Azo-dimethylaminopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrin as a photoswitchable nucleophilic catalyst

• Jannis Ludwig,
• Julian Helberg,
• Hendrik Zipse and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2119–2126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.179

• basicity of the pyridine (Figure 1). In the trans configuration intramolecular coordination is prohibited and nucleophilicity and basicity are restored. Reversible switching between the two states is achieved by irradiation with green (trans→cis) and violet (cis→trans) light. The title compound of this

• photodissociable ligands. These ligands coordinate in their trans form and decoordinate in the cis configuration driven by steric hindrance [14][34][35]. Basicity and nucleophilicity switching of the 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine “record player” molecule 1. Composition of the different states of porphyrin 1 (1 mM

A complementary approach to conjugated N-acyliminium formation through photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular radical addition to allenamides and allencarbamates

• Olusesan K. Koleoso,
• Matthew Turner,
• Felix Plasser and
• Marc C. Kimber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1983–1990, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.165

• electrophilic radical R• together with stoichiometric bromide ion; R• subsequently adds to the β-carbon of the allenamide 15, providing an α-aminoallyl radical 41. To support this hypothesis the calculated HOMO of allenamide 15 is shown in Scheme 5b, signifying the increased nucleophilicity at the β-carbon [54

Controlling the stereochemistry in 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts through the cinchona alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination

• Yuqing Wang,
• Gaigai Wang,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Ruwei Yao,
• Muhammad Hasan,
• Manzoor Zaman,
• Chao Liu,
• Stepan Kashtanov,
• Olga P. Pereshivko and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1963–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.163

• center. This in turn led to their increased nucleophilicity as compared to the standard Ugi adducts. As such, the stereocenter at the peptidyl position could be installed and stereodefined through the reaction with a suitable electrophile. Towards this end, we were able to deploy an asymmetric cinchona

• research, we have been involved in the synthesis and utilization of 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts 8 (Scheme 1). These products possess an increased nucleophilicity of the peptidyl position compared to the standard Ugi adducts owing to an additional electron-withdrawing group introduced with the 2-oxo

Synthesis of 3(2)-phosphonylated thiazolo[3,2-a]oxopyrimidines

• Ksenia I. Kaskevich,
• Anastasia A. Babushkina,
• Vladislav V. Gurzhiy,
• Dmitrij M. Egorov,
• Nataly I. Svintsitskaya and
• Albina V. Dogadina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1947–1954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.161

• -phosphonylated thiazolopyrimidine can be explained by the electron-withdrawing effect of the trifluoromethyl group in the starting 2-thiouracil. In contrast to 6-methyl- or 6-phenyl-2-thiouracil, where the nucleophilicity is localized on the sulfur atom, the presence of the electron-withdrawing CF3 group in 6

Microwave-assisted efficient one-pot synthesis of N²-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines

• Moustafa Sherief Moustafa,
• Ramadan Ahmed Mekheimer,
• Saleh Mohammed Al-Mousawi,
• Mohamed Abd-Elmonem,
• Hesham El-Zorba,
• Afaf Mohamed Abdel Hameed,
• Tahany Mahmoud Mohamed and
• Kamal Usef Sadek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1706–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.142

• favorable due to the high nucleophilicity of the exocyclic amino function attached to the electron-rich tetrazole ring [45]. In support of this assumption we stopped the reaction after 4 minutes of heating under microwave irradiation and inspected the prior formation of 9 via comparison with an authentic

Synthesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 9V oligosaccharide antigens

• Sharavathi G. Parameswarappa,
• Claney L. Pereira and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1693–1699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.140

• the β-disaccharide 16 (Scheme 2). A ring-opening reaction followed by subsequent glycosylation of 19 with orthogonally protected thioglucoside 10 gave trisaccharide 21 in moderate yield. To improve the yield, the nucleophilicity of the disaccharide acceptor 19 (Scheme 2) was altered by replacing the

The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection

• Katarzyna Justyna,
• Joanna Małolepsza,
• Damian Kusy,
• Waldemar Maniukiewicz and
• Katarzyna M. Błażewska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1436–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.119

• allyldimethylamine (pKa 8.72), respectively [44]. This effect was reinforced by the higher nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom in 12 compared with Et3N, as we deduced by comparison of model tertiary amines: Me3N (in MeCN: N 23.05, sN 0.45) and Et3N (in MeCN: N 17.10, sN 0.52) [45][46]. On the other hand, the lower

• nucleophilicity of pyridine compared with the tertiary alkylamine present in compound 12 [45][46] may be responsible for the lower vulnerability of 9 towards alkylation. Another approach to circumvent the formation of N-alkylation products was based on the use of the more sterically hindered diisopropyl

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• functionalized thietanes, electron-deficient sulfur ylides were investigated in the ring expansion of thiiranes. However, the reactions failed due to the poor nucleophilicity of the electron-deficient sulfur ylides. However, in the presence of rhodium catalysts, the electron-deficient sulfur ylides were

Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel–Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides

• Mateo Berton,
• Kevin Sheehan,
• Andrea Adamo and
• D. Tyler McQuade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1343–1356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.115

• Knochel–Hauser base (TMPMgCl⋅LiCl), are also useful reagents for selective deprotonations due to their strong basicity and low nucleophilicity [47][48]. Knochel-type alkoxides [49], e.g., the 2-methyl-2-propoxymagnesium chloride–lithium chloride complex (tert-AmylOMgCl⋅LiCl), are less common in synthesis

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aryl and 3-indolyl-substituted 4-methylene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones

• Valeria Nori,
• Antonio Arcadi,
• Armando Carlone,
• Fabio Marinelli and
• Marco Chiarini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1084–1091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.95

• containing electron-donating substituents; electron-poor arylboronic acids proved to be slightly less effective, probably because of their lower nucleophilicity that could have affected the transmetalation step. Moreover, we screened the reaction of a number of aromatic boronic acids 3a–j with a set of N

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

• photopolymerization of epoxides [65]. Though [Al(O-t-C4F9)4]− possesses the lowest nucleophilicity in this series, its high molecular weight requires a higher loading to obtain similar OD compared with sensitizers carrying anions with lower molecular weight. There exists still the issue regarding HF formation in the

• . The nitrogens in the cyanine chain still exhibit low nucleophilicity since electron density distributes over the entire methine chain. Thus, protonation of the nitrogen in the cyanine moiety occurs with less efficiency compared to amines [117]. This strategy helped to enable cationic

Microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-thiazepines from 4-aminobutanol

• María C. Mollo,
• Natalia B. Kilimciler,
• Juan A. Bisceglia and
• Liliana R. Orelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 32–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.5

• of the corresponding tetrahydro-1,3-oxazepines. This unexpected reaction path is reasonable considering the relative ease of formation of five-membered rings as compared to the isomeric seven-membered heterocycles together with the relatively poor nucleophilicity of the carboxamide oxygen. An

• energy associated to the formation of a seven-membered heterocycle would favour the competitive ring closure leading to the five-membered ring (Scheme 2, reaction a), which would involve attack of the carboxamide nitrogen to the ω-carbon. On the other hand, the higher nucleophilicity of the sulfur in the

SnCl₄-catalyzed solvent-free acetolysis of 2,7-anhydrosialic acid derivatives

• Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu and
• Cheng-Chung Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2990–2999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.295

• clearly showed that the NHAc group in position C-5 and the OH-4 group were oriented in a trans-diaxial configuration (Figure 2a). This enhanced the nucleophilicity of the OH-4 group due to the absence of hydrogen bonding between these moieties. After confirming the structure of 4 by single crystal X-ray

Facile regiodivergent synthesis of spiro pyrrole-substituted pseudothiohydantoins and thiohydantoins via reaction of [e]-fused 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with thiourea

• Aleksandr I. Kobelev,
• Nikita A. Tretyakov,
• Ekaterina E. Stepanova,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev,
• Michael Rubin and
• Andrey N. Maslivets

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2864–2871, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.280

• upon heating at reflux for 2–4 h (Table 5). The facility of thiohydantoins 5 formation could be explained by the electron-donating effect of the butyl substituents, which increased the nucleophilicity of the butyl-substituted nitrogen atoms and promoted its attack on the electrophilic center C-3a of

An overview of the cycloaddition chemistry of fulvenes and emerging applications

• Ellen Swan,
• Kirsten Platts and
• Anton Blencowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2113–2132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.209

• dienophiles (Scheme 5a), whereas pentafulvenes substituted with EDG (e.g., NMe2) at the exocyclic C6 position possess an increased electron density about the fulvene π-system, increasing the stability and hence nucleophilicity of the fulvene [29][73][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]. This allows the

Installation of -SO₂F groups onto primary amides

• Jing Liu,
• Shi-Meng Wang,
• Njud S. Alharbi and
• Hua-Li Qin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1907–1912, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.186

• fluorosulfonyl amides 2 with nucleophilicity may attract significant attention for further applications. As depicted in Scheme 4, a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed for SO2F2-mediated transformation of amides to N-fluorosulfonyl amides. The reaction was initiated by the deprotonation of amide 1 with the

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

Enantioselective PCCP Brønsted acid-catalyzed aza-Piancatelli rearrangement

• Gabrielle R. Hammersley,
• Meghan F. Nichol,
• Helena C. Steffens,
• Jose M. Delgado,
• Gesine K. Veits and
• Javier Read de Alaniz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.160

• furan ring required to initiate the cascade sequence. This highlights that a balance between nucleophilicity and hydrogen bond capabilities are required to obtain an efficient and selective reaction. Compared to the rearrangement of furylcarbinol 1a, sterically bulky aryl groups attached to the

A novel three-component reaction between isocyanides, alcohols or thiols and elemental sulfur: a mild, catalyst-free approach towards O-thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates

• András György Németh,
• György Miklós Keserű and
• Péter Ábrányi-Balogh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1523–1533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.155

• reaction conditions. The generally lower yields, harsher reaction conditions and stronger negative effect of electron-donating groups might be explained with the softer nucleophilicity of the thiols compared to the alcohols [100]. All five dithiocarbamate derivatives synthesized are new and were

Novel (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acids and pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles via the domino reactions of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with carbonyl and methylene active compounds

• Victoria V. Lipson,
• Tetiana L. Pavlovska,
• Nataliya V. Svetlichnaya,
• Anna A. Poryvai,
• Nikolay Yu. Gorobets,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken,
• Irina S. Konovalova,
• Svetlana V. Shiskina,
• Alexander V. Borisov,
• Vladimir I. Musatov and
• Alexander V. Mazepa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1032–1045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.101

• cyclic or acyclic CH acids the C5 reaction centre in the 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles possesses higher nucleophilicity than both the exo- and endocyclic amino groups. Regarding the short reaction times of novel Yonemitsu-type reactions that has been achieved without application of any catalyst we assume that

An efficient and concise access to 2-amino-4H-benzothiopyran-4-one derivatives

• Peng Li,
• Yongqi Wu,
• Tingting Zhang,
• Chen Ma,
• Ziyun Lin,
• Gang Li and
• Haihong Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 703–709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.65

• strong nucleophilicity of piperazine and morpholine, the substrates with electron-donating/withdrawing and halogen groups smoothly delivered the N-substituted 2-aminobenzothiopyranones 4j–o and 4t,u in good to excellent yields. Specifically, the substrates containing a strong electron-withdrawing group

• amines such as arylamines successfully afforded the targeted compounds 4r,s albeit in only about 50% yield. The results indicated that the nucleophilicity of the amine exerts a more pronounced effect on the reactivity (i.e., aliphatic amines vs aromatic amines) under the above optimal conditions

Synthesis and selected transformations of 2-unsubstituted 1-(adamantyloxy)imidazole 3-oxides: straightforward access to non-symmetric 1,3-dialkoxyimidazolium salts

• Grzegorz Mlostoń,
• Małgorzata Celeda,
• Katarzyna Urbaniak,
• Marcin Jasiński,
• Vladyslav Bakhonsky,
• Peter R. Schreiner and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 497–505, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.43

• occurred more slowly and their completion was established only after 3 d leading to 1-adamantyl-3-alkoxyimidazolium bromides 13d–g. These results indicate that the 1-adamantyloxy substituent enhances the nucleophilicity of the N-oxides and the alkylation requires shorter reaction times. In extension of

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of N(9)-alkylated 2-amino-6-triazolylpurines and 7-deazapurines

• Andrejs Šišuļins,
• Jonas Bucevičius,
• Yu-Ting Tseng,
• Irina Novosjolova,
• Kaspars Traskovskis,
• Ērika Bizdēna,
• Huan-Tsung Chang,
• Sigitas Tumkevičius and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 474–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.41

• development does not allow yet to introduce arylamino moieties at C(2) due to the diminished nucleophilicity of anilines. The 7-deazapurine derivatives were characterized with a somewhat larger Stokes shift and bathochromic shift of the lowest energy absorption band in comparison to purine derivatives, but

Computational characterization of enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate reveals a surprisingly stable tricyclic state: implications for catalysis

• Ferran Planas,
• Michael J. McLeish and
• Fahmi Himo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 145–159, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.15

• ) were obtained using DFT methods, employing a model of the cofactor along with the hydrogen-bonding carboxylate moiety [23]. Subsequently, a similar approach was used to characterize the nucleophilicity of the N1′ and N4′ centers [24]. In many cases, rather than simply focus on the cofactor

Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region

• Aude-Héloise Bonardi,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Guillaume Noirbent,
• Jacques Lalevée and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3025–3046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.282

• , both the polymerization rate and the final conversion were both improved by reducing the nucleophilicity of the anion in cationic polymerization. The photochemical properties of TADF CuC 4 are summarized in Table 6. From Table 6, it is observable that the properties of CuC 4 are compatible with its use