Switchable selectivity in Pd-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulations of γ-oxy-2-cycloalkenones with 3-oxoglutarates: C–C/C–C vs C–C/O–C bond formation

• Yang Liu,
• Julie Oble and
• Giovanni Poli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.107

• -forming annulations with dimethyl 3-oxoglutarate (1a). C–C/C–O bond-forming annulations with various bis-nucleophiles. Decarboxylative rearrangement of 4a into 5a. Proposed mechanism for the Pd-catalyzed part of the [3 + 2] annulation reaction. Proposed mechanism for the temperature dependent cyclization

Novel (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acids and pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles via the domino reactions of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with carbonyl and methylene active compounds

• Victoria V. Lipson,
• Tetiana L. Pavlovska,
• Nataliya V. Svetlichnaya,
• Anna A. Poryvai,
• Nikolay Yu. Gorobets,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken,
• Irina S. Konovalova,
• Svetlana V. Shiskina,
• Alexander V. Borisov,
• Vladimir I. Musatov and
• Alexander V. Mazepa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1032–1045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.101

• of the trifluoroacetic molecule as anion is confirmed by close values of the C–O bond lengths (1.229(2) Å and 1.238(2) Å, respectively) and the absence of the hydrogen atom at the carboxylic group. The analysis of the bond lengths in the imidazole ring has revealed that the C1–N1 and C1–N3 bonds are

Nucleofugal behavior of a β-shielded α-cyanovinyl carbanion

• Rudolf Knorr and
• Barbara Schmidt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3018–3024, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.281

• -tetramethylindan-2-ylidene)acetonitriles added reversibly to three small aldehydes and two bulky ketones at room temperature. Experimental conditions were determined for transfer of the nucleofugal title carbanion unit between different carbonyl compounds. These readily occurring retro-additions via C–C(O) bond

Cobalt- and rhodium-catalyzed carboxylation using carbon dioxide as the C1 source

• Tetsuaki Fujihara and
• Yasushi Tsuji

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2435–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.221

• first generated by the reduction of Co(II) with Mn. Secondly, the oxidative addition of the C–O bond in 1 occurs, affording Co(III) intermediate B (step a) [30]. Next, the propargyl Co(III) species B is reduced by Mn, producing the corresponding propargyl Co(II) intermediate C (step b). Subsequently

Selective formation of a zwitterion adduct and bicarbonate salt in the efficient CO₂ fixation by N-benzyl cyclic guanidine under dry and wet conditions

• Yoshiaki Yoshida,
• Naoto Aoyagi and
• Takeshi Endo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2204–2211, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.194

• geometrical structures of 2 and 3 were computed with DFT calculation (Figure 5). In the calculated geometry for 2, the bond length between CO2 and imine nitrogen was 1.548 Å and the bent angle of O–C–O bond was 135.76°. These bond length and angle were fairly similar to that of the zwitterion adduct between

Cobalt-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of the allylic C(sp³)–H bond of simple alkenes to ketones

• Tsuyoshi Mita,
• Masashi Uchiyama,
• Kenichi Michigami and
• Yoshihiro Sato

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2012–2017, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.176

• remained underdeveloped even though C–O bond formation of allylic C(sp3)–H bonds was firmly established by using SeO2 [14] or CrO3/3,5-dimethylpyrazole [15] (ene-type allylic oxidation). Although the most prominent work on catalytic allylic functionalization studied thus far is considered to be a palladium

Cationic cobalt-catalyzed [1,3]-rearrangement of N-alkoxycarbonyloxyanilines

• Itaru Nakamura,
• Mao Owada,
• Takeru Jo and
• Masahiro Terada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1972–1979, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.172

• suggest that the C–O bond would form prior to cleavage of the C–H bond in the [1,3]-rearrangement reaction. Due to the fact that the reaction of 1a in the presence of tri- and tetravalent cationic metal catalysts afforded the para-isomer 3a as a major product (Table 1, entries 14–18), the reaction of

• furnished through direct C–O bond formation at the para-position through ionic cleavage of the N–O bond by cationic Ru(III) as a much stronger Lewis acid, while it is also possible that the second migration of the alkoxycarbonyloxy group from ortho to para occurs prior to proton transfer (Scheme 5b) [25

Recent advances in hypervalent iodine(III)-catalyzed functionalization of alkenes

• Xiang Li,
• Pinhong Chen and
• Guosheng Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1813–1825, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.154

• attack of acetates to the exposed re-face establishes the S-configured benzylic C–O bond. Without the hydrogen bonding effect, the same reaction with a diester-containing iodoarene catalyst was explored [55]. The sterically hindered adamantyl-substituted catalysts 17 were demonstrated to be efficient to

• -olefin functionalization via C–C and C–O bond formation, in which electron-rich aromatic groups and vinylogous esters acting as independent nucleophiles to provide oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (Scheme 17) [71]. Mechanistically, the olefin is activated by iodine(III) to form species 57 which is followed by

DFT calculations on the mechanism of copper-catalysed tandem arylation–cyclisation reactions of alkynes and diaryliodonium salts

• Tamás Károly Stenczel,
• Ádám Sinai,
• Zoltán Novák and
• András Stirling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1743–1749, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.148

• before the C–O bond formation in the ring closing step (see Scheme 1). As an example of the catalytic arylation–cyclisation strategy, an efficient procedure to form substituted oxazoline derivatives from alkyl and aryl propargylamides has been developed. The process involves a 5-exo-dig cyclisation and

The phenyl vinyl ether–methanol complex: a model system for quantum chemistry benchmarking

• Dominic Bernhard,
• Fabian Dietrich,
• Mariyam Fatima,
• Cristóbal Pérez,
• Hannes C. Gottschalk,
• Axel Wuttke,
• Ricardo A. Mata,
• Martin A. Suhm,
• Melanie Schnell and
• Markus Gerhards

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1642–1654, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.140

• methanol (373 cm−1) and also lower than the calculated barrier height of 341 cm−1 (cf. Table S9, Supporting Information File 1). This somewhat lower methyl group internal rotation barrier for the OH–O’ isomer could point to a softening of the C–O bond of methanol due to the hydrogen bond. The DID plots in

Three-component coupling of aryl iodides, allenes, and aldehydes catalyzed by a Co/Cr-hybrid catalyst

• Kimihiro Komeyama,
• Shunsuke Sakiyama,
• Kento Iwashita,
• Itaru Osaka and
• Ken Takaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1413–1420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.118

• converted to vinylchromium, which would be inactive in the oligomerization, but is a highly nucleophilic species. According to these findings, the reversed diastereoselectivity in Scheme 9 might be due to stereoelectronic effects [21][22]. Thus, the σ*(C–O) bond stabilizes the forming σ(Co–C) bond in the

• by the stereoelectronic interaction between the forming σ(C–Co) bond and a neighboring σ*(C–O) bond. Further mechanistic studies and expansion of the substrate scope, including synthetic applications of this three-component coupling, are currently in progress. Nucleophilic and π-electrophilic

A selective removal of the secondary hydroxy group from ortho-dithioacetal-substituted diarylmethanols

• Anna Czarnecka,
• Emilia Kowalska,
• Agnieszka Bodzioch,
• Joanna Skalik,
• Marek Koprowski,
• Krzysztof Owsianik and
• Piotr Bałczewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1229–1237, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.105

• -dithianyl derivatives is facilitated by oxophilic zinc which preferentially binds to the OH oxygen atoms (bond dissociation energies for Zn–O and Zn–S are 284 and 205 kJ/mol, respectively) [67]. The weakened C–O bond is thus more susceptible to the borohydride attack to produce the corresponding

• are to be expected. This task is additionally difficult to accomplish due to a chemical similarity of oxygen and sulfur, two neighboring heteroatoms from the main group VI of the periodic table. A longer atomic radius of sulfur than oxygen should make the C–S bond weaker and more reactive than the C–O

• bond and consequently the reduction of the former should a priori occur preferentially [53][54][55]. According to the best of our knowledge, there are no literature reports concerning selective reductions of dibenzylic hydroxy groups in the presence of ortho-acetal or ortho-thioacetal functions. Such

One hundred years of benzotropone chemistry

• Arif Dastan,
• Haydar Kilic and
• Nurullah Saracoglu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1120–1180, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.98

• molecular structure of 4,5-benzotropone (11) was determined by Hata’s group [50]. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the molecule is approximately planar and the bond alternation in the seven-membered ring and C=O bond length support satisfactory aromaticity. 2.1. Synthesis of 4,5-benzotropone (11

Hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated decarboxylative acetoxylation at tertiary and benzylic carbon centers

• Kensuke Kiyokawa,
• Daichi Okumatsu and
• Satoshi Minakata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1046–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.92

• –O bond formation has received considerably less attention, even though it represents a promising strategy for the synthesis of valuable alcohol derivatives. One of the classical methods for the decarboxylative C–O bond formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids involves the use of stoichiometric

• operation, and the use of readily available and environmentally friendly oxidants. However, despite the great potential of this approach with respect to a decarboxylative C–O bond-forming reaction, the oxidation system was only applied to reactions of uronic acids and α-amino acids [22][23][24], and further

• indicated that the reaction proceeds via the formation of an alkyl iodide and the corresponding iodine(III) species as key intermediates. In this context, we concluded that the use of such an oxidation system, combined with the judicious choice of solvent, would enable a decarboxylative C–O bond forming

Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids

• Satu Mikkola,
• Tuomas Lönnberg and
• Harri Lönnberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 803–837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.68

Cobalt-catalyzed directed C–H alkenylation of pivalophenone N–H imine with alkenyl phosphates

• Wengang Xu and
• Naohiko Yoshikai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 709–715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.60

• substrates and alkenyl electrophiles would offer a complementary approach for the C–H alkenylation [12]. In particular, C–H alkenylations by way of alkenyl C–O bond cleavage has attracted much attention because of the ready accessibility of the corresponding alkenyl electrophiles (e.g., acetate, phosphate

High-yielding continuous-flow synthesis of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine

• Eric Yu,
• Hari P. R. Mangunuru,
• Nakul S. Telang,
• Caleb J. Kong,
• Jenson Verghese,
• Stanley E. Gilliland III,
• Saeed Ahmad,
• Raymond N. Dominey and
• B. Frank Gupton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 583–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.45

• screening of bases, the pKa of the amine and alcohol groups present in compound 12 were given careful consideration in order to minimize C–O bond formation (Table 4). NaOH or KOH in ethanol gave low (<40%) conversion, whereas using K2CO3 in ethanol gave 82% conversion to HCQ (Table 4, entry 3). Attempts

Electrochemical Corey–Winter reaction. Reduction of thiocarbonates in aqueous methanol media and application to the synthesis of a naturally occurring α-pyrone

• Ernesto Emmanuel López-López,
• José Alvano Pérez-Bautista,
• Fernando Sartillo-Piscil and
• Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 547–552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.41

• beneficial effect of β-oxygen substituents in radical deoxygenation [37], is dramatically favoured when the radical precursor group (or atom) is oriented antiperiplanar to the C−O bond via orbital interaction between the SOMO with the C−O σ* orbital [35]. Therefore, stabilization of intermediate E, which is

5-Aminopyrazole as precursor in design and synthesis of fused pyrazoloazines

• Ranjana Aggarwal and
• Suresh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 203–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.15

• product 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6(7H)-one 53 was formed due to C–O bond cleavage from cyclic ester 51. Bazgir et al. [56] described the synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine]-2,6'(1'H)-diones 55 by an efficient three-component procedure from the reaction of 5

From dipivaloylketene to tetraoxaadamantanes

• Gert Kollenz and
• Curt Wentrup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.1

• to −20 °C. However, it dimerizes at room temperature to afford an 88% yield of the thermally very stable dimer 3, which still carries a ketene function [16]. Compound 3 is formed through a [2 + 4] cycloaddition between one molecule of the α-oxoketene 2 and the carbonyl C=O bond of a second molecule

• . It is noteworthy that in the presence of DMSO a different dimer 7 is formed, again in high yield, originating from a [2 + 4] cycloaddition between a molecule of the α-oxoketene and the ketene C=O bond of the second molecule (Scheme 3) [17]. The treatment of the dimeric ketene 3 with nucleophiles

Conformational preferences of α-fluoroketones may influence their reactivity

• Graham Pattison

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2915–2921, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.284

• preferred for α-fluoroacetophenone, which places the C–F bond in the same plane as the C=O bond, making orbital interactions impossible. Although orbital interactions between chlorine’s lone pairs and the C=O π* orbital are expected to be weak, at least α-chloroacetophenone has a lowest energy gauche

Acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions of a cyclopropanated 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene with alcohols

• Katrina Tait,
• Alysia Horvath,
• Nicolas Blanchard and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2888–2894, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.281

• represent the first examples of ring-openings of cyclopropanated 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]alkenes that lead to the cleavage of the C–O bond instead of the N–O bond. Different acid catalysts were tested and it was found that pyridinium toluenesulfonate in methanol gave the best yields in the ring-opening

• ], and cycloadditions using nitrile oxides to provide 15 and 16 [7]. In the literature, there are also many examples of the cleavage of the C–O bond of 3-aza-2-oxabicyclic alkenes 1 (Scheme 3). This includes the use of protic acid [8], using metal catalysts such as Pd [9], Fe or Cu [10], In [11

• -oxabicyclo[2.2.1]alkenes reductively cleave the N–O bond (a) (Scheme 4), therefore, no examples cleaving the C–O bond have been reported in the literature. In this paper, we aim to explore the use of an acid catalyst with an alcohol nucleophile on the ring-opening of cyclopropanated 3-aza-2-oxabicyclic

Recent progress in the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres

• Myriam Drouin and
• Jean-François Paquin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2637–2658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.262

• negative charge, with a dipole moment of 1.4 D. Finally, the monofluoroalkene has the ability to accept a hydrogen bond through the fluorine atom [9]. Geometrically, the monofluoroalkene is quite similar to the amide bond. The C=O bond of the amide is 1.228 Å, compared to 1.376 Å for the C–F bond, and the

Dialkyl dicyanofumarates and dicyanomaleates as versatile building blocks for synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic studies

• Grzegorz Mlostoń and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2235–2251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.221

• converts into the orthoester 10 via insertion into the C–O bond. The reaction mechanism for the formation of 8 and 9 comprises the initial attack of the nucleophilic carbene onto the electron-deficient C atom of E-1b to give an intermediate zwitterion 11. The latter undergoes two competitive reactions. The

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

• Tapas Kumar Achar,
• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1907–1931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.186

• process to stabilize the carbocation species. This method was proved to be efficient by performing the reaction at 9.7 mmol scale to obtain 84% yield of the product. C–O bond formation reaction Carbon–oxygen (C–O) bonds are widely present in molecules containing ester, carbamate and amino acid, etc. [88

• ]. Traditional solution-based C–O bond synthesis generally needs large amount of solvents, excess chlorinating agent, harsh reaction conditions, a tedious isolation process, etc. compared to solvent-less grinding or mechanomilling [89]. In 2011, Mack and co-workers applied the high-speed ball milling (HSBM

• alcohols or amines as nucleophile [92]. When 2 equiv of CDI was treated with alcohol in a mixer mill at 30 Hz, within 15 min imidazolecarboxylic acid derivatives were isolated with a new C–O bond formation (Scheme 22). C–X bond forming reactions Carbon–halogen (C–X) bond forming reactions are also