Multi-redox indenofluorene chromophores incorporating dithiafulvene donor and ene/enediyne acceptor units

• Christina Schøttler,
• Kasper Lund-Rasmussen,
• Line Broløs,
• Philip Vinterberg,
• Ema Bazikova,
• Viktor B. R. Pedersen and
• Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 59–73, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.8

• Cary 50 UV–vis spectrophotometer scanning between 800 and 200 nm. All spectra were recorded with baseline correction in CH2Cl2 or toluene (HPLC grades) at 25 °C in a quartz cuvette with a 10 mm path length. Electrochemistry Cyclic voltammograms (CV) and differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) were

• ) and 2 (176 mg, 534 μmol) in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) and P(OEt)3 (10 mL) was heated to reflux for 5 h, resulting in a color change from orange to dark red. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to rt before it was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting dark red solid was purified

• ) and Lawesson’s reagent (23.1 mg, 57.0 μmol) in anhydrous, N2-degassed toluene (20 mL) was heated to reflux for 21 h. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to rt, diluted with toluene (50 mL), washed with 1 M NaOH (3 × 50 mL), and then with H2O (3 × 50 mL). The organic phase was dried over

Using the phospha-Michael reaction for making phosphonium phenolate zwitterions

• Matthias R. Steiner,
• Max Schmallegger,
• Larissa Donner,
• Johann A. Hlina,
• Christoph Marschner,
• Judith Baumgartner and
• Christian Slugovc

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 41–51, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.6

• in these cases (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S54 and S74). Crystal structures The solid-state structures of 2a and 2f were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals were grown from concentrated solutions in toluene. A representation of the molecular structure of 2a is

• room temperature for 24 h and the solvent evaporated. The product was recrystallized from a hot toluene/THF mixture. Yield: 38.8 mg (42%) off-white solid. 1H NMR (δ in ppm, 300 MHz, CDCl3, 298 K) 1.07 (s, 9H, CH3), 1.40 (s, 9H, CH3), 2.66–2.81 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.30–3.46 (m, 2H, CH2), 5.21 (br, 1H, NH2

Construction of diazepine-containing spiroindolines via annulation reaction of α-halogenated N-acylhydrazones and isatin-derived MBH carbonates

• Xing Liu,
• Wenjing Shi,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.143

• triethylamine, the reaction in other solvents such as DCE, THF, and CHCl3 gave the product 3a in 61%, 46% and 56% yields, respectively (Table 1, entries 12–14). However, the reaction did not proceed in toluene and acetonitrile (Table 1, entries 15 and 16). When lowering the amount of triethylamine to one

Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides

• Kan Tang,
• Megan R. Brown,
• Chad Risko,
• Melissa K. Gish,
• Garry Rumbles,
• Phuc H. Pham,
• Oana R. Luca,
• Stephen Barlow and
• Seth R. Marder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1912–1922, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.142

• toluene and bibenzyl, i.e., RH and R2 products, which were identified by the masses observed through GC–MS and through comparison of the GC–MS retention times with authentic samples. Higher concentrations and reaction times (entries 7–9 in Tabe 1) lead to larger extents of conversion (up to 61% at 18 h

• ) and favor formation of bibenzyl over toluene (up to 52% yield at 18 h). [BnBr]•– presumably cleaves to afford Bn•, which can react further to form Bn2 (see following section) or can form toluene through reaction with THF, which is known to have a reasonably weak α-CH bond and act as a H• donor towards

• lower for a given reaction time (compare entries 12 and 15 to 11 and 14 in Table 1) and the sole detected product is toluene rather than bibenzyl. Furthermore, in one of the cases of complete conversion (Table 1, entry 14), 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that the reductant-based side product is a salt of

Aromatic systems with two and three pyridine-2,6-dicarbazolyl-3,5-dicarbonitrile fragments as electron-transporting organic semiconductors exhibiting long-lived emissions

• Karolis Leitonas,
• Brigita Vigante,
• Dmytro Volyniuk,
• Audrius Bucinskas,
• Pavels Dimitrijevs,
• Sindija Lapcinska,
• Pavel Arsenyan and
• Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1867–1880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.139

• groups to achieve optimal charge-transporting and fluorescent properties within one TADF compound (Figure 1) [5]. The obtained TADF emitters (453 to 550 nm) show photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 98% in oxygen-free toluene solutions. These TADF emitters are suitable for OLEDs with brightness of

• -carbonitrile (REF) [5]. Absorption spectra of dilute toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and chloroform solutions as well as of the films of compounds 6–9 are shown in Figure 2a,b. The nonstructured low-energy bands at wavelengths of 350–450 nm are well seen in the absorption spectra of 6–9. The wavelengths of

• compound 8 had a slight impact on its red-shifted absorption spectra in comparison to that of other compounds (Figure 2a,b and Table 1). The photoluminescence spectra of toluene solutions of the compounds are characterized by non-structured shapes typical for ICT emissions (Figure 2c and Figure S1 in

Controlling the reactivity of La@C₈₂ by reduction: reaction of the La@C₈₂ anion with alkyl halide with high regioselectivity

• Yutaka Maeda,
• Saeka Akita,
• Mitsuaki Suzuki,
• Michio Yamada,
• Takeshi Akasaka,
• Kaoru Kobayashi and
• Shigeru Nagase

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1858–1866, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.138

• more localized on the inside of the cluster for [Sc3N@Ih-C80]2−. A previous study reported that thermal treatment of La@C2v-C82 in the presence of 3-triphenylmethyl-5-oxazolidinone in toluene afforded four different benzylated La@C2v-C82 isomers [19]. Benzyl radicals may have been generated due to the

• otherwise stated. ODCB was distilled over P2O5 under vacuum prior to use. HPLC was performed on an LC-9201 instrument (Japan Analytical Industry Co., Ltd.) by monitoring the UV absorption at 330 nm with toluene as the eluent. Mass spectrometry was performed using a Bruker AUTOFLEX III smart beam with

• the HPLC instrument to separate the endohedral metallofullerenes using a PBB column (⌀ 20 mm × 250 mm; Cosmoses, Nacalai Tesque Inc.) with chlorobenzene as the mobile phase in the first step and a Buckyprep column (⌀ 20 mm × 250 mm × 2; Cosmoses, Nacalai Tesque Inc.) with toluene as the mobile phase

A novel recyclable organocatalyst for the gram-scale enantioselective synthesis of (S)-baclofen

• Gyula Dargó,
• Dóra Erdélyi,
• Balázs Molnár,
• Péter Kisszékelyi,
• Zsófia Garádi and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1811–1824, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.133

• the other components of the reaction mixture. The lipophilic O-alkylated gallic acid unit increases the solubility of the organocatalyst in less polar solvents, such as DCM or toluene but leads to the precipitation of the organocatalyst in polar solvents, including MeOH or MeCN. As a result, the

• reaction in which acetylacetone (13) did not only act as a reactant but also as a solvent was examined (Table 2). The highest yields and enantiomeric excess values were reached in CPME, toluene, and dichloromethane (Table 2, entries 1–3). When acetylacetone was used as solvent, the enantiomeric excess was

• (Figure 2). Considering the three factors mentioned above (yield, enantiomeric excess, and green chemistry), toluene was chosen as a solvent for the recycling reactions. The schematic for the recycling by solvent replacement is shown in Figure 3. After the stereoselective Michael addition was completed in

Active-metal template clipping synthesis of novel [2]rotaxanes

• Cătălin C. Anghel,
• Teodor A. Cucuiet,
• Niculina D. Hădade and
• Ion Grosu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1776–1784, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.130

• after filtration and solvent evaporation. The compound was purified by column chromatography (silica, toluene/petroleum ether = 1:4) to afford a white solid (1.44 g, 73%); mp 222–225 °C, Rf = 0.44 (silica, toluene/petroleum ether = 1:4). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 600 MHz) δ 7.23 (d, 3J = 8.6 Hz, 6H, HAr), 7.10

• NaN3 (1.40 g, 21.56 mmol, 6 equiv) were dissolved in MeCN (100 mL) and toluene (50 mL) in a round-bottom flask. The mixture was refluxed until reaction completion as monitored by TLC. Upon cooling, water was added (100 mL) and the compound was extracted with DCM (3 × 75 mL). The combined organic phases

• , OCH2), 3.30 (t, 3J = 6.8 Hz, 2H, CH2N3), 1.80 (qv, 3J = 6.5 Hz, 2H, CH2), 1.68 (qv, 3J = 7.0 Hz, 2H, CH2), 1.59–1.55 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.30 (s, 27H, C(CH3)3) ppm. Compound 5: Compound 4 (0.76 g, 4.69 mmol, 2.2 equiv) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and the solution was cooled at 0 °C on an ice bath. NaOH

A deep-red fluorophore based on naphthothiadiazole as emitter with hybridized local and charge transfer and ambipolar transporting properties for electroluminescent devices

• Suangsiri Arunlimsawat,
• Patteera Funchien,
• Pongsakorn Chasing,
• Atthapon Saenubol,
• Taweesak Sudyoadsuk and
• Vinich Promarak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1664–1676, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.122

• , thin film, and solid powder. As shown in Figure 2a, the UV–vis absorption spectrum in diluted toluene solution displays intense absorption peaks in the high energy region (<380 nm) and a much weaker absorption peak at 508 nm attributed to the π–π* transition of the conjugated aromatic backbone and

• , 4.86 mmol), carbazole (2.44 g, 14.58 mmol), K3PO4 (5.17 g, 24.313 mmol), ±-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (1.46 mL, 12.17 mmol) and CuI (1.85 g, 9.72 mmol) in dry toluene (50 mL) was degassed with N2 for 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux under N2 atmosphere for 18 h. After being cooled

• mmol) in dry toluene (50 mL) was degassed with N2 for 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at a refluxing temperature under N2 atmosphere for 48 h. After being cooled to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL × 3). The combined organic layer

A series of perylene diimide cathode interlayer materials for green solvent processing in conventional organic photovoltaics

• Kathryn M. Wolfe,
• Shahidul Alam,
• Eva German,
• Fahad N. Alduayji,
• Maryam Alqurashi,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Gregory C. Welch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1620–1629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.119

• saturated solution at 19.4 mg/mL, CN-PDIN-FB a saturated solution at 3.2 mg/mL, and CN-PDIN-FB a saturated solution at 1.2 mg/mL. The compounds are also soluble in other organic solvents such as toluene, o-xylenes, and chloroform at concentrations of >100 mg/mL. However, in conventional OPVs, it is critical

Synthesis of 7-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decane ring systems from tricarbonyl(tropone)iron via intramolecular Heck reactions

• Aaron H. Shoemaker,
• Elizabeth A. Foker,
• Elena P. Uttaro,
• Sarah K. Beitel and
• Daniel R. Griffith

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1615–1619, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.118

• , entry 2) and Vanderwal [17] (Table 1, entry 3) in the synthesis of other bridged azapolycycles gave poor yields when applied to vinyl bromide 7. The best result was obtained using the combination of Pd(PPh3)4, K2CO3, and proton sponge in refluxing toluene [18][19]. Although this catalyst system proved

Complexes of resorcin[4]arene with secondary amines: synthesis, solvent influence on “in-out” structure, and theoretical calculations of non-covalent interactions

• Waldemar Iwanek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1525–1536, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.109

• as chloroform and toluene, in which the forming structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The last few years have seen an increase in works showing the course of various types of reactions in the cavities of hexameric systems (closed spaces) created by R[4]A [8]. Complexes of R[4]A with amines [9

N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

• Fatemeh Doraghi,
• Seyedeh Pegah Aledavoud,
• Mehdi Ghanbarlou,
• Bagher Larijani and
• Mohammad Mahdavi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106

• heterogeneous medium coming from H2O and toluene was beneficial for the progress of the transformation. In 2014, Denmark and Chi successfully synthesized a wide variety of pyrrolidines 99, piperidines 100, and azepanes via intramolecular sulfenoamination of olefins 98 (Scheme 40) [75]. The reduction of endo to

• (Scheme 46) [79]. By testing several alkaloids as organocatalysts for the transformation, cinchonidine G proved to be the best catalyst for C–H sulfenylation and selenenylation of substrates in toluene at −20 or 0 °C. The reaction occurred in shorter times in the presence of N-(arylsulfanyl)succinimide

• , tetrahydrofuran, methanol, toluene, hexane, and n-pentane were employed, in which the products in non-polar hydrocarbon solvents like hexane and n-pentane were obtained in excellent efficiency and enantioselectivity. Song et al. found that the chemoselective α-sulfenylation and β-thiolation of α,β-unsaturated

Cyclization of 1-aryl-4,4,4-trichlorobut-2-en-1-ones into 3-trichloromethylindan-1-ones in triflic acid

• Vladislav A. Sokolov,
• Andrei A. Golushko,
• Irina A. Boyarskaya and
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1460–1470, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.105

• reflux in toluene [19] (Scheme 4). By this route, mainly E-isomers of compounds 2 were formed except for compounds 2c,i,m which were obtained as mixtures of E,Z-isomers (see Experimental section). However, under the reaction conditions in the presence of TsOH, the hydroxy ketones 1k,p–s bearing strong

α-(Aminomethyl)acrylates as acceptors in radical–polar crossover 1,4-additions of dialkylzincs: insights into enolate formation and trapping

• Angel Palillero-Cisneros,
• Paola G. Gordillo-Guerra,
• Fernando García-Alvarez,
• Olivier Jackowski,
• Franck Ferreira,
• Fabrice Chemla,
• Joel L. Terán and
• Alejandro Perez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.103

• carbonyl and sulfinyl unit to achieve good levels of selectivity. Hence, to reinforce Lewis pair formation, the reaction was also carried out in apolar solvents such as toluene and hexane (entries 4 and 5 in Table 3). In hexane, an 88% yield with 85:15 dr was obtained, which constituted the best conditions

Application of N-heterocyclic carbene–Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review

• Nosheen Beig,
• Varsha Goyal and
• Raj K. Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1408–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.102

• alkali alkoxide as the base (Scheme 6) [15]. In the case of IPr·HX, it was found that the use of CuI afforded a significant amount of [(IPr)2Cu] complexes even when a large excess of the metal salt was used. Furthermore, the combination of KOMe and toluene afforded a higher yield of [(IPr)CuI] [15]. It

• yields of the products were poor. Then, a non-chlorinated solvent such as toluene was used which furnished the complexes in moderate to excellent yields (Scheme 20). The use of water as solvent was found to be viable in the case of the NHCs bearing aryl substituent groups. However, the reaction of alkyl

• dichloromethane increased the reactivity, resulting in quantitative conversion, but toluene, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran (THF), which had previously been reported to be extremely effective in the presence of copper salts, gave poor yields. In 2013, Navarro and co-worker [78] used [(NHC)Cu(I)]X (X = Cl, NHC

Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues

• Marco Antônio G. B. Gomes,
• Alicia Bauduin,
• Chloé Le Roux,
• Romain Fouinneteau,
• Wilfried Berthe,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96

• also achieved in the last step (Figure 5) [73]. DIBALH (diisobutylaluminium hydride) in toluene was added to hexadecanol in dichloromethane at 0 °C (Figure 5) to form in situ a lithium alcoholate. Then, S-glycidol was added at rt to produce in 50% yield the diol 5.2 after a regioselective opening of

• from racemic solketal which is deprotonated with potassium [74], NaH [75], NaNH2 [76] or KH and by using different solvents including benzene [74], toluene [76][77], THF [78], or DMF [75][79] and then alkylated with bromoalkyl [75][76] or mesylate lipid alcohol [74]. The same protocols (NaH, toluene or

Non-noble metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenation coupling (CDC) involving ether α-C(sp³)–H to construct C–C bonds

• Hui Yu and
• Feng Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1259–1288, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.94

• have broad applications in synthesis. In 2019, Cai et al. developed a regioselective ligand-promoted CDC reaction between unactivated C(sp3)–H/C(sp3)–H bonds (Scheme 18) [79]. Different types of C(sp3)–H bond substrates, including cycloalkanes, cyclic ethers, and toluene derivatives without any

Metal catalyst-free N-allylation/alkylation of imidazole and benzimidazole with Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohols and acetates

• Olfa Mhasni,
• Jalloul Bouajila and
• Farhat Rezgui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1251–1258, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.93

• Toulouse, France University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia 10.3762/bjoc.19.93 Abstract A highly α-regioselective N-nucleophilic allylic substitution of cyclic MBH alcohols and acetates with imidazole or benzimidazole, in toluene at

• reflux with an azeotropic distillation, was successfully carried out with no catalysts or additives, affording the corresponding N-substituted imidazole derivatives in good yields. On the other hand, in refluxing toluene or methanol, the aza-Michael addition of imidazole onto acyclic MBH alcohols was

• in the presence of imidazole (2a), as a powerful nucleophilic additive, affording, via competitive allylic nucleophilic substitution in toluene at reflux, a mixture of the corresponding N-substituted morpholine and N-substituted imidazole derivatives 6 [23]. In addition, a literature survey showed

Acetaldehyde in the Enders triple cascade reaction via acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

• Alessandro Brusa,
• Debora Iapadre,
• Maria Edith Casacchia,
• Alessio Carioscia,
• Giuliana Giorgianni,
• Giandomenico Magagnano,
• Fabio Pesciaioli and
• Armando Carlone

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.92

• alternative to toluene. The use of chloroform (Table 2, entry 2), as in our previous report [17], showed an improvement on selectivity, however, toluene was chosen as a more benign solvent. After further optimization of the acidic resin, stoichiometry, concentration, temperature, and reaction time (see

Selective construction of dispiro[indoline-3,2'-quinoline-3',3''-indoline] and dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrole-3',3''-indoline] via three-component reaction

• Ziying Xiao,
• Fengshun Xu,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1234–1242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.91

• -oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetate in toluene according to the published method [52]. Then, the reaction conditions of the three-component reaction of isatyl adduct 1a (0.20 mmol), isatin 2a (0.20 mmol) and ammonium acetate (0.5 mmol) were examined according to Zhang and co-workers reported reaction (reaction 1 in

• reaction in other solvents such as acetonitrile, toluene and ethyl acetate at 50 °C gave the desired product 3a in very low yields (Table 1, entries 4–6). When the reaction was carried out in a mixture of toluene and methanol (v/v = 2:1) in the presence of piperidine, the yield of 3a increased to 60

• ). Prolonging the reaction time did not increase the yield of product 3a (Table 1, entry 12). Therefore, the optimized reaction conditions found for this three-component reaction are the use of a mixture of methanol and toluene at 50 °C for seven hours in the presence of piperidine. With the optimized reaction

Unravelling a trichloroacetic acid-catalyzed cascade access to benzo[f]chromeno[2,3-h]quinoxalinoporphyrins

• Chandra Sekhar Tekuri,
• Pargat Singh and
• Mahendra Nath

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1216–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.89

• /toluene 1:10 mixture under inert atmosphere to afford 2-amino-3-nitro-meso-tetraarylporphyrins which on reduction through sodium borohydride in the presence of 10% Pd/C in CH2Cl2/MeOH provided the desired porphyrins 1 in good yields as key starting materials for the synthesis of newly designed benzo[f

• yield. Furthermore, various organic solvents such as 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, 1,4-dioxane and THF were also screened for the synthesis of porphyrin 3 by using 20 mol % of TCA at 65 °C (Table 1, entries 7–10). When the reaction was carried out in 1,2-dichloroethane and toluene at 65 °C, the desired

• experiments at 80 °C in 1,2-dichloroethane and 50 °C in chloroform under the same reaction conditions which produced the desired porphyrin 3 in lower yields (56% and 34%, respectively; Table 1, entries 13 and 14). In contrast, the reaction neither proceeded in chloroform nor in toluene at reflux temperature

Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors

• Grace A. Lowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1198–1215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.88

• shifted potential in aqueous media [26]. As a demonstrative example concerning quenching, Schulz and co-workers only detected the 2-electron-reduced product of the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolate complex when it was irradiated in aprotic media in the presence of the sacrificial donor p-(dimethylamino)toluene (DMT

• -Dimethylamino)toluene (DMT), has been used as a sacrificial electron donor in artificial photosynthesis [3]. The radical species that forms after oxidation can dimerize by forming a carbon–carbon bond which cannot be broken by re-reduction [3][73]. Voltammetric studies to identify the byproducts of DMT

Selective and scalable oxygenation of heteroatoms using the elements of nature: air, water, and light

• Damiano Diprima,
• Hannes Gemoets,
• Stefano Bonciolini and
• Koen Van Aken

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1146–1154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.82

• equiv toluene led to 5-fold increase in reaction rate (Table 2, entries 1 and 2). The further study of the impact of electron density on the aromatic ring showed that electron-rich aromatics (such as anisole (Table 2, entry 3)) turned out to be more effective than electron-poor aromatics (e.g

• of CH3CN/H2O 8:2 (v:v). b2 equiv toluene as an additive. c1 equiv LiCl as an additive. dProduct not isolated, GC-FID conversion. Setup used in the flow experiment for the triphenylphosphine oxidation. Proposed extra alternative pathway. Optimization experiments of thioanisole oxidation.a Effect of

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81