodologies for diverse spirooxindoles have become one of the hottest research fields in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry [10][11]. In order to synthesize diverse spirooxindole derivatives, commercially available isatins and easily obtainable 3-methyleneoxindolines were the most employed building blocks

One-pot double annulations to confer diastereoselective spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles

• Juan Lu,
• Bin Yao,
• Desheng Zhan,
• Zhuo Sun,
• Yun Ji and
• Xiaofeng Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1607–1616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.171

• value, the greener the process. Graphical representation of the green metrics (PMI, E-factor, and SI) analysis for processes A and B. The lower value, the better the reaction process. The diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindoles through MCRs. The synthesis of spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles. Four

Tri(n-butyl)phosphine-promoted domino reaction for the efficient construction of spiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-indolines] and spiro[indoline-3,2'-furan-3',3''-indolines]

• Hui Zheng,
• Ying Han,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 669–679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.68

• , spirooxindoles can be constructed by introduction of various carbocyclic and heterocyclic units, which made them suitable for chemistry and many potential applications [6][7][8][9]. The development of unique spirooxindole systems and efficient synthetic methods for these compounds have attracted continual

• interests in many fields. A literature survey indicated that many convenient and atom-economic synthetic protocols have been developed for the synthesis of diverse spirooxindoles in recent years [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Nucleophilic tertiary phosphine-catalyzed reactions were successfully applied for

• respect, we have also developed several domino reactions by employing tertiary phosphine addition to electron-deficient alkynes as key protocol for the construction of diverse polycyclic spirooxindoles [53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. In continuation of our aim to explore elegant domino reactions for spiro

A novel methodology for the efficient synthesis of 3-monohalooxindoles by acidolysis of 3-phosphate-substituted oxindoles with haloid acids

• Li Liu,
• Yue Li,
• Tiao Huang,
• Dulin Kong and
• Mingshu Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2321–2328, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.150

• -based spirooxindoles [15][16][17][18] and 3-alkyl-substituted 3-fluorooxindoles (Figure 1) [19]. Despite the importance of 3-monohalooxindoles in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, only a few methods for the synthesis of these 3-monohalooxindoles have been reported. Recently, Xu and co-workers

Base-free enantioselective S_N2 alkylation of 2-oxindoles via bifunctional phase-transfer catalysis

• Mili Litvajova,
• Emiliano Sorrentino,
• Brendan Twamley and
• Stephen J. Connon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2287–2294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.146

• highly valuable synthetic building blocks [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Both pyrroloindolines 1 and spirooxindoles 2 are conceivably available from key 3,3-disubstituted intermediates 3, which could be prepared via an enantioselective SN2 alkylation involving enolate 3a (Figure 1B). The versatility of

Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions in heterocyclic chemistry and mechanistic aspects

• Shivani Gulati,
• Stephy Elza John and
• Nagula Shankaraiah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 819–865, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.71

• co-workers [50] demonstrated an aqueous phase, diastereoselective, multicomponent reaction involving substituted isatins 35, β-nitrostyrene 36 and benzylamine (20) or α-amino acids 37 using microwave irradiation to afford a library of spirooxindoles 38 in good yields under catalyst-free conditions

• ). Similarly, the same group extended the work by illustrating [51] a three and four-component microwave-assisted base and catalyst-free reaction for the synthesis of substituted spirooxindoles 40. The three-component reaction involved the reaction between substituted isatin 35, but-2-ynedioates 39 and amino

• acids 37. Likewise, the four-component reaction comprised of isatin 35, but-2-ynedioates 39, amino acids 37 and phenacyl bromides 41 to yield the N-acylated spirooxindoles 42 in good yields (Scheme 13). The reaction effectively explored the 1,3 dipolar compound generated with isatin and amino acids

Novel (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acids and pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles via the domino reactions of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with carbonyl and methylene active compounds

• Victoria V. Lipson,
• Tetiana L. Pavlovska,
• Nataliya V. Svetlichnaya,
• Anna A. Poryvai,
• Nikolay Yu. Gorobets,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken,
• Irina S. Konovalova,
• Svetlana V. Shiskina,
• Alexander V. Borisov,
• Vladimir I. Musatov and
• Alexander V. Mazepa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1032–1045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.101

• considered as the analogues of both 3,3’-spirooxindole and 2-aminoimidazole marine sponge alkaloids. Keywords: 2-amino-4-arylimidazole; (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acid; isatin; Meldrum’s acid; multicomponent reactions; pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole; 3,3’-spirooxindoles; Introduction Heterocyclic

• compounds 12 and 15 have completed with the formation of spirooxindoles 19a–h and 20a–c, respectively, with moderate to high yields (Table 4). The reduced reactivity of the carbonyl group of isatins compared with benzaldehydes, and the greater stability of their Knoevenagel adducts leads to the formation of

• were carried out using N-substituted isatins. The isolated products 19a–h and 20a–c were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass-spectral methods. The 1H NMR spectra of spirooxindoles 19a–h and 20a–c, along with protons of aryl substituents of imidazole and isatin contain a broad singlet with 2H

Synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds using hypervalent iodine reagents

• Fateh V. Singh,
• Priyanka B. Kole,
• Saeesh R. Mangaonkar and
• Samata E. Shetgaonkar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1778–1805, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.152

• stoichiometric amount of bis(iodoarene) 25 with the terminal oxidant mCPBA in the presence of TsOH·H2O in TFE (Scheme 19). In 2012, Zhao and co-workers [91] developed a new approach for the construction of spirooxindoles 61 through tandem cascade oxidation of substituted anilides 60. In this methodology, anilide

• intramolecular lactonization of p-substituted phenols 82 to spirooxindoles 83 using 10 mol % of iodobenzene (35) as precatalyst, mCPBA as an external oxidant and TFA as additive. All the catalytic reactions were performed in dichloromethane and spirolactams 83 were isolated in good to excellent yields (Scheme 29

A survey of chiral hypervalent iodine reagents in asymmetric synthesis

• Soumen Ghosh,
• Suman Pradhan and
• Indranil Chatterjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1244–1262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.107

• intramolecular cross-coupling of C−H bonds in 95 using catalytic chiral iodine 12 for the synthesis of a diverse array of spirooxindoles 96. Ishihara’s catalyst was modified by using an (S)-proline derivative to achieve a high level of enantioselectivity in the presence of peracetic acid (Scheme 21) [70]. They

Construction of highly enantioenriched spirocyclopentaneoxindoles containing four consecutive stereocenters via thiourea-catalyzed asymmetric Michael–Henry cascade reactions

• Yonglei Du,
• Jian Li,
• Kerong Chen,
• Chenglin Wu,
• Yu Zhou and
• Hong Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1342–1349, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.131

• products (Figure 1) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Despite many advances in asymmetric synthesis in the construction of heterocyclic spirooxindoles in the past decade [2][4][11][20][21][22], the development of general and practical strategies to obtain saturated

• spirocyclopentaneoxindoles containing multiple contiguous stereocenters remains challenging [23][24][25][26]. The medicinal properties of these frameworks mean that fast enrichment of spirooxindoles bearing diverse functional groups is of considerable importance. Recently, an increasing number of asymmetric catalysis

• effective strategies to construct biologically active spirocyclic oxindoles [65][66][67][68], we have built successfully interesting spirooxindoles via an NHC-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation involving an oxidative γ-carbon activation of common α,β-unsaturated aldehydes [68]. Herein, we report another effective

Synthesis of spiro[isoindole-1,5’-isoxazolidin]-3(2H)-ones as potential inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction

• Salvatore V. Giofrè,
• Santa Cirmi,
• Raffaella Mancuso,
• Francesco Nicolò,
• Giuseppe Lanza,
• Laura Legnani,
• Agata Campisi,
• Maria A. Chiacchio,
• Michele Navarra,
• Bartolo Gabriele and
• Roberto Romeo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2793–2807, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.278

• advances have been made in the design of lipophilic small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction in recent years, and several compounds have moved into advanced preclinical development or clinical trials [12][13][14]. Potent MDM2-p53 inhibitors, such as Nutlin-3 [12] and the spirooxindoles, for

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of biologically important 3-hydroxyoxindoles: an update

• Bin Yu,
• Hui Xing,
• De-Quan Yu and
• Hong-Min Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1000–1039, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.98

• -substituted 3-hydroxyoxindoles and 3-hydroxyoxindole-based further transformations. Keywords: 3-hydroxyoxindoles; oxindoles; organocatalysis; spirooxindoles; transition metal catalysis; Introduction Chiral oxindoles are an important class of compounds, which widely exist in nature and have exhibited diverse

• spirooxindoles utilizing the hydroxy group and the unsaturated ketone moiety. Song and co-workers designed a novel [2.2]paracyclophane-based thiourea catalyst (cat. 25), which was successfully applied to the enantioselective aldol reaction of isatins with enolizable ketones using H2O as the additive. The desired

• constructing biologically important spirooxindoles. In addition to the above mentioned metal- and organocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 3-hydroxyoxindoles, Zhao et al. reported a complementary strategy that employed the chiral acylazolium species (prepared from aldehydes and N-heterocycle carbenes) to

One-pot four-component reaction for convenient synthesis of functionalized 1-benzamidospiro[indoline-3,4'-pyridines]

• Chao Wang,
• Yan-Hong Jiang and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2671–2676, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.281

• tools for the preparation of structurally diverse molecules. Practically, multicomponent reactions based on the versatile reactivity of isatins and their 3-methylene derivatives have emerged in large numbers and become the new efficient protocols for the synthesis of various spirooxindoles [10][11][12

Chiral phosphines in nucleophilic organocatalysis

• Yumei Xiao,
• Zhanhu Sun,
• Hongchao Guo and
• Ohyun Kwon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2089–2121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.218

• mild conditions, providing a variety of functionalized cyclopentenes, cyclopentenylphosphonates, spirooxindoles, heterocyclic spiranes, cyclopentene-fused chromanones, and dihydroquinolinones enantioselectively (Schemes 10–17) [38][39][46][47][48]. These products can be quite biologically active and

• and co-workers proved that these reactions could be performed in a convenient one-pot manner. For example, the one-pot reactions of isatins, malononitriles (precursors of activated alkene), and MBH adducts produced corresponding spirooxindoles with the same enantioselectivity as that between activated

Primary-tertiary diamine-catalyzed Michael addition of ketones to isatylidenemalononitrile derivatives

• Akshay Kumar and
• Swapandeep Singh Chimni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 929–935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.91

• diamine; spirooxindoles; Introduction The Michael reaction is one of the fundamental carbon–carbon bond forming reactions in organic synthesis, since a plethora of carbon nucleophiles and activated olefins could be expected to give versatile arrangements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Among the various

• serve as important precursors to procure various structurally diverse spirooxindoles [23][24]. Over the years, many chiral organocatalysts have been developed and explored for Michael reactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Recently, aminocatalysts – in particular those bearing a primary amine moiety – have

• spirooxindoles. Results and Discussion Initially, the Michael addition of acetone (2a) to isatylidenemalononitrile (3a) catalyzed by chiral diamine 1a (10 mol %) with trichloroacetic acid (10 mol %) as an additive under mild conditions at room temperature was investigated (Scheme 1). The Michael adduct 4a was

Additive-assisted regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with benzylideneacetone

• Chuqin Peng,
• Jiwei Ren,
• Jun-An Xiao,
• Honggang Zhang,
• Hua Yang and
• Yiming Luo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 352–360, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.33

• 4-nitrobenzoic acid, respectively. The substituent effects on the regioselectivity were also investigated. Keywords: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition; azomethine ylide; regioselectivity; spirooxindole; Introduction Spirooxindoles are important synthetic targets due to their significant biological

• spirooxindoles yet [43]. Therefore, extensive studies on the regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using simple unsaturated ketones, especially ketones having α-hydrogens, are highly desirable, to enrich the library of spirooxindoles and facilitate their biological investigations. Our

• addition of 4-nitrobenzoic acid, which led to the formation of spirooxindoles with novel substitution patterns (Scheme 1). Accordingly, a series of novel functionalized 3-spiropyrrolidine-oxindoles bearing an acetyl group were prepared via this 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with up to 94% yield. To the best of

The regioselective synthesis of spirooxindolo pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines via three-component reactions of acrylamides and aroylacrylic acids with isatins and α-amino acids

• Tatyana L. Pavlovskaya,
• Fedor G. Yaremenko,
• Victoria V. Lipson,
• Svetlana V. Shishkina,
• Oleg V. Shishkin,
• Vladimir I. Musatov and
• Alexander S. Karpenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 117–126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.8

• indolones. Keywords: acrylamides; aroylacrylic acids; azomethine ylide; cyclative rearrangement; cycloaddition; multicomponent; spirooxindoles; Introduction The design of new spirocyclic compounds is intriguing due to their unique non-planar structure and great potential for binding to biomolecules due to

• spirooxindoles. Recently, this route has become significant in combinatorial chemistry due to its process simplicity, mild conditions, atomic economy and extension of the scope of substrates. A large number of focused libraries of spirooxindolo pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines containing a wide set of natural and

• ], arylidenerhodanines [25][26], α,β-unsaturated lactones [27], nitrostyrenes [28], acrylic and propiolic esters [29], acrylonitriles [30] and arylidene-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6-triones [31] have been reported. However, the molecular diversity of suitable building blocks for construction of spirooxindoles is by far

Facile synthesis of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,2'-oxiran]-2-ones by Darzens reaction

• Qin Fu and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 918–924, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.105

• ]. The unique structures and the highly pronounced pharmacological activity displayed by the spirooxindoles have made them attractive synthetic targets [6][7][8][9]. In various heterocyclic and carbocyclic spirooxindoles, the spiro-oxirane-oxindoles are a particular class of compounds with both spiro

• and enantioselective synthesis of versatile spiro-oxirane-oxindoles [14][15][16][17][18][19]. With the aim of expanding our previous studies on the synthesis of various spirooxindoles [20][21][22][23][24][25], we decided to systematically investigate the Darzens reactions of a series of isatins with

Synthesis of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridines] and spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridinones] via one-pot four-component reactions

• Li-Juan Zhang,
• Qun Wu,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.97

• [24][25]. A literature survey indicated that there has been an explosion of activity around the synthesis of spirooxindoles in the past years [26][27][28][29][30][31]. Encouraged by these results, and hunting for new synthetic methods for functionalized spirooxindoles, we investigated the domino

Synthesis of spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindoles] via three-component reaction of arylamine, isatin and cyclopentane-1,3-dione

• Yan Sun,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 8–14, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.2

• derivatives have become an efficient method for the synthesis of various spirooxindoles in recent years [9][10]. It is known that the multicomponent reactions of isatins with in situ formed azomethine ylides have become the efficient synthetic procedure for constructing versatile spirooxindole systems [11][12

Expanding the chemical diversity of spirooxindoles via alkylative pyridine dearomatization

• Chunhui Dai,
• Bo Liang and
• Corey R. J. Stephenson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 986–993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.111

• activity, thus exemplifying their role in drug development [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Moreover, the challenging molecular architecture of spirooxindoles is appealing to chemists because it evokes novel synthetic strategies that address configurational demands and provides platforms for further reaction

• development [9][10][11]. To our knowledge, most studies of these types of molecules focus on spirooxindoles bearing a pyrrolidine ring at the 3-position of the oxindole core, while few reports expand to formulate the syntheses of other spiro rings. As part of our ongoing reaction-screening objective [12][13

Complete transfer of chirality in an intramolecular, thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of allene-ynes to form non-racemic spirooxindoles

• Kay M. Brummond and
• Joshua M. Osbourn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 601–605, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.70

• oxindoles into chiral non-racemic spirooxindoles containing an alkylidene cyclobutene moiety. The enantiomeric excesses were determined by chiral lanthanide shift NMR analysis and the transfer of chiral information from the allene to the spirooxindole was found to be greater than 95%. Keywords: alkylidene

• spirooxindoles for application to natural product synthesis [5][6][7]. Herein, we disclose preliminary results demonstrating a complete transfer of chiral information from a chiral non-racemic allene-yne to form an enantiomerically enriched spirooxindole in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Findings This study

• , intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between 2,3-pentadiene and methyl propiolate [10]. In summary, there are only a few general methods to prepare carbocyclic spirooxindoles non-racemically [11][12][13][14]; we have demonstrated the first thermal, intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of an

A thermally-induced, tandem [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement/[2 + 2] cycloaddition approach to carbocyclic spirooxindoles

• Kay M. Brummond and
• Joshua M. Osbourn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 33, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.33

• Kay M. Brummond Joshua M. Osbourn Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, U.S.A 10.3762/bjoc.6.33 Abstract The synthesis of C3-carbocyclic spirooxindoles was realized by way of an intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between a vinylidene indolin

• Spirooxindoles are structural motifs containing a heterocycle or carbocycle at the C3 position of an oxindole. Particularly well known are the pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindoles 1 which have been classified as a privileged motif due to their presence in a large number of heterocyclic alkaloids (Figure 1) [1

• ]. Spirotryprostatin B (2) is just one example of many natural products from this class exhibiting interesting biological activity [2]. Compounds possessing a carbocycle at the C3 position of the oxindole, such as 3, are less common and spirooxindoles containing a four carbon spirocycle are rare. One notable natural