Volume No. 17
2021
Pages 1 - 1827
Table of Contents |
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| 77 | Full Research Paper |
| 17 | Letter |
| 28 | Review |
| 1 | Editorial |
| 1 | Correction |
- Review
- Published 04 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Different methodologies employed to study PPIs. The protein used for illustration is the heterodime...
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Figure 2: Mechanisms of homooligomeric complex formations. a) Domain swapping of RNase A (PDB: 1A2W) [73]. The sw...
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Figure 3: Parts a) and b) represent the electron densities and B-factors of TMV, respectively. The cryo-EM st...
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Figure 4: Schematic of the general assembly of charged protein containers to form binary nanoparticle superla...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 04 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Overview of the synthetic methods for the carbazole-based heterohelicenes. i) Pd2dba3, xantphos, K3...
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Scheme 2: Synthetic strategy for the carbazole-based [6]helicenes fused with an azine ring.
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Scheme 3: Sonogashira coupling of compound 4b with phenylacetylene. i) Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, CuI, iPr2NH, DMSO, 80 °C...
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Figure 1: Molecular structure of carbazole-based [6]helicenes 10a (a), 10b (b) and 10c (c) (X-ray data).
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Figure 2: Crystal packing of carbazole-based [6]helicenes 10a (a, b), 10b (c,d) and 10c (e). Hydrogen atoms a...
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- Published 05 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: (A) Fluorescence spectra of OST (c = 3.0 × 10−5 mol∙L−1) upon the addition of various metal ions. (...
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Figure 2: Metal ion selectivity of OST–Hg2+ (c = 3.0 × 10−5 mol∙L−1) in the presence of 1.2 × 10−4 mol∙L−1 of...
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Figure 3: Fluorescence spectra of OST (c = 3 × 10−5 mol∙L−1) in H2O/CH3OH 97:3, v/v in the presence of an inc...
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Figure 4: The standard Job curve of mercury ions to OST (c = 3.0 × 10−5 mol∙L−1) at 406 nm (pH 7.0, H2O/CH3OH...
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Figure 5: Mass spectrum of the probe with Hg2+.
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Figure 6: 1H NMR titration spectra recorded for OST (c = 5 × 10−4 mol∙L−1) during the addition of different m...
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Figure 7: The binding mode of OST and Hg2+.
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- Review
- Published 05 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Homotropane (azabicyclononane) systems.
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Figure 2: Alkaloids (−)-adaline (1), (+)-euphococcinine (2) and (+)-N-methyleuphococcinine (3).
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Scheme 1: Synthetic strategies before 1995.
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Scheme 2: Synthesis (±)-adaline (1) and (±)-euphococcinine (2). Reagents and conditions: i) 1. dihydropyran, ...
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Scheme 3: Synthesis (+)-euphococcinine (2). Reagents and conditions: i) H2O2, SeO2 (cat), acetone, rt, 88%; i...
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Scheme 4: Synthesis (+)-euphococcinine (2). Reagents and conditions: i) 2,4-bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2...
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Scheme 5: Synthesis of (±)-euphococcinine precursor (±)-42. Reagents and conditions: i) Bu3SnH, AIBN, toluene...
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Scheme 6: Synthesis of (−)-adaline (1). Reagents and conditions: i) LiH2NBH3, THF, 40 °C, 88%; ii) TPAP, NMO,...
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Scheme 7: Synthesis of (−)-adaline (1) and (−)-euphococcinine (2). Reagents and conditions: i) 1. BuLi, t-BuO...
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Scheme 8: Synthesis of (−)-adaline (1). Reagents and conditions: i) Ref. [52]; ii) Et3N, TBDMSOTf, CH2Cl2, 0 °C t...
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Scheme 9: Synthesis of (+)-euphococcinine (2). Reagents and conditions: i) 1. Cp2ZrCl2,AlMe3, CH2Cl2; 2. p-me...
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Scheme 10: Synthesis of (−)-adaline 1. Reagents and conditions: i) 1. CuBr.DMS, Et2O/DMS, -42 ºC; 2. 1-heptyne...
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Scheme 11: Synthesis of (−)-euphococcinine (2) and (−)-adaline (1). Reagents and conditions: i) 102, KHMDS, Et2...
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Scheme 12: Synthesis of N-methyleuphococcinine 3. Reagents and conditions: i) 108 (1.5 equiv), 3,5-di-F-C6H3B(...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 06 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Chemical structure of compound 1 and UV–vis spectra in an aggregating aqueous medium and in the dis...
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Figure 2: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images (left, zoomed-out and zoomed-in; 1 × 10−4 M solutions...
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Figure 3: Cryo-TEM images of a 1 × 10−4 M solution of 1 (5% THF) and the corresponding molecular model as wel...
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Figure 4: Cryo-TEM images of 1 × 10−4 M compound 1 in THF/water solutions after one minute of aging. A) 5% TH...
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Figure 5: Transient kinetics at different laser powers probed at 755 nm (1 × 10−4 M solution at pH 10): A) 5%...
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- Letter
- Published 06 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Cartoon representative for rac-TBPP-based CPL-active systems fabricated through two strategies.
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Figure 1: Ground-state and excited-state chirality of R2N-TBPP and S2N-TBPP. (a) CD spectra of R2N-TBPP and S...
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Figure 2: (a) Fluorescence spectra of rac-TBPP in solution (dash line) and in the rac-TBPP/DGG co-gels. (b) C...
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Figure 3: (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of rac-TBPP and rac-TBPP/DGG co-gel (rac-TBPP/DGG = 1:80). (b) FTIR s...
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- Review
- Published 07 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: The inthomycins A–C (1–3) and structurally closely related compounds.
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Figure 2: Syntheses of inthomycins A–C (1–3).
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Scheme 1: The first total synthesis of racemic inthomycin A (rac)-1 by Whiting.
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Scheme 2: Moloney’s synthesis of the phenyl analogue of inthomycin C ((rac)-3).
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Scheme 3: Moloney’s synthesis of phenyl analogues of inthomycins A (rac-1) and B (rac-2).
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Scheme 4: The first total synthesis of inthomycin B (+)-2 by R. J. K. Taylor.
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Scheme 5: R. J. K. Taylor’s total synthesis of racemic inthomycin A (rac)-1.
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Scheme 6: The first total synthesis of inthomycin C ((+)-3) by R. J. K. Taylor.
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Scheme 7: The first total synthesis of naturally occurring inthomycin C ((–)-3) by Ryu et al.
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Scheme 8: Preparation of E,E-iododiene (+)-84 and Z,E- iododiene 85a.
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Scheme 9: Hatakeyama’s total synthesis of inthomycin A (+)-1 and inthomycin B (+)-2.
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Scheme 10: Hatakeyama’s total synthesis of inthomycin C ((–)-3).
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Scheme 11: Maulide’s formal synthesis of racemic inthomycin C ((rac)-3).
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Scheme 12: Hale’s synthesis of dienylstannane (+)-69 and enyne (+)-82b intermediates.
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Scheme 13: Hale’s total synthesis of inthomycin C ((+)-3).
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Scheme 14: Hale and Hatakeyama’s resynthesis of (3R)-inthomycin C (−)-3 Mosher esters.
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Scheme 15: Reddy’s formal syntheses of inthomycin C (+)-3 and inthomycin C ((−)-3).
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Scheme 16: Synthesis of the cross-metathesis precursors (rac)-118 and 121.
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Scheme 17: Donohoe’s total synthesis of inthomycin C ((−)-3).
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Scheme 18: Synthesis of dienylboronic ester (E,E)-128.
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Scheme 19: Synthesis of the alkenyl iodides (Z)- and (E)-130.
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Scheme 20: Burton’s total synthesis of inthomycin B ((+)-2).
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Scheme 21: Burton’s total synthesis of inthomycin C ((−)-3).
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Scheme 22: Burton’s total synthesis of inthomycin A ((+)-1).
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Scheme 23: Synthesis of common intermediate (Z)-(+)-143a.
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Scheme 24: Synthesis of (Z)-and (E)-selective fragments (+)-145a–c.
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Scheme 25: Kim’s total synthesis of inthomycins A (+)-1 and B (+)-2.
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Scheme 26: Completion of total synthesis of inthomycin C ((–)-3) by Kim.
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- Letter
- Published 08 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Synthetic routes towards perfluoroalkyl thioethers.
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Scheme 2: Two-step synthesis of BT-SRF reagents from MBT.
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Scheme 3: Plausible mechanism for the formation of thioether 3 and thionoester 4.
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Scheme 4: Scope of the deoxygenative perfluoroalkylthiolation reaction using BT-SC2F5 and BT-SC3F7.
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- Published 11 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Medical compounds having a difluoromethyl group.
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Scheme 1: Methods for the synthesis of ethers containing fluorine substituents.
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Scheme 2: The previous work reported by Yagupol’skii et al.
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Scheme 3: Intramolecular 1,4-addition of 2o.
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Scheme 4: Proposed reaction mechanism.
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- Published 12 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: The synthesis of the C3-symmetrical tetraethylene glycol-decorated peptide amphiphile I and the azi...
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Scheme 2: Synthesis of the sulfated peptide amphiphile II by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cyclization.
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Figure 1: Analysis of the self-assembly behavior of I by A: CD-spectra of 5, 10, 25 or 50 µM aqueous solution...
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Figure 2: Analysis of the supramolecular polymerization of II by A: CD-spectra of a 25 µM solution in TRIS bu...
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Figure 3: Concentration-dependent relative L-selectin binding of the supramolecular polymers I and II in HEPE...
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- Published 12 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: a) VII systems described by Sijbesma and Meijer, featuring two ureidopyrimidone BUs which are linke...
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Figure 2: a) GCP and ACP motif, as charged and neutral BUs and BINAM as precoordinating LU. b) Compounds 1, 2...
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Figure 3: Synthesis of compounds 1 to 4. Reagents and conditions: i) ʟ-Boc-glutamic acid benzyl ester, HCTU, ...
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Figure 4: a) 2D-screening in DMSO of the GCP derivative 1, specific viscosity vs concentration vs temperature...
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Figure 5: Comparison of the specific viscosities in dependence of the temperature of the ACP derivative (oran...
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Figure 6: DLS measurement of compound 2 in toluene at 25 °C, 60 °C and 100 °C.
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Figure 7: Specific viscosity of compounds 2, 3 and 4 in Nynas NS8 in dependency to the temperature.
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Figure 8: Specific viscosity of compound 4 in Nynas NS8 and Nexbase 3020.
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- Published 13 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Our previous efforts in the field of functionalization of sugar-derived lactams.
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Figure 1: Key concepts behind the goal of this work [34].
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Scheme 2: Preliminary experiment in search of a procedure for the synthesis of 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-iminosuga...
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Scheme 3: Synthesis of a new class of alkaloid scaffold using the presented methodology.
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Scheme 4: Synthesis of a new, chiral 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-iminosugar based potential organocatalyst.
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Scheme 5: Principle behind Woerpel’s model for prediction of the direction of nucleophile addition to oxocarb...
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Scheme 6: Difference in conformational stability of glucose- and galactose-derived iminium cations and the maj...
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Figure 2: ORTEP structures of compounds 3a and 3e obtained by X-ray analysis. Hydrogen atoms and benzyl group...
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Figure 3: Proposed structures of compounds 5a and 2-epi-5a with 1H-1H couplings and NOE effects shown.
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Scheme 7: Proposed reaction mechanism for the described Ugi–azide reaction variant.
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Scheme 8: Possible pathway for spontaneous imine formation. Values reported are in kcal·mol−1.
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Scheme 9: A possible path for tetrazole formation in the described conditions. Values reported are in kcal·mol...
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- Letter
- Published 14 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the modular approach towards halogen-bonded fluorescent liquid crystals....
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Figure 2: Representative POM images of NO2-C10 at 94 °C (a) and NO2-C10∙∙∙F4Az at 61.5 °C (b) upon cooling fr...
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Figure 3: Comparison of the mesomorphic properties of NO2-Cn, NO2-Cn∙∙∙F4St, and NO2-Cn∙∙∙F4Az (n = 8–11). Th...
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Figure 4: Graphical representation of the calculated interaction energies in kJ/mol of the XB-acceptor NO2-C1...
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Figure 5: Summary of the thermal behaviour of the azo complexes with decreasing fluorination degree as observ...
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Figure 6: POM images of the supramolecular assemblies NO2-C10∙∙∙F3Az (a), NO2-C10∙∙∙F2Az (b) and NO2-C10∙∙∙F2...
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Figure 7: Fluorescence studies of NO2-C9∙∙∙F4St. The photographs of the solid components as well as the forme...
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Figure 8: Photographs of the assemblies with different alkoxy chain lengths on the NO2-Cn moiety directly aft...
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Figure 9: Temperature-dependent fluorescent images of NO2-C9∙∙∙F4St showing the enhancement of emission upon ...
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- Published 15 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Deacetylative cyclization of 3fa.
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- Published 18 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Chemical structures of representative macrocycles.
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Figure 2: Ba2+-induced intermolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of crown ether-functionalized substrates 1 a...
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Figure 3: Energy transfer system constructed of a BODIPY–zinc porphyrin–crown ether triad assembly bound to a...
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Figure 4: The sensitizer 5 was prepared by a flavin–zinc(II)–cyclen complex for the photooxidation of benzyl ...
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Figure 5: Enantiodifferentiating Z–E photoisomerization of cyclooctene sensitized by a chiral sensitizer as t...
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Figure 6: Structures of the modified CDs as chiral sensitizing hosts. Adapted with permission from [24], Copyrigh...
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Figure 7: Supramolecular 1:1 and 2:2 complexations of AC with the cationic β-CD derivatives 16–21 and subsequ...
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Figure 8: Construction of the TiO2–AuNCs@β-CD photocatalyst. Republished with permission of The Royal Society...
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Figure 9: Visible-light-driven conversion of benzyl alcohol to H2 and a vicinal diol or to H2 and benzaldehyd...
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Figure 10: (a) Structures of CDs, (b) CoPyS, and (c) EY. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of C...
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Figure 11: Conversion of CO2 to CO by ReP/HO-TPA–TiO2. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of Che...
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Figure 12: Thiacalix[4]arene-protected TiO2 clusters for H2 evolution. Reprinted with permission from [37], Copyri...
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Figure 13: 4-Methoxycalix[7]arene film-based TiO2 photocatalytic system. Reprinted from [38], Materials Today Chem...
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Figure 14: (a) Photodimerization of 6-methylcoumarin (22). (b) Catalytic cycle for the photodimerization of 22...
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Figure 15: Formation of a supramolecular PDI–CB[7] complex and structures of monomers and the chain transfer a...
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Figure 16: Ternary self-assembled system for photocatalytic H2 evolution (a) and structure of 27 (b). Figure 16 reprodu...
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Figure 17: Structures of COP-1, CMP-1, and their substrate S-1 and S-2.
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Figure 18: Supramolecular self-assembly of the light-harvesting system formed by WP5, β-CAR, and Chl-b. Reprod...
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Figure 19: Photocyclodimerization of AC based on WP5 and WP6.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 18 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Retrosynthetic disconnection of our privileged kinase scaffold 1.
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Scheme 1: Reagents and conditions: (a) MeOH, DIPEA, reflux, 70%; b) TBTU, DIPEA, DMF, rt, 91%.
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Scheme 2: Proposed mechanistic explanation for the liberation of the Pd catalytic cycle after addition of sac...
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Scheme 3: Formation of C2–OAt ether 15 using HATU. Reagents and condtions: (a) HATU, DIPEA, DCM, rt, 16 h, ((...
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Scheme 4: Proposed mechanistic pathways for the transformation of Py–OAt ethers 17 to the pyridin-2H-one 1 mo...
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Scheme 5: Failure to exploit logical convergent building block 26. Reagents and conditions: a) HATU, DIPEA, D...
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Scheme 6: Library route to 32. Reagents and conditions: a) 4 M HClaq, reflux, 1 h, 81%; (b) EDCI, pyridine, P...
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- Published 19 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: The chemical network of reactions for 4-hydroxyflavylium (left) and the write-lock-erase cycle (rig...
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Scheme 2: The building blocks used for the self-assembly in this study: pelargonidin chloride (Flavy), 1-naph...
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Scheme 3: Overview of the different states of the multi-switchable system consisting of Flavy, 1N36S, and pol...
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Figure 1: Top: pelargonidin cation (Flavy) and network of chemical reactions; bottom: corresponding UV–vis sp...
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Figure 2: Characterization of Flavy: a) 1H NMR spectrum at pH 7.0 (form A) before and after irradiation; b) 13...
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Scheme 4: Overview of the different states of the two main cycles switching the system consisting of 1N36S, F...
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Figure 3: UV–vis spectroscopy of the ternary nano-assemblies for cycle I (a) and cycle II (b).
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Figure 4: Dynamic light scattering: Electric field autocorrelation function g1(τ) and distribution of relaxat...
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Figure 5: Static light scattering data from the assemblies of cycle I; a) A, non-irradiated, spherical partic...
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Figure 6: Comparison of cycle I and cycle II in AFM.
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Figure 7: a) ζ-Potential and b) effective surface charge density for cycle I; c) ζ-potential and d) effective...
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Figure 8: Isothermal titration calorimetry of poly(allylamine) into the cell containing Flavy and 1N36S in aq...
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Figure 9: Polar surface area of Flavy in form of A (left) and B (right).
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Figure 10: Hydrodynamic radii of the nano-assemblies as function of the loading ratio: a) cycle I, b) cycle II....
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Figure 11: UV–vis spectra of the nano-assemblies of cycle II at l = 0.75.
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Figure 12: ζ-Potential of the nano-assemblies of cycle II depending on the concentration ratio.
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Scheme 5: Different mixing orders of the assemblies. The major part of this study focuses on route i.
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Scheme 1: Synthetic protocols for the preparation of potential ligands 1–4.
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Scheme 2: Reduction of diamides 1a,b and tetraamides 2a,b.
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Scheme 3: Au(III) coordination conditions for ligands 5a,b and 6a,b. Coordination of 5b was unsuccessful.
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Figure 1: 1H NMR study of the formation of complex 6a-Au(III) by AuCl3 coordination to ligand 6a.
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- Published 20 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Structural diversity and synthetic methods of purinylphosphonates. MWI = microwave irradiation; LG ...
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Scheme 2: Synthetic routes for the formation of purinylphosphonates 4.
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Scheme 3: Synthesis of phosphonates 2, 7, and 8.
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Scheme 4: Synthesis of phosphonic acid monoesters 3 and 7–9 as well as phosphonic acid 10.
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Figure 1: Screenings of the rate for the ester group cleavage (conversion determined by NMR spectroscopy) in ...
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Scheme 5: Synthesis of 2,6-bistriazolylpurine derivatives 6a–i.
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Scheme 6: SNAr–Arbuzov reaction between the bistriazolylpurines 6a–i and P(OEt)3.
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Figure 2: Single-crystal X-ray analysis of diethyl (9-heptyl-2-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-9H-purin-6-yl...
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- Published 20 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Flow generation and transformation of 2H-azirines.
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Scheme 2: Flow synthesis of 2H-azirines from vinyl azides. aThe solution of vinyl azide was re-introduced twi...
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Scheme 3: Mixed flow-batch approach for the preparation of functionalized NH-aziridines from vinyl azides.
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- Published 21 Jan 2021
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Figure 1: Molecular structures of emitters discussed in this work.
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Figure 2: a) Calculated HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energies, as well as HOMO and LUMO topologies of PhCF3, PhOCF3, ...
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Figure 3: Calculated HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energies, as well as HOMO and LUMO topologies of 2CzCF3, 2CzOCF3, ...
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Figure 4: Calculated HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energies, as well as HOMO and LUMO topologies of 2CzBN, 2CzTRZ, an...
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Figure 5: HOMO and LUMO distribution, HONTO and LUNTO of lowest singlet (S1) and triplet excited (T1) states ...
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Figure 6: HOMO and LUMO distribution, HONTO and LUNTO of lowest singlet (S1) and triplet excited (T1) states ...
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Figure 7: Calculated HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energies, as well as HOMO and LUMO topologies of 5CzCF3, 5CzOCF3, ...
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Figure 8: Calculated HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energies, as well as HOMO and LUMO topologies of 5CzBN, 5CzTRZ, an...
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Figure 9: HOMO and LUMO distribution, HONTO and LUNTO of lowest singlet (S1) and triplet excited (T1) states ...
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Figure 10: HOMO and LUMO distribution, HONTO and LUNTO of lowest singlet (S1) and triplet excited (T1) states ...
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Figure 11: HONTOs and LUNTOs of 2CzCF3 in higher excited states (isovalue = 0.02).
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Figure 12: HONTOs and LUNTOs of 5CzCF3 in higher excited states (isovalue = 0.02).
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Scheme 1: Biphenyl-derived mycotoxins.
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Scheme 2: Synthesis of arylboronates 6. Conditions: a) TBSCl, DMAP, imidazole, DMF, 50 °C, 4 h (96%); b) NBS,...
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Scheme 3: Synthesis of aryl bromides 9. Conditions: f) BBr3, −78 °C to rt, 18 h (71%); g) R = TBS: TBSCl, DMA...
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Scheme 4: Final steps in the synthesis of biaryl 1. Conditions: h) Pd(OAc)2, SPhos, Cs2CO3, dioxane/H2O 7:1, ...
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- Published 25 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Electrophilic decarboxylative functionalization of 2-pyridylacetates.
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Scheme 2: One-pot procedure for the synthesis of 2a.
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Scheme 3: Substrate scope. aSaponification was carried out with 2.5 equiv of LiOH, and 2.5 equiv of 6 was use...
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Scheme 4: Reaction of α-monosubstituted 2-pyridylacetates.
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Scheme 5: Proposed reaction pathway.
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Scheme 6: Reaction of 3- and 4-pyridylacetates.
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Figure 1: Drugs and agrochemicals containing the α-thiocarbonyl core as a structural motif.
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Scheme 1: Methods for the synthesis of α-thiocarbonyl compounds by C–C bond cleavage of 1,3-dicarbonyl compou...
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Scheme 2: Formation of the enol 6 from acetylacetone (5).
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Scheme 3: Formation of thio-substituted keto–enol tautomers 7 and 8.
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Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 3.
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Scheme 5: A tentative pathway for the synthesis of 4.
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Scheme 1: Synthesis of 1,1-difluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane (2).
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Scheme 2: Cyclopropanation via dehydrohalogenation of chlorodifluoromethane.
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Scheme 3: Difluorocyclopropanation of methylstyrene 7 using dibromodifluoromethane and zinc.
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Scheme 4: Synthesis of difluorocyclopropanes from the reaction of dibromodifluoromethane and triphenylphosphi...
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Scheme 5: Generation of difluorocarbene in a catalytic two-phase system and its addition to tetramethylethyle...
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Scheme 6: The reaction of methylstyrene 7 with chlorodifluoromethane (11) in the presence of a tetraarylarson...
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Scheme 7: Pyrolysis of sodium chlorodifluoroacetate (12) in refluxing diglyme in the presence of alkene 13.
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Scheme 8: Synthesis of boron-substituted gem-difluorocyclopropanes 16.
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Scheme 9: Addition of sodium bromodifluoroacetate (17) to alkenes.
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Scheme 10: Addition of sodium bromodifluoroacetate (17) to silyloxy-substituted cyclopropanes 20.
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Scheme 11: Synthesis of difluorinated nucleosides.
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Scheme 12: Addition of butyl acrylate (26) to difluorocarbene generated from TFDA (25).
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Scheme 13: Addition of difluorocarbene to propargyl esters 27 and conversion of the difluorocyclopropenes 28 t...
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Scheme 14: The generation of difluorocyclopropanes using MDFA 30.
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Scheme 15: gem-Difluorocyclopropanation of styrene (32) using difluorocarbene generated from TMSCF3 (31) under...
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Scheme 16: Synthesis of a gem-difluorocyclopropane derivative using HFPO (41) as a source of difluorocarbene.
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Scheme 17: Cyclopropanation of (Z)-2-butene in the presence of difluorodiazirine (44).
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Scheme 18: The cyclopropanation of 1-octene (46) using Seyferth's reagent (45) as a source of difluorocarbene.
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Scheme 19: Alternative approaches for the difluorocarbene synthesis from trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)tin (48).
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Scheme 20: Difluorocyclopropanation of cyclohexene (49).
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Scheme 21: Synthesis of difluorocyclopropane derivative 53 using bis(trifluoromethyl)cadmium (51) as the diflu...
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Scheme 22: Addition of difluorocarbene generated from tris(trifluoromethyl)bismuth (54).
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Scheme 23: Addition of a stable (trifluoromethyl)zinc reagent to styrenes.
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Scheme 24: The preparation of 2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acids of type 58.
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Scheme 25: Difluorocyclopropanation via Michael cyclization.
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Scheme 26: Difluorocyclopropanation using N-acylimidazolidinone 60.
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Scheme 27: Difluorocyclopropanation through the cyclization of phenylacetonitrile (61) and 1,2-dibromo-1,1-dif...
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Scheme 28: gem-Difluoroolefins 64 for the synthesis of functionalized cyclopropanes 65.
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Scheme 29: Preparation of aminocyclopropanes 70.
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Scheme 30: Synthesis of fluorinated methylenecyclopropane 74 via selenoxide elimination.
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Scheme 31: Reductive dehalogenation of (1R,3R)-75.
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Scheme 32: Synthesis of chiral monoacetates by lipase catalysis.
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Scheme 33: Transformation of (±)-trans-81 using Rhodococcus sp. AJ270.
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Scheme 34: Transformation of (±)-trans-83 using Rhodococcus sp. AJ270.
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Scheme 35: Hydrogenation of difluorocyclopropenes through enantioselective hydrocupration.
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Scheme 36: Enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of difluorocyclopropenes with a Ru-based catalyst.
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Scheme 37: The thermal transformation of trans-1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropane (84).
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Scheme 38: cis–trans-Epimerization of 1,1-difluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclopropane.
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Scheme 39: 2,2-Difluorotrimethylene diradical intermediate.
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Scheme 40: Ring opening of stereoisomers 88 and 89.
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Scheme 41: [1,3]-Rearrangement of alkenylcyclopropanes 90–92.
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Scheme 42: Thermolytic rearrangement of 2,2-difluoro-1-vinylcyclopropane (90).
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Scheme 43: Thermal rearrangement for ethyl 3-(2,2-difluoro)-3-phenylcyclopropyl)acrylates 93 and 95.
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Scheme 44: Possible pathways of the ring opening of 1,1-difluoro-2-vinylcyclopropane.
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Scheme 45: Equilibrium between 1,1-difluoro-2-methylenecyclopropane (96) and (difluoromethylene)cyclopropane 97...
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Scheme 46: Ring opening of substituted 1,1-difluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopropane 98.
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Scheme 47: 1,1-Difluorospiropentane rearrangement.
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Scheme 48: Acetolysis of (2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl tosylate (104) and (1,1-difluoro-2-methylcyclopropyl)...
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Scheme 49: Ring opening of gem-difluorocyclopropyl ketones 106 and 108 by thiolate nucleophiles.
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Scheme 50: Hydrolysis of gem-difluorocyclopropyl acetals 110.
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Scheme 51: Ring-opening reaction of 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl ketones 113 in the presence of ionic liquid as a s...
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Scheme 52: Ring opening of gem-difluorocyclopropyl ketones 113a by MgI2-initiated reaction with diarylimines 1...
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Scheme 53: Ring-opening reaction of gem-difluorocyclopropylstannanes 117.
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Scheme 54: Preparation of 1-fluorovinyl vinyl ketone 123 and the synthesis of 2-fluorocyclopentenone 124. TBAT...
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Scheme 55: Iodine atom-transfer ring opening of 1,1-difluoro-2-(1-iodoalkyl)cyclopropanes 125a–c.
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Scheme 56: Ring opening of bromomethyl gem-difluorocyclopropanes 130 and formation of gem-difluoromethylene-co...
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Scheme 57: Ring-opening aerobic oxidation reaction of gem-difluorocyclopropanes 132.
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Scheme 58: Dibrominative ring-opening functionalization of gem-difluorocyclopropanes 134.
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Scheme 59: The selective formation of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-fluorodienals 136 and 137 from difluorocyclopropyl acet...
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Scheme 60: Proposed mechanism for the reaction of difluoro(methylene)cyclopropane 139 with Br2.
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Scheme 61: Thermal rearrangement of F2MCP 139 and iodine by CuI catalysis.
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Scheme 62: Synthesis of 2-fluoropyrroles 142.
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Scheme 63: Ring opening of gem-difluorocyclopropyl ketones 143 mediated by BX3.
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Scheme 64: Lewis acid-promoted ring-opening reaction of 2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (148).
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Scheme 65: Ring-opening reaction of the gem-difluorocyclopropyl ketone 106 by methanolic KOH.
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Scheme 66: Hydrogenolysis of 1,1-difluoro-3-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane (151).
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Scheme 67: Synthesis of monofluoroalkenes 157.
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Scheme 68: The stereoselective Ag-catalyzed defluorinative ring-opening diarylation of 1-trimethylsiloxy-2,2-d...
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Scheme 69: Synthesis of 2-fluorinated allylic compounds 162.
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Scheme 70: Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes 161.
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Scheme 71: The (Z)-selective Pd-catalyzed ring-opening sulfonylation of 2-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)naphthalene...
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Figure 1: Structures of zosuquidar hydrochloride and PF-06700841.
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Scheme 72: Synthesis of methylene-gem-difluorocyclopropane analogs of nucleosides.
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Figure 2: Anthracene-difluorocyclopropane hybrid derivatives.
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Figure 3: Further examples of difluorcyclopropanes in modern drug discovery.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 27 Jan 2021
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Scheme 1: Synthetic pathways for the preparation of o-quinone derivatives with annulated 1,3-dithiole ring.
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Figure 1: Active methylene compounds used for the preparation of gem-dithiolates.
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Figure 2: Fragment of coordination polymer chain of adduct 8 in the crystal phase. Hydrogen atoms and CF3 gro...
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Scheme 2: The tentative pathway for the formation of o-quinone 7 with annulated thiete ring.
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Scheme 3: Reactions of o-quinone 6a.
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Scheme 4: Stepwise reduction of o-quinones with metals to semiquinonates and catecholates, respectively.
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Scheme 1: Scope of the nitrostyrenes 1 in the Diels–Alder reaction with CPD (dr = exo:endo).
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Figure 1: The structure assignment of norbornenes 2 by 1H (a) and NOE (b) NMR spectroscopy.
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Figure 2: 13C NMR spectrum of the mixture of exo- and endo-isomers of norbornene 2l.
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Figure 3: The predicted reaction pathway for the Diels–Alder reaction of nitrostyrene 1h with CPD is displaye...
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Scheme 2: The Diels–Alder reaction of nitrostyrene 1h with spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene.
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Scheme 3: Diels–Alder reaction of nitrostyrenes 1 with CHD (dr = exo:endo). (а) Reaction under microwave acti...
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Scheme 4: Kinetic study of reactions of 1h with CPD and CHD.
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Figure 4: Kinetic curves for the reactions of nitrostyrene 1h with CPD (50–130 °C) and CHD at 110 °C.
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Scheme 5: The Diels–Alder reaction of the nitrostyrene 1h with 1-methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene.
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Scheme 6: Selected chemical transformations of norbornenes 2 (dr = exo:endo).
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Figure 1: Selected examples of 19F-labelled amino acid analogues used as probes in chemical biology.
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Figure 2: (a) Sequences of the antimicrobial peptide MSI-78 and pFtBSer-containing analogs and cartoon repres...
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Figure 3: (a) Chemical structures of a selection of trifluoromethyl tags. (b) Comparative analysis showing th...
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Figure 4: (a) First bromodomain of Brd4 with all three tryptophan residues displayed in blue and labelled by ...
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Figure 5: (a) Enzymatic hydroxylation of GBBNF in the presence of hBBOX (b) 19F NMR spectra showing the conve...
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Figure 6: (a) In-cell enzymatic hydrolysis of the fluorinated anandamide analogue ARN1203 catalyzed by hFAAH....
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Figure 7: (a) X-ray crystal structure of CAM highlighting the location the phenylalanine residues replaced by...
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Figure 8: 19F PREs of 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 7-FTrp49 containing MTSL-modified S52CCV-N. The 19F NMR resonances of ox...
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Figure 9: 19F NMR as a direct probe of Ud NS1A ED homodimerization. Schematic representation showing the loca...
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Figure 10: (a) Representative spectrum of a 182 μM sample of Aβ1-40-tfM35 at varying times indicating the majo...
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Figure 11: Illustration of the conformational switch induced by SDS in 4-tfmF-labelled α-Syn. Also shown are t...
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Figure 12: (a) Structural models of the Myc‐Max (left), Myc‐Max‐DNA (middle) and Myc‐Max‐BRCA1 complexes (righ...
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Figure 13: (a) Side (left) and bottom (right) views of the pentameric apo ELIC X-ray structure (PDB ID: 3RQU) ...
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Figure 14: (a) General structure of a selection of recently developed 19F-labelled nucleotides for their use a...
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Figure 15: Monitoring biotransformation of the fluorinated pesticide cyhalothrin by the fungus C. elegans. The...
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Figure 16: Following the biodegradation of emerging fluorinated pollutants by 19F NMR. The spectra are from cu...
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Figure 17: Discovery of new fluorinated natural products by 19F NMR. The spectrum is of the culture supernatan...
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Figure 18: Application of 19F NMR to investigate the biosynthesis of nucleocidin. The spectra are from culture...
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Figure 19: Detection of new fluorofengycins (indicated by arrows) in culture supernatants of Bacillus sp. CS93...
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Figure 20: Measurement of β-galactosidase activity in MCF7 cancer cells expressing lacZ using 19F NMR. The deg...
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Figure 21: Detection of ions using 19F NMR. (a) Structure of TF-BAPTA and its 19F iCEST spectra in the presenc...
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Figure 22: (a) The ONOO−-mediated decarbonylation of 5-fluoroisatin and 6-fluoroisatin. The selectivity of (b)...
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